Pub Date : 2024-01-20DOI: 10.53656/his2024-1-3-mis
Aneliya Stoyanova
Lasting for over a decade, the Long Turkish war (1593–1606) temporarily disrupted the diplomatic contacts between Habsburgs and Ottomans. Like any other agreement between Vienna and Istanbul, the peace treaty of Zsitvatorok (1606) left various controversial questions unresolved and provided further issues to negotiate. The present article aims at outlining and analyzing the main challenges the Habsburgs diplomats in Istanbul were faced with during the first two decades after the reestablishment of permanent diplomatic contacts (1608) following the end of the Long Turkish war. The study focuses on the diplomatic mission of Johann Jakob Kurz von Senftenau (1623 – 1624). The choice to examine this particular mission in detail is due both to the good volume of preserved archival documents on its progress, and to the fact that it is among the lesser-known Habsburg embassies in Constantinople from the beginning of XVII century. Along with the ever ongoing negotiations of disputable articles of the peace agreements, rebuilding the intelligence network, and organizing save transportation of the diplomatic correspondence to the Imperial court in Vienna emerge as tasks of primary importance. The financial struggles in times of inflation and the frequent change of Ottoman rulers also stand out as main challenges for the Habsburg diplomats to handle.
漫长的土耳其战争（1593-1606 年）持续了十多年，暂时中断了哈布斯堡王朝和奥斯曼帝国之间的外交接触。与维也纳和伊斯坦布尔之间的其他协议一样，《齐特瓦托克和约》（1606 年）也留下了各种有争议的问题没有解决，并提供了更多需要谈判的问题。本文旨在概述和分析长期土耳其战争结束后重新建立永久外交关系（1608 年）的头二十年中哈布斯堡王朝驻伊斯坦布尔外交官所面临的主要挑战。本研究的重点是约翰-雅各布-库尔茨-冯-森夫特瑙（Johann Jakob Kurz von Senftenau，1623-1624 年）的外交使团。之所以选择对这一特殊使命进行详细研究，一是因为保存了大量有关其进展情况的档案文件，二是因为它是十七世纪初哈布斯堡驻君士坦丁堡使团中鲜为人知的一个。除了不断就和平协议中的争议条款进行谈判外，重建情报网络和组织向维也纳帝国宫廷保存外交信函的运输也成为了最重要的任务。通货膨胀时期的财政困难和奥斯曼帝国统治者的频繁更迭也是哈布斯堡外交官需要应对的主要挑战。
{"title":"The Mission of Johann Jakob Kurz von Senftenau to Constantinople (1623 – 1624) and the Challenges for the Habsburg Diplomats on the Bosphorus after the Long Turkish War","authors":"Aneliya Stoyanova","doi":"10.53656/his2024-1-3-mis","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2024-1-3-mis","url":null,"abstract":"Lasting for over a decade, the Long Turkish war (1593–1606) temporarily disrupted the diplomatic contacts between Habsburgs and Ottomans. Like any other agreement between Vienna and Istanbul, the peace treaty of Zsitvatorok (1606) left various controversial questions unresolved and provided further issues to negotiate. The present article aims at outlining and analyzing the main challenges the Habsburgs diplomats in Istanbul were faced with during the first two decades after the reestablishment of permanent diplomatic contacts (1608) following the end of the Long Turkish war. The study focuses on the diplomatic mission of Johann Jakob Kurz von Senftenau (1623 – 1624). The choice to examine this particular mission in detail is due both to the good volume of preserved archival documents on its progress, and to the fact that it is among the lesser-known Habsburg embassies in Constantinople from the beginning of XVII century. Along with the ever ongoing negotiations of disputable articles of the peace agreements, rebuilding the intelligence network, and organizing save transportation of the diplomatic correspondence to the Imperial court in Vienna emerge as tasks of primary importance. The financial struggles in times of inflation and the frequent change of Ottoman rulers also stand out as main challenges for the Habsburg diplomats to handle.","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140502335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-20DOI: 10.53656/his2024-1-1-sec
Milko Palangurski, Hristina Hristova
The Bulgarian parliamentary system came into being with the formation of the First National Assembly in the fall of 1879. Political inexperience, constitutional opposition, as well as disagreements between the monarch, parliament and executive led to the first political crisis in the country, which had several possible outcomes. Ultimately, the idea was embraced that it was necessary to seek the vote of the people once again, in order to strike a balance between the three disputing authorities. The young state administration managed to develop what was achieved and to provide conditions for Bulgarian citizens to successfully and democratically declare their intention. The Second National Assembly was established after one general election and two additional elections were held for a period of one calendar year. The territorial scope of the electoral colleges was improved, and access to the polls and integrity of the electoral process were ensured. The vote took place in accordance with the Provisional Rules for the Election of Representatives to the First Ordinary National Assembly, adopted in April 1879. However, the election results unequivocally showed that the large voter turnout sought through them could not be achieved, and that the high electoral threshold on the first day of the vote was unrealistic and therefore necessary to be removed. Violations in the electoral process remained almost the same as those established during the vote for the previous Assembly, but quite frequently overexposed or neglected for political purposes. The electoral process related to the Second National Assembly triggered a rapid and definitive formation of the Liberals and Conservatives’ party structures at both the national and regional levels.
{"title":"The Second National Assembly: Elections, Establishment, and Composition]","authors":"Milko Palangurski, Hristina Hristova","doi":"10.53656/his2024-1-1-sec","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2024-1-1-sec","url":null,"abstract":"The Bulgarian parliamentary system came into being with the formation of the First National Assembly in the fall of 1879. Political inexperience, constitutional opposition, as well as disagreements between the monarch, parliament and executive led to the first political crisis in the country, which had several possible outcomes. Ultimately, the idea was embraced that it was necessary to seek the vote of the people once again, in order to strike a balance between the three disputing authorities. The young state administration managed to develop what was achieved and to provide conditions for Bulgarian citizens to successfully and democratically declare their intention. The Second National Assembly was established after one general election and two additional elections were held for a period of one calendar year. The territorial scope of the electoral colleges was improved, and access to the polls and integrity of the electoral process were ensured. The vote took place in accordance with the Provisional Rules for the Election of Representatives to the First Ordinary National Assembly, adopted in April 1879. However, the election results unequivocally showed that the large voter turnout sought through them could not be achieved, and that the high electoral threshold on the first day of the vote was unrealistic and therefore necessary to be removed. Violations in the electoral process remained almost the same as those established during the vote for the previous Assembly, but quite frequently overexposed or neglected for political purposes. The electoral process related to the Second National Assembly triggered a rapid and definitive formation of the Liberals and Conservatives’ party structures at both the national and regional levels.","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140501605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-20DOI: 10.53656/his2024-1-2-tin
Tina Georgieva
Grandiose celebrations took place in 1902 in Bulgaria on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the epopee of Shipka. The idea for the celebration belongs to the “Tsar Osvoboditel Alexander IIˮ Committee. Started as a public initiative, the preparations for the jubilee received the full support of the Bulgarian prince, and at a later stage, the government in Sofia became involved. The present study reveals the activity of the Bulgarian country to organize the celebration and to ensure Russian presence at it. The different visions of Sofia and Petersburg regarding the nature of the celebrations and the reasons for the difficult communication between the two countries are presented. Moreover, the article emphasizes the efforts of the Bulgarians to turn the anniversary into a demonstration of the close relations between Bulgaria and Russia. Last but not least, the study interprets the Shipka celebrations as the first manifestation of the so-called jubilee diplomacy, which gained momentum in this period and used landmark historical events and the celebrations organized in their honor to achieve political goals.
{"title":"The Rise of Jubilee Diplomacy: The Shipka Celebrations of 1902","authors":"Tina Georgieva","doi":"10.53656/his2024-1-2-tin","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2024-1-2-tin","url":null,"abstract":"Grandiose celebrations took place in 1902 in Bulgaria on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the epopee of Shipka. The idea for the celebration belongs to the “Tsar Osvoboditel Alexander IIˮ Committee. Started as a public initiative, the preparations for the jubilee received the full support of the Bulgarian prince, and at a later stage, the government in Sofia became involved. The present study reveals the activity of the Bulgarian country to organize the celebration and to ensure Russian presence at it. The different visions of Sofia and Petersburg regarding the nature of the celebrations and the reasons for the difficult communication between the two countries are presented. Moreover, the article emphasizes the efforts of the Bulgarians to turn the anniversary into a demonstration of the close relations between Bulgaria and Russia. Last but not least, the study interprets the Shipka celebrations as the first manifestation of the so-called jubilee diplomacy, which gained momentum in this period and used landmark historical events and the celebrations organized in their honor to achieve political goals.","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140502055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-20DOI: 10.53656/his2024-1-5-kom
Ivayla Popova
{"title":"Research of The Balkans during the Comnine Age","authors":"Ivayla Popova","doi":"10.53656/his2024-1-5-kom","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2024-1-5-kom","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140502016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-20DOI: 10.53656/his2024-1-6-sci
Emilia Vacheva
{"title":"Scientific Conference and Scientific Publication on the Topic of the Factors of Economic Growth in Historical Perspective","authors":"Emilia Vacheva","doi":"10.53656/his2024-1-6-sci","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2024-1-6-sci","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140502361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-20DOI: 10.53656/his2024-1-4-mus
Vidin Sukarev
This study presents the background of cultural tourism in Bulgaria. There are a lot of definitions of tourism, but everywhere in the leading places is mentioned the cultural heritage. Cultural tourism became a global autonomy economy branch in the 1980s. In Bulgaria, in the middle of the 1950s, a growth of restoration, preservation, and presentation work began. The number of museums increased from 70 in 1949 to 233 in 1999. The peak of museum visitors was between 1976 and 1987, but statistical data are not reliable. The transition to a democratic society and market economy was the real start of cultural tourism in Bulgaria, established on the material base, institutions, and infrastructure constructed during the studied period. The applied data shows that the percent of museum non-budget incomes increased, but the system still needs reforms and investments.
{"title":"Museums, Cultural Tourism and Cultural Heritage in Bulgaria from the Middle to the End of the 20th Century. Main Moments of the Historical Development and Problems","authors":"Vidin Sukarev","doi":"10.53656/his2024-1-4-mus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2024-1-4-mus","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the background of cultural tourism in Bulgaria. There are a lot of definitions of tourism, but everywhere in the leading places is mentioned the cultural heritage. Cultural tourism became a global autonomy economy branch in the 1980s. In Bulgaria, in the middle of the 1950s, a growth of restoration, preservation, and presentation work began. The number of museums increased from 70 in 1949 to 233 in 1999. The peak of museum visitors was between 1976 and 1987, but statistical data are not reliable. The transition to a democratic society and market economy was the real start of cultural tourism in Bulgaria, established on the material base, institutions, and infrastructure constructed during the studied period. The applied data shows that the percent of museum non-budget incomes increased, but the system still needs reforms and investments.","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140502212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-6-6-new
Mira Markova
{"title":"New Documentary Evidence on the Life and Work of Georgi S. Rakovski","authors":"Mira Markova","doi":"10.53656/his2023-6-6-new","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-6-6-new","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139275092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-6-5-mus
Desilsava Vladimirova
{"title":"Muslim al-Naysābūrī and the Method of the Islamic Legal and Exegetical Tradition","authors":"Desilsava Vladimirova","doi":"10.53656/his2023-6-5-mus","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-6-5-mus","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139275887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-6-3-int
K. Paev
Among the emerging trends in history education in the first decades of the 21st century – strengthening of international cooperation in this field, change in value attitudes and orientations, as well as digitization in history education – the subject of this publication is the first trend. The article examines the activity of EUROCLIO and the International Association for History Didactics, their joint work with various organizations and institutions in the implementation of projects and the creation of history textbooks from the beginning of the XXI century.
{"title":"International Cooperation in History Education at the Beginning of the 21st Century","authors":"K. Paev","doi":"10.53656/his2023-6-3-int","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-6-3-int","url":null,"abstract":"Among the emerging trends in history education in the first decades of the 21st century – strengthening of international cooperation in this field, change in value attitudes and orientations, as well as digitization in history education – the subject of this publication is the first trend. The article examines the activity of EUROCLIO and the International Association for History Didactics, their joint work with various organizations and institutions in the implementation of projects and the creation of history textbooks from the beginning of the XXI century.","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139271470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.53656/his2023-6-4-edu
Veselina Uzunova
History as a school subject has been present in the curricula ever since the establishment of the Bulgarian secular education, and over the years the study of history began to be given more and more importance in our educational system. Society‘s perceived need to acquire knowledge about the past is the only opportunity to better understand the present and anticipate the historical perspective. The radical changes that occurred in Bulgarian society in the second half of the 20th century led to the establishment of a completely new kind of educational system, built on the Soviet model as comprehensive and universally accessible, but at the same time politically burdened with the forcibly imposed new moral and ideological conjuncture. This process was most clearly visible in the arts, among which the discipline of History suffered particularly hard the long-term defeat of its ideologizing and outright falsification. The proposed research examines the political justification of the main historical concepts studied during the period of socialism, the development of the methodology of teaching history in schools between the reforms in 1948, 1959, 1968 and the follow-up of the situation after the end of the totalitarian regime in 1989 until the reform in 2002.
{"title":"Hıstory Educatıon between the Major Reforms in Bulgarıan Educatıon 1948 – 2002","authors":"Veselina Uzunova","doi":"10.53656/his2023-6-4-edu","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53656/his2023-6-4-edu","url":null,"abstract":"History as a school subject has been present in the curricula ever since the establishment of the Bulgarian secular education, and over the years the study of history began to be given more and more importance in our educational system. Society‘s perceived need to acquire knowledge about the past is the only opportunity to better understand the present and anticipate the historical perspective. The radical changes that occurred in Bulgarian society in the second half of the 20th century led to the establishment of a completely new kind of educational system, built on the Soviet model as comprehensive and universally accessible, but at the same time politically burdened with the forcibly imposed new moral and ideological conjuncture. This process was most clearly visible in the arts, among which the discipline of History suffered particularly hard the long-term defeat of its ideologizing and outright falsification. The proposed research examines the political justification of the main historical concepts studied during the period of socialism, the development of the methodology of teaching history in schools between the reforms in 1948, 1959, 1968 and the follow-up of the situation after the end of the totalitarian regime in 1989 until the reform in 2002.","PeriodicalId":40212,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139272833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：