Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-5-3-leg
Aleka Strezova
The article examines the legal regulation of the service in the Bulgarian trade agencies/consulates for the period from 1891 to 1918. The attempts at bilateral negotiations on the subject with the Ottoman Empire are examined, the two normative acts fixing the rights and duties of the consular representatives are highlighted: the Regulations for the Organization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1897) and the Law on the Structure and Service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1907). A detailed structure of the royal consulates can also be traced in the state budgets, where staffing and assignments are detailed. The departmental legislation set the framework for a modern consular service on a par with other European countries.
{"title":"Legal Framework of Bulgarian Trade Agencies and Consulates (1891 – 1918)","authors":"Aleka Strezova","doi":"10.53656/his2023-5-3-leg","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-5-3-leg","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the legal regulation of the service in the Bulgarian trade agencies/consulates for the period from 1891 to 1918. The attempts at bilateral negotiations on the subject with the Ottoman Empire are examined, the two normative acts fixing the rights and duties of the consular representatives are highlighted: the Regulations for the Organization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1897) and the Law on the Structure and Service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1907). A detailed structure of the royal consulates can also be traced in the state budgets, where staffing and assignments are detailed. The departmental legislation set the framework for a modern consular service on a par with other European countries.","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135487016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-5-6-mer
Emilia Vitanova
The purpose of the present research is aimed at presenting new information related to the activities of Stefan Chaprashikov and his role in conducting the first Olympic torch relay for the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936. Several areas for gathering information are covered: research of foreign literature, review of all publications of Bulgarian researchers in the field of the Olympic movement in Bulgaria, which present information on the subject. In terms of methodology, all information found in scientific and popular sources is systematized and processed on the basis of the biographical method, content analysis, comparative and critical analysis. This publication presents newly discovered information, in three articles from periodicals and in two official BOK documents, which present information that the idea of holding the first torch relay was Stefan Chaprashikov’s. These findings will shed light on the history of the Olympic movement in Bulgaria and will form a new perspective in discussions on the topic discussed by other contemporary researchers of the Olympic movement.
{"title":"The Merit of Stefan Chaprashikov for Carrying the Olympic Flame in 1936]","authors":"Emilia Vitanova","doi":"10.53656/his2023-5-6-mer","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-5-6-mer","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present research is aimed at presenting new information related to the activities of Stefan Chaprashikov and his role in conducting the first Olympic torch relay for the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936. Several areas for gathering information are covered: research of foreign literature, review of all publications of Bulgarian researchers in the field of the Olympic movement in Bulgaria, which present information on the subject. In terms of methodology, all information found in scientific and popular sources is systematized and processed on the basis of the biographical method, content analysis, comparative and critical analysis. This publication presents newly discovered information, in three articles from periodicals and in two official BOK documents, which present information that the idea of holding the first torch relay was Stefan Chaprashikov’s. These findings will shed light on the history of the Olympic movement in Bulgaria and will form a new perspective in discussions on the topic discussed by other contemporary researchers of the Olympic movement.","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135487010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-5-1-ser
Simeon Simeonov
This article examines the brief history of the Serbian consulate in Serres in 1897–1899 as a failed attempt at state-building. Drawing on evidence from recently published materials by the Serbian State Archives, the article argues that the Serbian consuls in Serres, Branislav Nušić and Sima Avramović, played an important role in the efforts to promote Serbian national identity and defend Serbian political interests in Ottoman Macedonia. The consulate in Serres was part of an expanding Serbian diplomatic network in Macedonia, which proved instrumental to other Serbian initiatives, such as the creation of new schools and the appointment of Serbian priests in the region. The Serbian consular activities in Serres formed an aspect of a wide-ranging transnational strategy of deploying consulates across Macedonia in the wake of the Serbian-Bulgarian War of 1885. Such institutions served to advance national interests and protect national subjects outside the borders of the fledgling Balkan states. Reviewing recent scholarship on Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece, the article concludes by comparing the Serbian example to those of other Balkan nations and suggesting further venues for comparative and entangled historical research.
{"title":"Are There Serbs in Serres? The Serbian Consulate in Serres and The Macedonian Question at The Turn of the Twentieth Century","authors":"Simeon Simeonov","doi":"10.53656/his2023-5-1-ser","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-5-1-ser","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the brief history of the Serbian consulate in Serres in 1897–1899 as a failed attempt at state-building. Drawing on evidence from recently published materials by the Serbian State Archives, the article argues that the Serbian consuls in Serres, Branislav Nušić and Sima Avramović, played an important role in the efforts to promote Serbian national identity and defend Serbian political interests in Ottoman Macedonia. The consulate in Serres was part of an expanding Serbian diplomatic network in Macedonia, which proved instrumental to other Serbian initiatives, such as the creation of new schools and the appointment of Serbian priests in the region. The Serbian consular activities in Serres formed an aspect of a wide-ranging transnational strategy of deploying consulates across Macedonia in the wake of the Serbian-Bulgarian War of 1885. Such institutions served to advance national interests and protect national subjects outside the borders of the fledgling Balkan states. Reviewing recent scholarship on Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece, the article concludes by comparing the Serbian example to those of other Balkan nations and suggesting further venues for comparative and entangled historical research.","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135487014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-4-4-the
Biser Georgiev
The following article examines the issue of the merger between the liberals with the people’s liberals in one party in 1899, during the rule of D. Grekov. In historical literature, the opinion that this coalition was unprincipled, and was created because of the benefits of power, in which the Liberal Party made an attempt to “swallow” the Stambolovists, prevailed for a long time. The author of this work disputes the stated thesis and believes that there is no “unification” between the two parties, regardless of the signed official documents. The coalition is between organizations with similar political beliefs, and the reason for the split is the unequal positions of the weaker People’s Liberal Party, the strained relationship between the Prime Minister and the Minister of the Interior, and some organizational problems.
{"title":"The Issue About the Merge and Separation of the Liberals and The People's Liberals in 1899","authors":"Biser Georgiev","doi":"10.53656/his2023-4-4-the","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-4-4-the","url":null,"abstract":"The following article examines the issue of the merger between the liberals with the people’s liberals in one party in 1899, during the rule of D. Grekov. In historical literature, the opinion that this coalition was unprincipled, and was created because of the benefits of power, in which the Liberal Party made an attempt to “swallow” the Stambolovists, prevailed for a long time. The author of this work disputes the stated thesis and believes that there is no “unification” between the two parties, regardless of the signed official documents. The coalition is between organizations with similar political beliefs, and the reason for the split is the unequal positions of the weaker People’s Liberal Party, the strained relationship between the Prime Minister and the Minister of the Interior, and some organizational problems.","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83340680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-4-5-his
Ivo Topalilov
{"title":"The History of Heraclea Sintica Through the Prism of Archeology","authors":"Ivo Topalilov","doi":"10.53656/his2023-4-5-his","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-4-5-his","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75384842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-4-1-why
P. Schreiner
The paper offers a survey of the reasons for the collapse of the Byzantine Empire. The author analyzes the preconditions for this process, dating some of them to as early as the tenth century. He further outlines both the internal and external factors that facilitated it by tracing their development in different times and contexts. Key events from the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries as well as the policies of Byzantine emperors and European rulers are discussed in view of their impact on the Empire’s political trajectory during this period. Conversely to popular opinion, the author considers the Fourth Crusade of 1204 to have laid the grounds for the temporary survival and revitalization of Byzantium, but the state’s nature after its restoration in 1261 is described as ill-suited to withstand the Ottoman expansion in the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries, the availability or lack of foreign support notwithstanding. Based on the foregoing interpretative approach, the concluding overview provides a three-stage periodization of the era of decline as well as a recapitulation of the positive and negative factors – external and internal alike – that shaped the ultimate demise of the Empire.
{"title":"Why Did Byzantium Perish","authors":"P. Schreiner","doi":"10.53656/his2023-4-1-why","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-4-1-why","url":null,"abstract":"The paper offers a survey of the reasons for the collapse of the Byzantine Empire. The author analyzes the preconditions for this process, dating some of them to as early as the tenth century. He further outlines both the internal and external factors that facilitated it by tracing their development in different times and contexts. Key events from the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries as well as the policies of Byzantine emperors and European rulers are discussed in view of their impact on the Empire’s political trajectory during this period. Conversely to popular opinion, the author considers the Fourth Crusade of 1204 to have laid the grounds for the temporary survival and revitalization of Byzantium, but the state’s nature after its restoration in 1261 is described as ill-suited to withstand the Ottoman expansion in the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries, the availability or lack of foreign support notwithstanding. Based on the foregoing interpretative approach, the concluding overview provides a three-stage periodization of the era of decline as well as a recapitulation of the positive and negative factors – external and internal alike – that shaped the ultimate demise of the Empire.","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89829259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-4-2-the
Simeon Tonchev
The article examines the presentation of the Ottoman Empire at the Philadelphia International Exposition in 1876, putting two main tasks in the study. On the one hand, it follows the coverage of the exhibition in the press of the Bulgarian Revival period, mostly by the American Protestant newspaper Zornitsa, which introduced to its readers the five main sections of the exposition, some inventions shown for the first time, and specific exhibiting countries. On the other, the Turkey’s preparations, participation in the fair and its results are studied in detail. For this purpose, a comparative and an idiographic approachеs are applied. In the end, new information on the subject regarding the preparation in places in the empire, as well as examples of Bulgarian participation, is presented. Turkey impresses visitors with high-quality carpets and an authentic Turkish café. Foods, goldsmith’s works, coming from the Bulgarian lands, and rose oil of two Kazanlak companies are exhibited.
{"title":"The Participation of the Ottoman Empire in the Philadelphia International Exposition in 1876","authors":"Simeon Tonchev","doi":"10.53656/his2023-4-2-the","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-4-2-the","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the presentation of the Ottoman Empire at the Philadelphia International Exposition in 1876, putting two main tasks in the study. On the one hand, it follows the coverage of the exhibition in the press of the Bulgarian Revival period, mostly by the American Protestant newspaper Zornitsa, which introduced to its readers the five main sections of the exposition, some inventions shown for the first time, and specific exhibiting countries. On the other, the Turkey’s preparations, participation in the fair and its results are studied in detail. For this purpose, a comparative and an idiographic approachеs are applied. In the end, new information on the subject regarding the preparation in places in the empire, as well as examples of Bulgarian participation, is presented. Turkey impresses visitors with high-quality carpets and an authentic Turkish café. Foods, goldsmith’s works, coming from the Bulgarian lands, and rose oil of two Kazanlak companies are exhibited.","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89998619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-4-8-bal
Kalin Ranchev, Boyan Zhekov
{"title":"The Balkan Wars in the Focus of Military Historians","authors":"Kalin Ranchev, Boyan Zhekov","doi":"10.53656/his2023-4-8-bal","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-4-8-bal","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78475948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-4-9-eve
Antoaneta Balcheva
{"title":"The Balkans in the Orbit of Ethnic and Religious Issues","authors":"Antoaneta Balcheva","doi":"10.53656/his2023-4-9-eve","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-4-9-eve","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85984640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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