The work environment usually contains a number of chemicals that inhaled and absorbed by the body pose a potential risk for workers' health. In the recent years, evidence has accumulated that interactions between air pollutants and living tissues may cause disturbance of the pro- and antioxidative balance of the body. Dusts occurring in the mining, steel and foundry industries; mineral fibers and dusts, including wood, cereal, and cotton dusts; as well as heavy metals and gaseous substances with strong oxidative properties are source of the agents contributing to this disturbance.
{"title":"Oxidative Stress-Inducing Workplace Agents","authors":"J. Gromadzińska, W. Wąsowicz","doi":"10.1080/08865140302423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140302423","url":null,"abstract":"The work environment usually contains a number of chemicals that inhaled and absorbed by the body pose a potential risk for workers' health. In the recent years, evidence has accumulated that interactions between air pollutants and living tissues may cause disturbance of the pro- and antioxidative balance of the body. Dusts occurring in the mining, steel and foundry industries; mineral fibers and dusts, including wood, cereal, and cotton dusts; as well as heavy metals and gaseous substances with strong oxidative properties are source of the agents contributing to this disturbance.","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130924174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Wąsowicz, E. Reszka, J. Gromadzińska, K. Rydzyński
Essential elements, mainly selenium (and zinc), are involved in the protection against oxidative stress, as well as in oxidation-induced programmed cell death, which make them a distinct antitumorogenic agent. Selenium (Se) shows a multifunctional action that leads to preventing cancer development. Mechanisms of anticarcinogenetic Se activity seem to depend on selenium dosage, chemical form of selenium, and its metabolism. This "double-edge sword" acts as a reactive species scavenger due to Se-dependent glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases, and other selenoproteins. Epidemiological studies have show that low Se levels are associated with a 2-fold to 6-fold cancer risk in the lowest tertile or quintile (depending on the study). Modulation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes by selenium compounds also can inhibit reactive oxygen species generation. However, chemopreventive activity of selenium induces cell cycle arrest, which can lead to apoptosis. The association between zinc and antioxidative processes has not as yet been explicitly defined. Researchers suggest that zinc has the capacity to act in synergism with vitamin E to protect cellular membranes against oxidative stress. Zinc has been shown to compete for iron binding sites, providing protection aginst iron-mediated DNA damage.
{"title":"The Role of Essential Elements in Oxidative Stress","authors":"W. Wąsowicz, E. Reszka, J. Gromadzińska, K. Rydzyński","doi":"10.1080/08865140302421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140302421","url":null,"abstract":"Essential elements, mainly selenium (and zinc), are involved in the protection against oxidative stress, as well as in oxidation-induced programmed cell death, which make them a distinct antitumorogenic agent. Selenium (Se) shows a multifunctional action that leads to preventing cancer development. Mechanisms of anticarcinogenetic Se activity seem to depend on selenium dosage, chemical form of selenium, and its metabolism. This \"double-edge sword\" acts as a reactive species scavenger due to Se-dependent glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases, and other selenoproteins. Epidemiological studies have show that low Se levels are associated with a 2-fold to 6-fold cancer risk in the lowest tertile or quintile (depending on the study). Modulation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes by selenium compounds also can inhibit reactive oxygen species generation. However, chemopreventive activity of selenium induces cell cycle arrest, which can lead to apoptosis. The association between zinc and antioxidative processes has not as yet been explicitly defined. Researchers suggest that zinc has the capacity to act in synergism with vitamin E to protect cellular membranes against oxidative stress. Zinc has been shown to compete for iron binding sites, providing protection aginst iron-mediated DNA damage.","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133865044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reactive oxygen species include oxygen-derived free radicals (superoxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide) and non-radical oxygen derivatives of high reactivity (singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite). The main routes of their formation in living organisms include interaction of physical agents with cells and organisms, autoxidation of biochemical intermediates and xenobiotics, and biochemical synthesis for the sake of defense or signaling.
{"title":"Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Biological Systems","authors":"G. Bartosz","doi":"10.1080/08865140302420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140302420","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive oxygen species include oxygen-derived free radicals (superoxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide) and non-radical oxygen derivatives of high reactivity (singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite). The main routes of their formation in living organisms include interaction of physical agents with cells and organisms, autoxidation of biochemical intermediates and xenobiotics, and biochemical synthesis for the sake of defense or signaling.","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130200445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced as a result of action of various physical environmental agents. The most important include ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic ionizing radiation (X and n ), and ultrasound. Static and low frequency magnetic fields also affect the number of ROS, but their action involves affecting recombination kinetics of radical pairs formed in biochemical reactions rather than ROS generation.
{"title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Produced by Physical Agents","authors":"M. Zmyślony, M. Pawlaczyk-Łuszczyńska","doi":"10.1080/08865140302419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140302419","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced as a result of action of various physical environmental agents. The most important include ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic ionizing radiation (X and n ), and ultrasound. Static and low frequency magnetic fields also affect the number of ROS, but their action involves affecting recombination kinetics of radical pairs formed in biochemical reactions rather than ROS generation.","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132413733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The occurrence of free radicals in living systems was discovered nearly half a century ago on the basis of the similarity between the effects of ionizing radiation and aging. A broader understanding of the extent and importance of the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals and nonradical reactive oxygen-containing molecules emerged after the discovery of superoxide dismutase. A free radical is defined as any chemical species capable of independent existence that contains one or more unpaired electrons on the outer orbit. The presence of unpaired electrons causes free radicals to be paramagnetic and usually makes them very reactive. Dr. Grzegorz Bartosz covers ‘‘reactive oxygen species in biological systems’’ by discussing the major routes for generation of reactive oxygen species. The work environment contains a number of chemicals that if inhaled or absorbed by the body pose a potential risk for workers’ health. Interaction between air pollutants and living tissue may cause a disturbance of the oxidative balance of the body. The topic of ‘‘oxidative stress-inducing workplace agents’’ is discussed by Drs. Jolanta Gromadzinska and Wasowicz. They cover a number of chemicals found in the workplace that have been shown to have strong oxidative properties. The role of ‘‘essential elements in oxidative stress’’ is discussed by Drs. Wasowicz, Reszka, Gromadzinska, and Rydzynski. They point out that many of the essential elements are involved in protection against oxidative stress as well as in oxidation-induced programmed cell death. Selenium and zinc are among the essential elements involved in these protective mechanisms. A number of physical agents including ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic ionizing radiation, ultrasound, and low frequency magnetic fields can
{"title":"Overview: Reactive Oxygen in Biological System","authors":"K. Rydzyński, W. Wąsowicz","doi":"10.1080/08865140302417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140302417","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence of free radicals in living systems was discovered nearly half a century ago on the basis of the similarity between the effects of ionizing radiation and aging. A broader understanding of the extent and importance of the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals and nonradical reactive oxygen-containing molecules emerged after the discovery of superoxide dismutase. A free radical is defined as any chemical species capable of independent existence that contains one or more unpaired electrons on the outer orbit. The presence of unpaired electrons causes free radicals to be paramagnetic and usually makes them very reactive. Dr. Grzegorz Bartosz covers ‘‘reactive oxygen species in biological systems’’ by discussing the major routes for generation of reactive oxygen species. The work environment contains a number of chemicals that if inhaled or absorbed by the body pose a potential risk for workers’ health. Interaction between air pollutants and living tissue may cause a disturbance of the oxidative balance of the body. The topic of ‘‘oxidative stress-inducing workplace agents’’ is discussed by Drs. Jolanta Gromadzinska and Wasowicz. They cover a number of chemicals found in the workplace that have been shown to have strong oxidative properties. The role of ‘‘essential elements in oxidative stress’’ is discussed by Drs. Wasowicz, Reszka, Gromadzinska, and Rydzynski. They point out that many of the essential elements are involved in protection against oxidative stress as well as in oxidation-induced programmed cell death. Selenium and zinc are among the essential elements involved in these protective mechanisms. A number of physical agents including ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic ionizing radiation, ultrasound, and low frequency magnetic fields can","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125481700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This framework and approach could be used by state, tribal, and local risk managers who set fish advisories to provide additional information on possible health benefits to those who fish and eat fish. Because of the dataintense process and results of the fish consumption index (FCI), a solid risk communication program is necessary to ensure successful usage of the information generated. The risk communication process associated with fish consumption health advisories has been described in depth in U.S. EPA’s Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Vol. 4 (U.S. EPA, 1995b). This article summarizes key elements of that process applied to the comparative dietary risk framework, emphasizing that risk communication is a process of information exchange between the target audience and the risk communicator. Two cautions about communicating information from the framework should be reiterated. First, instituting a risk communication program assumes the existence of quality information to communicate. Developing a risk communication approach at this stage of evolution in the Comparative Dietary Risk Framework is appropriate; however, implementing a risk communication program is not appropriate until the data are available for calculating the actual values that would be used in the framework and the FCI. Second, although the framework provides a mechanism for comparing risks and benefits associated with fish consumption, it is not a justification for accepting fish consumption risks as long as there is a net benefit. Decisions about acceptable risks and distribution of risks and benefits throughout society is a social decision, to be made collectively by the communities affected
{"title":"Using and Communicating the Comparative Dietary Risk Framework","authors":"B. Knuth","doi":"10.1080/08865140215059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140215059","url":null,"abstract":"This framework and approach could be used by state, tribal, and local risk managers who set fish advisories to provide additional information on possible health benefits to those who fish and eat fish. Because of the dataintense process and results of the fish consumption index (FCI), a solid risk communication program is necessary to ensure successful usage of the information generated. The risk communication process associated with fish consumption health advisories has been described in depth in U.S. EPA’s Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Vol. 4 (U.S. EPA, 1995b). This article summarizes key elements of that process applied to the comparative dietary risk framework, emphasizing that risk communication is a process of information exchange between the target audience and the risk communicator. Two cautions about communicating information from the framework should be reiterated. First, instituting a risk communication program assumes the existence of quality information to communicate. Developing a risk communication approach at this stage of evolution in the Comparative Dietary Risk Framework is appropriate; however, implementing a risk communication program is not appropriate until the data are available for calculating the actual values that would be used in the framework and the FCI. Second, although the framework provides a mechanism for comparing risks and benefits associated with fish consumption, it is not a justification for accepting fish consumption risks as long as there is a net benefit. Decisions about acceptable risks and distribution of risks and benefits throughout society is a social decision, to be made collectively by the communities affected","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132136178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In addition to providing high-quality protein, essential fatty acids, and other nutrients required daily in the human diet (discussed in the following article ‘‘Nutritional Aspects of Fish Compared with Other Protein Sources’’), fish consumption is also associated with certain health endpoints over the longer term. This article provides a brief overview of health endpoints that have been shown, or are hypothesized, to be associated with fish consumption. In some cases the weight of evidence supports the relationship between eating fish and a lowered risk of disease (e.g., coronary heart disease or CHD). For other health endpoints, the link is more controversial (e.g., arthritis) and more research studies are needed. This report refers to the changes in health endpoints associated with fish consumption as benefits, because they generally involve a reduction in the risk of chronic disease. The article begins with an overview of the major studies that have examined the association between fish consumption and CHD, those studies that have found associations and those that have not. It then continues with a brief description of studies that have looked at fish consumption in relation to several other endpoints. The concept that eating fish may reduce the risk of CHD apparently originated from reports on the small population of nonacculturated Eskimos in arctic Greenland, where high consumption of marine animals (e.g., seal, fish) was observed (Bang et al., 1971, 1980). It was claimed that coronary
除了提供高质量的蛋白质、必需脂肪酸和人类日常饮食中所需的其他营养素(在下面的文章“鱼的营养方面与其他蛋白质来源的比较”中讨论)之外，长期食用鱼还与某些健康终点有关。本文简要概述了已被证明或假设与食用鱼类有关的健康终点。在某些情况下，大量证据支持吃鱼与降低疾病(如冠心病)风险之间的关系。对于其他健康终点，这种联系更具争议性(例如关节炎)，需要更多的研究。本报告将与食用鱼类相关的健康终点的变化称为益处，因为它们通常涉及慢性疾病风险的降低。这篇文章首先概述了主要的研究，这些研究调查了吃鱼和冠心病之间的联系，这些研究发现了联系，而那些没有发现联系。然后，它继续简要描述了一些研究，这些研究着眼于鱼类消费与其他几个终点的关系。吃鱼可以降低冠心病风险的概念显然源于对格陵兰岛北极地区少量非养殖爱斯基摩人的报道，在那里观察到大量海洋动物(如海豹、鱼)的消费(Bang et al.， 1971, 1980)。据说冠状动脉
{"title":"Health Benefits from Eating Fish","authors":"M. Daviglus, J. Sheeshka, E. Murkin","doi":"10.1080/08865140215064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140215064","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to providing high-quality protein, essential fatty acids, and other nutrients required daily in the human diet (discussed in the following article ‘‘Nutritional Aspects of Fish Compared with Other Protein Sources’’), fish consumption is also associated with certain health endpoints over the longer term. This article provides a brief overview of health endpoints that have been shown, or are hypothesized, to be associated with fish consumption. In some cases the weight of evidence supports the relationship between eating fish and a lowered risk of disease (e.g., coronary heart disease or CHD). For other health endpoints, the link is more controversial (e.g., arthritis) and more research studies are needed. This report refers to the changes in health endpoints associated with fish consumption as benefits, because they generally involve a reduction in the risk of chronic disease. The article begins with an overview of the major studies that have examined the association between fish consumption and CHD, those studies that have found associations and those that have not. It then continues with a brief description of studies that have looked at fish consumption in relation to several other endpoints. The concept that eating fish may reduce the risk of CHD apparently originated from reports on the small population of nonacculturated Eskimos in arctic Greenland, where high consumption of marine animals (e.g., seal, fish) was observed (Bang et al., 1971, 1980). It was claimed that coronary","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125767706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This issue has outlined an approach to evaluate the potential health benefits of consuming fish against the potential health risks of eating contaminated fish. Some evidence exists for an association between decreased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) or myocardial infarction (MI), and consumption of small amounts of fish, including mainly lean (nonfatty) fish. Additional studies have seen some association between eating fish and reduced risk of stroke and arthritis and enhanced immunological and nervous system development. These data, along with the superior nutritional value of fish, are strong enough that public health officials routinely encourage the public to eat more fish. Consuming uncontaminated fish (or at least fish that are smaller, younger, or in general less contaminated) may provide health benefits as mentioned, but without the potential health risks associated with contamination. Before eating any contaminated fish, consumers should consider fish supplies from cleaner water bodies, eating smaller, and less contaminated fish, and cooking and cleaning methods that reduce contaminants. The eating of such ‘‘cleaner’’ fish rather than more contaminated fish would maximize the net benefit of fish consumption. This is shown specifically in Figures 6–16 in the framework article for low versus high concentrations of chemicals in fish, for those chemicals that bioaccumulate, or for fish contaminated with more that one chemical. When alternatives to eating contaminated fish are not available or desired, it may be appropriate to weigh the risks of eating less of these contaminated fish with the benefits gained from eating more of these same fish. The framework developed here can crudely compare these risks and benefits.
{"title":"Conclusions and Research Needs","authors":"J. Patterson, M. Dourson","doi":"10.1080/08865140215060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140215060","url":null,"abstract":"This issue has outlined an approach to evaluate the potential health benefits of consuming fish against the potential health risks of eating contaminated fish. Some evidence exists for an association between decreased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) or myocardial infarction (MI), and consumption of small amounts of fish, including mainly lean (nonfatty) fish. Additional studies have seen some association between eating fish and reduced risk of stroke and arthritis and enhanced immunological and nervous system development. These data, along with the superior nutritional value of fish, are strong enough that public health officials routinely encourage the public to eat more fish. Consuming uncontaminated fish (or at least fish that are smaller, younger, or in general less contaminated) may provide health benefits as mentioned, but without the potential health risks associated with contamination. Before eating any contaminated fish, consumers should consider fish supplies from cleaner water bodies, eating smaller, and less contaminated fish, and cooking and cleaning methods that reduce contaminants. The eating of such ‘‘cleaner’’ fish rather than more contaminated fish would maximize the net benefit of fish consumption. This is shown specifically in Figures 6–16 in the framework article for low versus high concentrations of chemicals in fish, for those chemicals that bioaccumulate, or for fish contaminated with more that one chemical. When alternatives to eating contaminated fish are not available or desired, it may be appropriate to weigh the risks of eating less of these contaminated fish with the benefits gained from eating more of these same fish. The framework developed here can crudely compare these risks and benefits.","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122457173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses several different ethnic and other groups of people who consume more fish than others, consume different parts of fish, or who may fish more contaminated waters. Included below are discussions on AsianAmericans, Native Americans, subsistence anglers, and low-income, urban anglers (including African-American and Latino anglers)*. These groups have special behaviors in regard to fish consumption that should be considered in evaluating risks and benefits of fish consumption. Fish advisories can impact social, cultural, religious, and=or economic aspects of life that may affect an individual’s or a group’s health and well-being. A framework for evaluating risks and benefits of fish consumption needs to consider these impacts. Food, as an important part of a culture, serves economic, social, aesthetic, ceremonial, and religious functions. Food is used to solidify social ties.
{"title":"Sociocultural Considerations of Fish Consumption","authors":"Daniel M. Cartledge","doi":"10.1080/08865140215063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140215063","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses several different ethnic and other groups of people who consume more fish than others, consume different parts of fish, or who may fish more contaminated waters. Included below are discussions on AsianAmericans, Native Americans, subsistence anglers, and low-income, urban anglers (including African-American and Latino anglers)*. These groups have special behaviors in regard to fish consumption that should be considered in evaluating risks and benefits of fish consumption. Fish advisories can impact social, cultural, religious, and=or economic aspects of life that may affect an individual’s or a group’s health and well-being. A framework for evaluating risks and benefits of fish consumption needs to consider these impacts. Food, as an important part of a culture, serves economic, social, aesthetic, ceremonial, and religious functions. Food is used to solidify social ties.","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116452916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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