Pub Date : 1987-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JRA.1987.1087148
J. Loncaric
A generalized spring associates potential energy with each position and orientation of a rigid body. The stiffness of such a spring can be represented by a 6 × 6 symmetric matrix. This matrix can be brought to a normal form by a particular choice of the coordinate frame. Analogous but independent results hold for compliance matrices. These results, obtained by using a Lie group approach, also extend the concept of the remote center of stiffness to generic generalized springs.
{"title":"Normal forms of stiffness and compliance matrices","authors":"J. Loncaric","doi":"10.1109/JRA.1987.1087148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRA.1987.1087148","url":null,"abstract":"A generalized spring associates potential energy with each position and orientation of a rigid body. The stiffness of such a spring can be represented by a 6 × 6 symmetric matrix. This matrix can be brought to a normal form by a particular choice of the coordinate frame. Analogous but independent results hold for compliance matrices. These results, obtained by using a Lie group approach, also extend the concept of the remote center of stiffness to generic generalized springs.","PeriodicalId":404512,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133197326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JRA.1987.1087132
T. DeFazio, D. Whitney
Bourjault has presented a method which will generate all valid assembly sequences for the set of parts that constitute an assembly. A modification of Bourjault's method is presented which makes practical the application of this technique of assembly analysis to assemblies with greatly increased part count. The salient difference between the two methods is in the form and number of the questions whose answers yield the relations that allow algorithmic generation of assembly sequences. Bourjault's method requires 2l^{2} questions plus an often-large number of subsequent questions whose existence depends on answers to part of the former question set; all have yes or no answers. (Here l is the number of relations between parts.) The modified method requires 2l questions that are answered in a precedence-logical form; the questions are similar to those asked by an engineer contemplating assembly of a set of parts. Applications and techniques for use are presented, and examples are shown for l as great as 18.
{"title":"Simplified generation of all mechanical assembly sequences","authors":"T. DeFazio, D. Whitney","doi":"10.1109/JRA.1987.1087132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRA.1987.1087132","url":null,"abstract":"Bourjault has presented a method which will generate all valid assembly sequences for the set of parts that constitute an assembly. A modification of Bourjault's method is presented which makes practical the application of this technique of assembly analysis to assemblies with greatly increased part count. The salient difference between the two methods is in the form and number of the questions whose answers yield the relations that allow algorithmic generation of assembly sequences. Bourjault's method requires 2l^{2} questions plus an often-large number of subsequent questions whose existence depends on answers to part of the former question set; all have yes or no answers. (Here l is the number of relations between parts.) The modified method requires 2l questions that are answered in a precedence-logical form; the questions are similar to those asked by an engineer contemplating assembly of a set of parts. Applications and techniques for use are presented, and examples are shown for l as great as 18.","PeriodicalId":404512,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123721219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JRA.1987.1087139
K. Mandel, N. Duffie
One of the main problems of an unconstrained mobile robot (that is not limited to rails or tracks), that limits its industrial applications, is its docking accuracy. Because robot programs are executed relative to the robot base, inaccurate positioning of the mobile robot during docking must be accounted for in order to improve the accuracy of the mobile robot. In this paper, a method to compensate for the docking inaccuracy of mobile robots is proposed. The method is based on modifying the task of the robot arm according to the docking error-the offset between the desired and actual docking locations of the mobile robot. The docking error is sensed by a sensor mounted on the robot arm: it can be either a vision system or a touch trigger probe. The algorithms for calculating the spatial docking error for each sensor and how the robot's task is modified accordingly are presented. The need for a method that will allow to reach results even in the presence of perturbed data, something that currently applied methods cannot guarantee, is discussed and one is presented. The calculation of the spatial offset between the actual and the desired locations of the mobile robot using vision system was implemented and results of some experiments are presented and discussed.
{"title":"On-line compensation of mobile robot docking errors","authors":"K. Mandel, N. Duffie","doi":"10.1109/JRA.1987.1087139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRA.1987.1087139","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main problems of an unconstrained mobile robot (that is not limited to rails or tracks), that limits its industrial applications, is its docking accuracy. Because robot programs are executed relative to the robot base, inaccurate positioning of the mobile robot during docking must be accounted for in order to improve the accuracy of the mobile robot. In this paper, a method to compensate for the docking inaccuracy of mobile robots is proposed. The method is based on modifying the task of the robot arm according to the docking error-the offset between the desired and actual docking locations of the mobile robot. The docking error is sensed by a sensor mounted on the robot arm: it can be either a vision system or a touch trigger probe. The algorithms for calculating the spatial docking error for each sensor and how the robot's task is modified accordingly are presented. The need for a method that will allow to reach results even in the presence of perturbed data, something that currently applied methods cannot guarantee, is discussed and one is presented. The calculation of the spatial offset between the actual and the desired locations of the mobile robot using vision system was implemented and results of some experiments are presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":404512,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115120912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRA.1987.1087125
D. Laurendeau, D. Poussart
An algorithm for extracting edges and plane regions of a polyhedral object in a three-dimensional (3D) range image is described. The object may be Convex or nonconvex. A model of the object is built with the regions extracted. Possible extension to cylindrical objects is also considered. The range images are obtained with a novel range-finder camera that can produce 128 × 256 or 256 × 256 surface element (surfcels) images. The edge detection is accomplished in five steps and yields edges one surfcel wide. The region-finding algorithm relies on the concept of the "hemispheric histogram." The histogram is built with the normals of groups of surfcels (patches) forming the image. Analysis of the hemispheric histogram gives global information on the surface orientation of the visible regions of an object. Once these regions are extracted, they are expanded with a region growing process. Geometric properties of the regions are computed by a simple contour following algorithm. Then, a relational model of the regions is built. The model gathers information that is independent of the position and orientation of the object ill the reference plane and could be Used for object recognition in an unsupervised 3D vision system.
{"title":"Model building of three-dimensional polyhedral objects using 3D edge information and hemispheric histogram","authors":"D. Laurendeau, D. Poussart","doi":"10.1109/JRA.1987.1087125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRA.1987.1087125","url":null,"abstract":"An algorithm for extracting edges and plane regions of a polyhedral object in a three-dimensional (3D) range image is described. The object may be Convex or nonconvex. A model of the object is built with the regions extracted. Possible extension to cylindrical objects is also considered. The range images are obtained with a novel range-finder camera that can produce 128 × 256 or 256 × 256 surface element (surfcels) images. The edge detection is accomplished in five steps and yields edges one surfcel wide. The region-finding algorithm relies on the concept of the \"hemispheric histogram.\" The histogram is built with the normals of groups of surfcels (patches) forming the image. Analysis of the hemispheric histogram gives global information on the surface orientation of the visible regions of an object. Once these regions are extracted, they are expanded with a region growing process. Geometric properties of the regions are computed by a simple contour following algorithm. Then, a relational model of the regions is built. The model gathers information that is independent of the position and orientation of the object ill the reference plane and could be Used for object recognition in an unsupervised 3D vision system.","PeriodicalId":404512,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122800422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRA.1987.1087127
W. Kim, F. Tendick, L. Stark
A visual display system serves as an important man-machine interface for efficient teleoperations. However, careful consideration is necessary to display three-dimensional information on a two-dimensional screen effectively. A teleoperation simulator is constructed with a vector display system, joysticks, and a simulated cylindrical manipulator to evaluate various display conditions quantitatively. Pick-and-place tasks are performed, and mean completion times are used as a performance measure. Two experiments are performed. First, effects of variation of perspective parameters on human operator's pick-and-place performance with monoscopic perspective display are investigated. Then visual enhancements of monoscopic perspective display by adding a grid and reference lines are investigated and compared with visual enhancements of stereoscopic display. The results indicate that stereoscopic display does generally permit superior pick-and-place performance, while monoscopic display can allow equivalent performance when it is defined with appropriate perspective parameter values and provided with adequate visual enhancements. Mean completion time results of pick-and-place experiments for various display conditions shown are observed to be quite similar to the normalized rms error results of mannal tracking experiments reported previously.
{"title":"Visual enhancements in pick-and-place tasks: Human operators controlling a simulated cylindrical manipulator","authors":"W. Kim, F. Tendick, L. Stark","doi":"10.1109/JRA.1987.1087127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRA.1987.1087127","url":null,"abstract":"A visual display system serves as an important man-machine interface for efficient teleoperations. However, careful consideration is necessary to display three-dimensional information on a two-dimensional screen effectively. A teleoperation simulator is constructed with a vector display system, joysticks, and a simulated cylindrical manipulator to evaluate various display conditions quantitatively. Pick-and-place tasks are performed, and mean completion times are used as a performance measure. Two experiments are performed. First, effects of variation of perspective parameters on human operator's pick-and-place performance with monoscopic perspective display are investigated. Then visual enhancements of monoscopic perspective display by adding a grid and reference lines are investigated and compared with visual enhancements of stereoscopic display. The results indicate that stereoscopic display does generally permit superior pick-and-place performance, while monoscopic display can allow equivalent performance when it is defined with appropriate perspective parameter values and provided with adequate visual enhancements. Mean completion time results of pick-and-place experiments for various display conditions shown are observed to be quite similar to the normalized rms error results of mannal tracking experiments reported previously.","PeriodicalId":404512,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130389073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRA.1987.1087115
L. Weiss, A. Sanderson, C. Neuman
Sensor-based robot control may be viewed as a hierarchical structure with multiple observers. Actuator, feature-based, and recognition observers provide the basis for multilevel feedback control at the actuator, sensor, and world coordinate frame levels, respectively. The analysis and design of feature-based control strategies to achieve consistent dynamic performance is addressed. For vision sensors, such an image-based visual servo control is shown to provide stable and consistent dynamic control within local regimes of the recognition observer. Simulation studies of two- and three-degree-of-freedom systems show the application of an adaptive control algorithm to overcome unknown and nonlinear relations in the feature to world space mapping.
{"title":"Dynamic sensor-based control of robots with visual feedback","authors":"L. Weiss, A. Sanderson, C. Neuman","doi":"10.1109/JRA.1987.1087115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRA.1987.1087115","url":null,"abstract":"Sensor-based robot control may be viewed as a hierarchical structure with multiple observers. Actuator, feature-based, and recognition observers provide the basis for multilevel feedback control at the actuator, sensor, and world coordinate frame levels, respectively. The analysis and design of feature-based control strategies to achieve consistent dynamic performance is addressed. For vision sensors, such an image-based visual servo control is shown to provide stable and consistent dynamic control within local regimes of the recognition observer. Simulation studies of two- and three-degree-of-freedom systems show the application of an adaptive control algorithm to overcome unknown and nonlinear relations in the feature to world space mapping.","PeriodicalId":404512,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131619206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRA.1987.1087122
M. Jamshidi
and Laboratory Development in Robotics were two invited sessions which were organized by M. Eslami (University of Illinois at Chicago). H. Seraji of JPL organized a special invited session on " Robotics Research at JPL. " The Symposium, due to its small size, provided a good technical forum for open exchange of ideas and information in the field of robotics in regards to modeling, control, and education. For more information and a copy of its Proceedings , please contact Prof.
{"title":"International symposium on robot manipulators--Modeling, control, and education","authors":"M. Jamshidi","doi":"10.1109/JRA.1987.1087122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRA.1987.1087122","url":null,"abstract":"and Laboratory Development in Robotics were two invited sessions which were organized by M. Eslami (University of Illinois at Chicago). H. Seraji of JPL organized a special invited session on \" Robotics Research at JPL. \" The Symposium, due to its small size, provided a good technical forum for open exchange of ideas and information in the field of robotics in regards to modeling, control, and education. For more information and a copy of its Proceedings , please contact Prof.","PeriodicalId":404512,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127000150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRA.1987.1087123
Tomomasa Sato, S. Hirai
The language-aided robotic teleoperation system incorporates two sets of teieoperational languages with a master-slave manipulator. One offers flexible means, called software jigs, to specify motion constraints superimposed on operational motion, simplifying task motion. The other offers an easy method of teaching elementary tasks which frequently appear in teleoperation. Re-execution of the thus-taught program is effectively utilized.
{"title":"Language-aided robotic teleoperation system (LARTS) for advanced teleoperation","authors":"Tomomasa Sato, S. Hirai","doi":"10.1109/JRA.1987.1087123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRA.1987.1087123","url":null,"abstract":"The language-aided robotic teleoperation system incorporates two sets of teieoperational languages with a master-slave manipulator. One offers flexible means, called software jigs, to specify motion constraints superimposed on operational motion, simplifying task motion. The other offers an easy method of teaching elementary tasks which frequently appear in teleoperation. Re-execution of the thus-taught program is effectively utilized.","PeriodicalId":404512,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation","volume":"362 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133564143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRA.1987.1087121
J. Ower, J. V. Vegte
A Lagrangian dynamics approach is used to model the planar motion of a manipulator consisting of two flexible links and two rotary joints. The equations are linearized and represented by a transfer function matrix. In addition a multivariable control system is designed by a technique based on classical methods.
{"title":"Classical control design for a flexible manipulator: Modeling and control system design","authors":"J. Ower, J. V. Vegte","doi":"10.1109/JRA.1987.1087121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRA.1987.1087121","url":null,"abstract":"A Lagrangian dynamics approach is used to model the planar motion of a manipulator consisting of two flexible links and two rotary joints. The equations are linearized and represented by a transfer function matrix. In addition a multivariable control system is designed by a technique based on classical methods.","PeriodicalId":404512,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114080798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-10-01DOI: 10.1109/JRA.1987.1087117
W. Kim, F. Tendick, S. Ellis, L. Stark
Position and rate control are the two common manual control modes in teleoperations. Human operator performance using the two modes is evaluated and compared. Simulated three-axis pick-and-place operations are used as the primary task for evaluation. First, ideal position and rate control are compared by considering several factors, such as joystick gain, joystick type, display mode, task, and manipulator work space size. Then the effects of the manipulator system dynamics are investigated by varying the natural frequency and speed limit. Experimental results show that ideal position control is superior to ideal rate control, regardless of joystick type or display mode, when the manipulation work space is small or comparable to the human operator's control space. Results also show that when the manipulator system is slow, the superiority of position control disappears. Position control is recommended for small-work-space telemanipulation tasks, while rate control is recommended for slow wide-work-space telemanipulation tasks.
{"title":"A comparison of position and rate control for telemanipulations with consideration of manipulator system dynamics","authors":"W. Kim, F. Tendick, S. Ellis, L. Stark","doi":"10.1109/JRA.1987.1087117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRA.1987.1087117","url":null,"abstract":"Position and rate control are the two common manual control modes in teleoperations. Human operator performance using the two modes is evaluated and compared. Simulated three-axis pick-and-place operations are used as the primary task for evaluation. First, ideal position and rate control are compared by considering several factors, such as joystick gain, joystick type, display mode, task, and manipulator work space size. Then the effects of the manipulator system dynamics are investigated by varying the natural frequency and speed limit. Experimental results show that ideal position control is superior to ideal rate control, regardless of joystick type or display mode, when the manipulation work space is small or comparable to the human operator's control space. Results also show that when the manipulator system is slow, the superiority of position control disappears. Position control is recommended for small-work-space telemanipulation tasks, while rate control is recommended for slow wide-work-space telemanipulation tasks.","PeriodicalId":404512,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Robotics and Automation","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116473951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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