This paper argues that one-dimensional policies for addressing HIV, especially if technically oriented, will not be as effective as those that also involve elements of human development. The paper uses two types of evidence to lend weight to this assertion. First it presents qualitative evidence of the links between lack of achievements in human development, the spread of HIV infection and ineffectiveness of policies to prevent HIV. Second, it analyzes cross-country data from more than 70 countries to argue that human development can have quite significant implications for HIV prevalence.
{"title":"The Human Development Roots of HIV and Implications for Policy: A Cross-Country Analysis","authors":"A. Mahal","doi":"10.12927/WHP.0000.17594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP.0000.17594","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that one-dimensional policies for addressing HIV, especially if technically oriented, will not be as effective as those that also involve elements of human development. The paper uses two types of evidence to lend weight to this assertion. First it presents qualitative evidence of the links between lack of achievements in human development, the spread of HIV infection and ineffectiveness of policies to prevent HIV. Second, it analyzes cross-country data from more than 70 countries to argue that human development can have quite significant implications for HIV prevalence.","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125233216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Family Planning Operations Research: A Book of Readings","authors":"K. E. Kilpatrick","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17583","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"26 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132360685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infant mortality is the probability of dying before the first birthday. In discussions on mortality transition, Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is always used as a proxy for mortality conditions. IMR represents the core area that should be given special attention. Infant deaths account for about 23 % of the total deaths, while the population of infants is only about two to three % of total population.
{"title":"Proximate Correlates of Infant Mortality in Maharashtra: Experience of a Developed State in India","authors":"A. Radkar, S. Mulay","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17581","url":null,"abstract":"Infant mortality is the probability of dying before the first birthday. In discussions on mortality transition, Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is always used as a proxy for mortality conditions. IMR represents the core area that should be given special attention. Infant deaths account for about 23 % of the total deaths, while the population of infants is only about two to three % of total population.","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128493055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cost-sharing in Kabarole District, Western Uganda: Communities' and Health Professionals' Perceptions about Health Financing","authors":"W. Kipp, J. Kamugisha, G. Burnham, Tom Rubaalm","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17509","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132017513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Choosing Interventions: The Role of Health Economics","authors":"David. Evans","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17537","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117163323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction As new figures are released, the impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic on the African continent becomes more and more obvious. The United Nations AIDS Report 1998 indicates that out of the 30 Million HIV infected persons worldwide, 86% reside in 34 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and that 91% of all AIDS deaths are occurring in these 34 countries. Of an estimated 7,000 new HIV infections globally every day, half of the HIV infection affects adolescents and young adults in the age group of 10 to 24 years (Barongo et al.,1992). The benefit of modern antiviral therapy is not available to the general population in these most affected countries. Also, the development of an effective vaccine against HIV is taking longer than estimated. In this scenario, behavioral change through appropriate and effective education programs is the only choice remaining to reduce the risk of acquiring an HIV infection.
随着新数字的公布，艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行病对非洲大陆的影响越来越明显。《1998年联合国艾滋病报告》指出，在全世界3 000万艾滋病毒感染者中，86%居住在撒哈拉以南非洲的34个国家，91%的艾滋病死亡发生在这34个国家。全球每天估计有7000例新的艾滋病毒感染，其中一半感染的是10至24岁年龄组的青少年和年轻人(Barongo et al.，1992)。在这些受影响最严重的国家，普通民众无法享受到现代抗病毒治疗的益处。此外，研制一种有效的艾滋病毒疫苗所需的时间比估计的要长。在这种情况下，通过适当和有效的教育计划来改变行为是减少感染艾滋病毒风险的唯一选择。
{"title":"Reproductive Health and Adolescent School Students in Kabarole District, Western Uganda: A Qualitative Study","authors":"B. Ndyanabangi, W. Kipp","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17579","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction As new figures are released, the impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic on the African continent becomes more and more obvious. The United Nations AIDS Report 1998 indicates that out of the 30 Million HIV infected persons worldwide, 86% reside in 34 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and that 91% of all AIDS deaths are occurring in these 34 countries. Of an estimated 7,000 new HIV infections globally every day, half of the HIV infection affects adolescents and young adults in the age group of 10 to 24 years (Barongo et al.,1992). The benefit of modern antiviral therapy is not available to the general population in these most affected countries. Also, the development of an effective vaccine against HIV is taking longer than estimated. In this scenario, behavioral change through appropriate and effective education programs is the only choice remaining to reduce the risk of acquiring an HIV infection.","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114576106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan is a male-dominated society and women's status relative to men is worse than that in most other countries. Women have primary responsibility for the health of infants and small children and this is considered to be the women's work. Women are usually secluded from men and have to observe purdah (wearing a veil to cover their face from men). They rarely have a choice of whom they marry, how many children they have, and whether they work. This patriarchal structure greatly limits the possibilities for women to be active outside the home. Two indicators of low female status in Pakistan are limited participation of women in economic activities outside the home and a high percentage of illiterate women (Sathar et al., 1988).
{"title":"Role of maternal autonomy on child mortality in slums of Karachi, Pakistan","authors":"R. D'Souza","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17589","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan is a male-dominated society and women's status relative to men is worse than that in most other countries. Women have primary responsibility for the health of infants and small children and this is considered to be the women's work. Women are usually secluded from men and have to observe purdah (wearing a veil to cover their face from men). They rarely have a choice of whom they marry, how many children they have, and whether they work. This patriarchal structure greatly limits the possibilities for women to be active outside the home. Two indicators of low female status in Pakistan are limited participation of women in economic activities outside the home and a high percentage of illiterate women (Sathar et al., 1988).","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127430468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many a health fora these days, scores of colleagues seem to be talking about Health Sector Reforms (HSRs). The questions that come up as a natural in the wane of this fervor are: What exactly are those HSRs that are being applied in developing countries? How have they been adapted to different local national realities? Are they working in the respective local national contexts in the developing world?
{"title":"Health Sector Reform Measures: Are They Working? … And Where Do We Go From Here?","authors":"C. Schuftan, G. Dahlgren","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17574","url":null,"abstract":"In many a health fora these days, scores of colleagues seem to be talking about Health Sector Reforms (HSRs). The questions that come up as a natural in the wane of this fervor are: What exactly are those HSRs that are being applied in developing countries? How have they been adapted to different local national realities? Are they working in the respective local national contexts in the developing world?","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126847975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kar, Catherine A Pascual, K. Chickering, T. Hazelton
This paper reviews two interrelated issues that affect health status and quality of life (QOL) in populations from a global perspective with special reference to women. These are: (1) the limits of conventional economic development (EDev) and health system reform (HSR) strategies in promoting health status and QOL for all. The first part of the paper reviews this issue; and (2) the importance of empowerment of women, concurrently with economic development (EDev) and health systems reform (HSR), for reducing persistent disparities in health and QOL across gender and ethnic groups. The second part of this paper reviews effective models and methods of women's empowerment movements and implications for promoting health and QOL in underserved and disadvantaged communities. This paper is based upon our on-going research on empowerment of women and mothers (WAM) for health promotion that grew from an earlier research project awarded to the senior author as an integral part of his Kellogg International Fellowship Program in Health (KIFPH) administered by the Michigan State University.
{"title":"Empowerment of Women for Health Development: A Global Perspective","authors":"S. Kar, Catherine A Pascual, K. Chickering, T. Hazelton","doi":"10.12927/WHP.2001.17591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP.2001.17591","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews two interrelated issues that affect health status and quality of life (QOL) in populations from a global perspective with special reference to women. These are: (1) the limits of conventional economic development (EDev) and health system reform (HSR) strategies in promoting health status and QOL for all. The first part of the paper reviews this issue; and (2) the importance of empowerment of women, concurrently with economic development (EDev) and health systems reform (HSR), for reducing persistent disparities in health and QOL across gender and ethnic groups. The second part of this paper reviews effective models and methods of women's empowerment movements and implications for promoting health and QOL in underserved and disadvantaged communities. This paper is based upon our on-going research on empowerment of women and mothers (WAM) for health promotion that grew from an earlier research project awarded to the senior author as an integral part of his Kellogg International Fellowship Program in Health (KIFPH) administered by the Michigan State University.","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126556747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Education and Training - Capacity Building","authors":"Sagar C. Jain","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17530","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123354445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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