Sidney Armor Reeve, professional engineer and amateur historian, economist, and sociologist, writing during what has been described as the Progressive Era, at-tacked the very foundations of the existing economic and social orders. He explic-itly criticized the dominant commercialism of the capitalist society as being a can-cer, a major cause of inequality and unemployment, offering instead a program of reform that, while some reviewers characterized it as consistent with the program of the socialists, presented something of an alternative vision, one recognizing the primacy of the Ultimate Consumer. His remedy, favoring as it did the central con-trol of the economy, shared at least commonalities with the reforms advocated by the socialist writers of the period, even as he himself rejected the label, unequivo-cally stressing points of fundamental disagreement.
{"title":"Sidney Armor Reeve: Engineer, Inventor, Progressive, and Underappreciated Utopian","authors":"Charles R. McCann Jr., L. Fiorito","doi":"10.3280/spe2022-001005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/spe2022-001005","url":null,"abstract":"Sidney Armor Reeve, professional engineer and amateur historian, economist, and sociologist, writing during what has been described as the Progressive Era, at-tacked the very foundations of the existing economic and social orders. He explic-itly criticized the dominant commercialism of the capitalist society as being a can-cer, a major cause of inequality and unemployment, offering instead a program of reform that, while some reviewers characterized it as consistent with the program of the socialists, presented something of an alternative vision, one recognizing the primacy of the Ultimate Consumer. His remedy, favoring as it did the central con-trol of the economy, shared at least commonalities with the reforms advocated by the socialist writers of the period, even as he himself rejected the label, unequivo-cally stressing points of fundamental disagreement.","PeriodicalId":40401,"journal":{"name":"History of Economic Thought and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42917828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aurelio Peccei (1908-1984) was an Italian top manager who worked in FIAT and Olivetti and founded in 1968 the Club of Rome (CoR), an informal group of politicians and intellectuals. They had the objective to clearly scrutiny into the af-termath of the economic growth which apparently paid no consideration for its negative side effects, especially the exhaustion of energy sources, and, in general, its sustainability: all that sums up in the phrase world problematique. The present paper deals with Aurelio Peccei and the main points of his futurology, in the light of the thought of Bertrand de Jouvenel, whom Peccei considered as his mentor. We will discuss how, according to Peccei's vision, only through a cultural revolu-tion a process of social changings eventually leading to sustainable equilibria could be set up in motion. Moreover, the issues under investigation were deemed com-mon to both capitalist and socialist countries so that the solutions would have to apply to both fronts of the Cold War. Indeed, in Peccei's approach, the reshaping of the international order would be a non-political process; maybe unknowingly, Peccei and the CoR doctrine seem to have a utopian, Saint-Simonian flavour.
{"title":"Forecasting in the Long-Term: Aurelio Peccei, a Quite Neglected Manager and Utopian","authors":"Alessandro Le Donne","doi":"10.3280/spe2022-001002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/spe2022-001002","url":null,"abstract":"Aurelio Peccei (1908-1984) was an Italian top manager who worked in FIAT and Olivetti and founded in 1968 the Club of Rome (CoR), an informal group of politicians and intellectuals. They had the objective to clearly scrutiny into the af-termath of the economic growth which apparently paid no consideration for its negative side effects, especially the exhaustion of energy sources, and, in general, its sustainability: all that sums up in the phrase world problematique. The present paper deals with Aurelio Peccei and the main points of his futurology, in the light of the thought of Bertrand de Jouvenel, whom Peccei considered as his mentor. We will discuss how, according to Peccei's vision, only through a cultural revolu-tion a process of social changings eventually leading to sustainable equilibria could be set up in motion. Moreover, the issues under investigation were deemed com-mon to both capitalist and socialist countries so that the solutions would have to apply to both fronts of the Cold War. Indeed, in Peccei's approach, the reshaping of the international order would be a non-political process; maybe unknowingly, Peccei and the CoR doctrine seem to have a utopian, Saint-Simonian flavour.","PeriodicalId":40401,"journal":{"name":"History of Economic Thought and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48948018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Symposium. The Limits to Growth: Economic Theorizing and Policymaking, 1972-2021","authors":"A. C. della Redazione","doi":"10.3280/spe2022-001001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/spe2022-001001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40401,"journal":{"name":"History of Economic Thought and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44331490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The text proposes an analysis of the way the European Central Bank (ECB) considers the notion of economic growth or its limits and how the question of envi-ronmental risk has become an issue for it. For this purpose, an analysis of the speeches of the members of its board is carried out over the period 1997-2021. An automated statistical analysis of the corpus reveals the standard approach to growth adopted by the ECB. This is followed by a more qualitative reading of the discourse, which shows that the notions of sustainability and the climate crisis are becoming increasingly important in the rhetoric of the ECB, without leading to a radical revision of the way growth is conceived or to a questioning of its limits. In order to expand its discourse and action in the climate field, the ECB is rather pro-ceeding by superimposition, adding new ideas rather than replacing its initial paradigm. In doing so, it protects the legitimacy of its mandate and its epistemic credibility.
{"title":"Talking about growth, the discourse of the European Central Bank, 1997-2021","authors":"Eric Dehay","doi":"10.3280/spe2022-001004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/spe2022-001004","url":null,"abstract":"The text proposes an analysis of the way the European Central Bank (ECB) considers the notion of economic growth or its limits and how the question of envi-ronmental risk has become an issue for it. For this purpose, an analysis of the speeches of the members of its board is carried out over the period 1997-2021. An automated statistical analysis of the corpus reveals the standard approach to growth adopted by the ECB. This is followed by a more qualitative reading of the discourse, which shows that the notions of sustainability and the climate crisis are becoming increasingly important in the rhetoric of the ECB, without leading to a radical revision of the way growth is conceived or to a questioning of its limits. In order to expand its discourse and action in the climate field, the ECB is rather pro-ceeding by superimposition, adding new ideas rather than replacing its initial paradigm. In doing so, it protects the legitimacy of its mandate and its epistemic credibility.","PeriodicalId":40401,"journal":{"name":"History of Economic Thought and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42862701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2006, the political coalition Alianza PAÍS promoted a "Citizen's Revolution" in Ecuador that would put an end to neoliberal policies and lead the country to "buen vivir". However, the coalition's arrival to the government and the negotiations of the 2008 Constitution generated fractures and splits within the party. The buen vivir was divided into three trends: Indianist, environmentalist and socialist. The socialist trend became the state representative, although it had huge controversies with the other two trends because it opted for a new post-neoliberal development model, while the indianists and ecologists rejected the continuity of the developmentalist models. This article presents the main characteristics of the three trends of buen vivir. In addition, based on the work The Limits to Growth and through the analysis of socio-economic and environmental indicators, it is shown how the socialist model of buen vivir (2007-2017) was an unsustainable model in the medium and long term.
{"title":"The limits to growth of buen vivir socialism: Ecuador's alternative development model from 2007 to 2017","authors":"Aurelio García-García","doi":"10.3280/spe2022-001003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/spe2022-001003","url":null,"abstract":"In 2006, the political coalition Alianza PAÍS promoted a \"Citizen's Revolution\" in Ecuador that would put an end to neoliberal policies and lead the country to \"buen vivir\". However, the coalition's arrival to the government and the negotiations of the 2008 Constitution generated fractures and splits within the party. The buen vivir was divided into three trends: Indianist, environmentalist and socialist. The socialist trend became the state representative, although it had huge controversies with the other two trends because it opted for a new post-neoliberal development model, while the indianists and ecologists rejected the continuity of the developmentalist models. This article presents the main characteristics of the three trends of buen vivir. In addition, based on the work The Limits to Growth and through the analysis of socio-economic and environmental indicators, it is shown how the socialist model of buen vivir (2007-2017) was an unsustainable model in the medium and long term.","PeriodicalId":40401,"journal":{"name":"History of Economic Thought and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49632134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to analyze the Italian pension system in the period between 1971 and 1991, highlighting the factors that contributed to producing a financial crisis that cast doubt on the sustainability of the entire pension structure. The measures put in place to contain expenditure, such as the raising of the age for ob-taining an old age pension and the revision of the pension calculation method, will be illustrated, showing how they were only adopted by the legislature after a dec-ade since they were formulated. The analyses carried out show that not even the contribution from the state to compensate for the inadequacy of contribution rev-enues was sufficient to cover pension expenditure. Thus, the deficits accumulated by the pension schemes were the natural consequence of a failure to periodically adjust contribution rates. This measure was considered necessary to cope with the effects of certain regulations which automatically adjusted pensions and im-proved the extension of benefits.
{"title":"History of the Italian pension system from 1971 to 1991: Towards the economic-financial crisis","authors":"A. Morselli","doi":"10.3280/spe2021-002004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/spe2021-002004","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to analyze the Italian pension system in the period between 1971 and 1991, highlighting the factors that contributed to producing a financial crisis that cast doubt on the sustainability of the entire pension structure. The measures put in place to contain expenditure, such as the raising of the age for ob-taining an old age pension and the revision of the pension calculation method, will be illustrated, showing how they were only adopted by the legislature after a dec-ade since they were formulated. The analyses carried out show that not even the contribution from the state to compensate for the inadequacy of contribution rev-enues was sufficient to cover pension expenditure. Thus, the deficits accumulated by the pension schemes were the natural consequence of a failure to periodically adjust contribution rates. This measure was considered necessary to cope with the effects of certain regulations which automatically adjusted pensions and im-proved the extension of benefits.","PeriodicalId":40401,"journal":{"name":"History of Economic Thought and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41644247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Going beyond borders? An ongoing research project on business in European integration","authors":"D. Felisini","doi":"10.3280/spe2021-002006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/spe2021-002006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40401,"journal":{"name":"History of Economic Thought and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46130434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the 1950s Pierre Uri played a significant role in shaping the European eco-nomic order. Thanks to his prominent contributions to the team of advisers that centred around Jean Monnet, both the ECSC and the EEC Treaties were designed to encompass the potential to evolve into a federal constitution for Europe. The paper aims to highlight the role of Pierre Uri in drafting the main features of the institutional, decision-making, and fiscal architecture of early European economic integration.
{"title":"Pierre Uri: The making of a European economic order","authors":"Fabio Masini","doi":"10.3280/spe2021-002003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/spe2021-002003","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1950s Pierre Uri played a significant role in shaping the European eco-nomic order. Thanks to his prominent contributions to the team of advisers that centred around Jean Monnet, both the ECSC and the EEC Treaties were designed to encompass the potential to evolve into a federal constitution for Europe. The paper aims to highlight the role of Pierre Uri in drafting the main features of the institutional, decision-making, and fiscal architecture of early European economic integration.","PeriodicalId":40401,"journal":{"name":"History of Economic Thought and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45004631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In his autobiographical notes, Robert Marjolin defines himself as "architect of European Unity". He played a pivotal role in the reconstruction of France after WWII and in the construction of the European Economic Community. He was a strict collaborator of Jean Monnet far before the end of the war and vice-President of the European Commission from 1958 to 1967. He was a fervent advocate of European integration and strongly believed in the urgency to develop a planning approach at European level that was coherent with his idea of economic and monetary union. Accordingly, he bustled about the attempt to spread and to make accepted his idea of Europe as "Europe organisée" by coordinating meetings and seminars and by creating a network of people that shared and sustained the idea of economic planning. He promoted a communitarian "action programme" which should go beyond the customs union and would consider some long-term commu-nitarian targets. A large part of the literature overlooks Marjolin's contribution to the European project. Main aim of this paper is to focus on Marjolin's role in the European integration process and show that building a strong (economic but also political, social, and military) European union was his main goal and the leitmotif of his whole career.
{"title":"Planning the European architecture: The contribution of Robert Marjolin","authors":"Katia Caldari","doi":"10.3280/spe2021-002001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/spe2021-002001","url":null,"abstract":"In his autobiographical notes, Robert Marjolin defines himself as \"architect of European Unity\". He played a pivotal role in the reconstruction of France after WWII and in the construction of the European Economic Community. He was a strict collaborator of Jean Monnet far before the end of the war and vice-President of the European Commission from 1958 to 1967. He was a fervent advocate of European integration and strongly believed in the urgency to develop a planning approach at European level that was coherent with his idea of economic and monetary union. Accordingly, he bustled about the attempt to spread and to make accepted his idea of Europe as \"Europe organisée\" by coordinating meetings and seminars and by creating a network of people that shared and sustained the idea of economic planning. He promoted a communitarian \"action programme\" which should go beyond the customs union and would consider some long-term commu-nitarian targets. A large part of the literature overlooks Marjolin's contribution to the European project. Main aim of this paper is to focus on Marjolin's role in the European integration process and show that building a strong (economic but also political, social, and military) European union was his main goal and the leitmotif of his whole career.","PeriodicalId":40401,"journal":{"name":"History of Economic Thought and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43799379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacques de Larosière (born 1929) played for more than half a century an influential role on the international monetary scene. He was Director of the French Treasury, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, Governor of the Banque de France and President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). In 2008, at the age of 79 years, he chaired the so-called De Larosière Committee which provided the blueprint for a fundamental reform of financial supervision in the European Union. Highlights of his career were the management of the Mexican debt crisis in the 1980s and his role in the process of economic and monetary integration in Europe, especially as a member of the Delors Committee. In his analyses he focuses on the "financialization" of our econ-omies and the ensuing problems with debt and asset price bubbles, for which the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system was an important cause. As part of a research program on collecting memories, this paper publishes the results of several interviews and discussions with him.
{"title":"Interview of Jacques de Larosière: In search of a better world financial order","authors":"I. Maes, Sabine Péters","doi":"10.3280/spe2021-002005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3280/spe2021-002005","url":null,"abstract":"Jacques de Larosière (born 1929) played for more than half a century an influential role on the international monetary scene. He was Director of the French Treasury, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, Governor of the Banque de France and President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). In 2008, at the age of 79 years, he chaired the so-called De Larosière Committee which provided the blueprint for a fundamental reform of financial supervision in the European Union. Highlights of his career were the management of the Mexican debt crisis in the 1980s and his role in the process of economic and monetary integration in Europe, especially as a member of the Delors Committee. In his analyses he focuses on the \"financialization\" of our econ-omies and the ensuing problems with debt and asset price bubbles, for which the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system was an important cause. As part of a research program on collecting memories, this paper publishes the results of several interviews and discussions with him.","PeriodicalId":40401,"journal":{"name":"History of Economic Thought and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43593544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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