The AIDS pandemic first touched the English-speaking Caribbean in the early eighties. In Jamaica, the first cases were reported in 1982 and in Trinidad and Tobago in 1983 (Anonymous, 1992). Seven percent of all the cases reported in 1992 to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) were from the countries of the Caribbean. Sero-prevalence studies in blood donors at this time yielded HIV prevalence of 0.06 % to 1.1 %. Women receiving prenatal care also demonstrated low sero-prevalence when screened (0.2 0.7 %). In 1996 the Englishspeaking Caribbean accounted for 4.6 % of the cumulative total of cases reported in the Americas to PAHO and 0.7 % of the cases reported worldwide to the World Health Organization (WHO) (HIV Insite, 1996). While the rate of spread of HIV/AIDS has been slower in the English-speaking Caribbean countries than in other developing regions of the world, the pandemic is well established and rates are increasing, particularly among women. Sexual behaviors throughout the region reflect patterns that place the population at risk for HIV (HIV Insite, 1996). These behaviors include, the early onset of sexual activity, cultural acceptability of multiple partners (particularly among males), and low levels of condom use. The current epidemiological profile of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean is marked by high-risk situations favorable to a rapid spread of HIV infection. The epidemiological evidence in the region signals a rapid shift of new infections to younger ages particularly toward people between 15 and 24 years of age.
{"title":"Women's Knowledge and Attitudes regarding HIV/STDs and Contraception in Portsmouth, Dominica: A Qualitative Study of Women and their Sexual Decision-making","authors":"Michelle E. Elisburg","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17576","url":null,"abstract":"The AIDS pandemic first touched the English-speaking Caribbean in the early eighties. In Jamaica, the first cases were reported in 1982 and in Trinidad and Tobago in 1983 (Anonymous, 1992). Seven percent of all the cases reported in 1992 to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) were from the countries of the Caribbean. Sero-prevalence studies in blood donors at this time yielded HIV prevalence of 0.06 % to 1.1 %. Women receiving prenatal care also demonstrated low sero-prevalence when screened (0.2 0.7 %). In 1996 the Englishspeaking Caribbean accounted for 4.6 % of the cumulative total of cases reported in the Americas to PAHO and 0.7 % of the cases reported worldwide to the World Health Organization (WHO) (HIV Insite, 1996). While the rate of spread of HIV/AIDS has been slower in the English-speaking Caribbean countries than in other developing regions of the world, the pandemic is well established and rates are increasing, particularly among women. Sexual behaviors throughout the region reflect patterns that place the population at risk for HIV (HIV Insite, 1996). These behaviors include, the early onset of sexual activity, cultural acceptability of multiple partners (particularly among males), and low levels of condom use. The current epidemiological profile of HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean is marked by high-risk situations favorable to a rapid spread of HIV infection. The epidemiological evidence in the region signals a rapid shift of new infections to younger ages particularly toward people between 15 and 24 years of age.","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127024014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Identifying violence as a public health issue is a relatively new idea", wrote Surgeon General C. Everett Koop in 1985 (Koop, 1989). Later, in 1992, Koop declared that violence was a public health emergency (Koop, 1992). The Ministers of Health of the Americas declared 'Prevention of Violence' as a public health priority in 1993 (PAHO, undated) and the World Health Assembly passed a similar resolution in 1996 (WHO, 1996). At present, the prevention of violence is not only making it to the front page of newspapers but is also very high on the political agenda of mayors and other decision-makers.
{"title":"An Epidemiological Approach for the Prevention of Urban Violence: The Case of Cali, Colombia","authors":"R. Guerrero, A. Concha-Eastman","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17590","url":null,"abstract":"\"Identifying violence as a public health issue is a relatively new idea\", wrote Surgeon General C. Everett Koop in 1985 (Koop, 1989). Later, in 1992, Koop declared that violence was a public health emergency (Koop, 1992). The Ministers of Health of the Americas declared 'Prevention of Violence' as a public health priority in 1993 (PAHO, undated) and the World Health Assembly passed a similar resolution in 1996 (WHO, 1996). At present, the prevention of violence is not only making it to the front page of newspapers but is also very high on the political agenda of mayors and other decision-makers.","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"158 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132070238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
India was the first country in the world to adopt family planning as an official program in an effort to check rapid growth of its population which was causing a major constraint in its endeavor for socioeconomic development and a welfare society. During the past 54 years, the family planning program in India has been modified from time to time, both in terms of its approach and its content. Even the objective was broadened from family planning to family welfare. In spite of the high priority, huge infrastructure and funds provided, the outcome is not satisfactory. Recently, the total population of India has passed the billion mark. Last year the Government of India issued the National Population Policy, 2000 statement. A National Commission for Population, with the Prime Minister of India as its Chairman, has also been established. The Commission will oversee and review the implementation of the Population Policy (Department of Family Welfare, 2000). In the following sections I focus on the issue of population growth and its effects as a bio-social crux issue.
{"title":"Population Growth - Fertility, Health, and Poverty","authors":"N. S. Deodhar","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17575","url":null,"abstract":"India was the first country in the world to adopt family planning as an official program in an effort to check rapid growth of its population which was causing a major constraint in its endeavor for socioeconomic development and a welfare society. During the past 54 years, the family planning program in India has been modified from time to time, both in terms of its approach and its content. Even the objective was broadened from family planning to family welfare. In spite of the high priority, huge infrastructure and funds provided, the outcome is not satisfactory. Recently, the total population of India has passed the billion mark. Last year the Government of India issued the National Population Policy, 2000 statement. A National Commission for Population, with the Prime Minister of India as its Chairman, has also been established. The Commission will oversee and review the implementation of the Population Policy (Department of Family Welfare, 2000). In the following sections I focus on the issue of population growth and its effects as a bio-social crux issue.","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134323657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Bangladesh, the size of the urban population is growing at an alarming rate. Its urban population constituted only five % of the total population in 1961 but rose to 18 % by 1991. According to the latest population census report (1991) about 21 million people live in urban areas (Government of Bangladesh, 1994). By the end of this century, the urban population in Bangladesh will probably account for 26 % of the country's total population and this figure will increase to 37 % by 2015 (World Bank, 1985). The projected number of upeople in the urban areas in Bangladesh will exceed 80 million by 2020 this is equivalent to the entire 1977 population of the country (Khuda and Barkat, 1994). The current annual average growth rate of the urban population is about six % in Bangladesh. In comparison to population growth in urban areas, the population in the rural areas of Bangladesh has a two % growth rate. The urban population growth rate in Bangladesh is one of the highest in Asia (UNICEF, 1993).
{"title":"Family Planning Choice Behavior of Women in Slums in Bangladesh: A Discriminant Analysis","authors":"M. Rahman","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17577","url":null,"abstract":"In Bangladesh, the size of the urban population is growing at an alarming rate. Its urban population constituted only five % of the total population in 1961 but rose to 18 % by 1991. According to the latest population census report (1991) about 21 million people live in urban areas (Government of Bangladesh, 1994). By the end of this century, the urban population in Bangladesh will probably account for 26 % of the country's total population and this figure will increase to 37 % by 2015 (World Bank, 1985). The projected number of upeople in the urban areas in Bangladesh will exceed 80 million by 2020 this is equivalent to the entire 1977 population of the country (Khuda and Barkat, 1994). The current annual average growth rate of the urban population is about six % in Bangladesh. In comparison to population growth in urban areas, the population in the rural areas of Bangladesh has a two % growth rate. The urban population growth rate in Bangladesh is one of the highest in Asia (UNICEF, 1993).","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132284901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Public Health, Health Ministries, and Governments: In Juxtaposition?","authors":"G. Biscoe","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17535","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129548432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A large number of households in developing countries seeks child health care services from the private sector. Despite this, policy makers have largely ignored it while developing health policies. Without an effective stewardship of government, the technical quality of child healthcare services provided by the private sector has generally remained poor. In this context, there is a growing consensus that a better match between the role of public and private sectors and their respective capabilities needs to be established. In such a redefined role, the public sector would largely perform a stewardship function and create an environment in which the private sector can help the state achieve its goals in the health sector. This raises a number of policy issues: how governments can fulfill their stewardship function in the context of child health, how they can work with the existing private sector to improve the effectiveness of child health services, and how they can encourage further private sector participation in the delivery of child health care services. Policy makers and analysts usually possess little knowledge or understanding of the private sector. In addition, the strategies and instruments to "harness" and "grow" the private sector for the achievement of child health objectives are not widely studied, or understood. This paper provides an overview of reform strategies and instruments being utilized in developing countries to enhance the contribution of the private sector to child health care. 1.1 Objectives The paper uses an analytical framework to gather and analyze information about public-private partnership programs, the effectiveness of these programs, and to identify the areas for future work on public-private issues in child health care. The paper is based on a review of 130 relevant studies, both published and unpublished. 1.2 Analytical Framework The paper uses an analytical framework to help health policy makers and planners identify policies to: Work with the private sector to ensure that the services it provides meet health sector goals (harnessing the private sector); Create an environment that supports private sector growth consistent with child health goals (growing the private sector). Certain principles of public finance and institutional economics guide the public-private division of labor. These principles also set out the stewardship role of the public sector in guiding (the often much larger) private sector in financing and provision of child health services. These principles help clarify the rationale for effective mix of public and private sectors in health care goods and services and marking out their specific domains. According to these principles, a desirable division of labor between public and private sectors in health depends on whether markets can work properly (contestability), so that the private sector will produce positive results, and whether information is sufficiently available (measurability) to permi
{"title":"Strategies for Private Sector Participation in Child Healthcare: A Meta Analysis of Empirical Findings","authors":"Suneeta Sharma","doi":"10.12927/WHP.0000.17582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP.0000.17582","url":null,"abstract":"A large number of households in developing countries seeks child health care services from the private sector. Despite this, policy makers have largely ignored it while developing health policies. Without an effective stewardship of government, the technical quality of child healthcare services provided by the private sector has generally remained poor. In this context, there is a growing consensus that a better match between the role of public and private sectors and their respective capabilities needs to be established. In such a redefined role, the public sector would largely perform a stewardship function and create an environment in which the private sector can help the state achieve its goals in the health sector. This raises a number of policy issues: how governments can fulfill their stewardship function in the context of child health, how they can work with the existing private sector to improve the effectiveness of child health services, and how they can encourage further private sector participation in the delivery of child health care services. Policy makers and analysts usually possess little knowledge or understanding of the private sector. In addition, the strategies and instruments to \"harness\" and \"grow\" the private sector for the achievement of child health objectives are not widely studied, or understood. This paper provides an overview of reform strategies and instruments being utilized in developing countries to enhance the contribution of the private sector to child health care. 1.1 Objectives The paper uses an analytical framework to gather and analyze information about public-private partnership programs, the effectiveness of these programs, and to identify the areas for future work on public-private issues in child health care. The paper is based on a review of 130 relevant studies, both published and unpublished. 1.2 Analytical Framework The paper uses an analytical framework to help health policy makers and planners identify policies to: Work with the private sector to ensure that the services it provides meet health sector goals (harnessing the private sector); Create an environment that supports private sector growth consistent with child health goals (growing the private sector). Certain principles of public finance and institutional economics guide the public-private division of labor. These principles also set out the stewardship role of the public sector in guiding (the often much larger) private sector in financing and provision of child health services. These principles help clarify the rationale for effective mix of public and private sectors in health care goods and services and marking out their specific domains. According to these principles, a desirable division of labor between public and private sectors in health depends on whether markets can work properly (contestability), so that the private sector will produce positive results, and whether information is sufficiently available (measurability) to permi","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116746714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Health and Environment - Integration","authors":"J. Ashton","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17528","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121581678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fertility projections based on log linear analysis suggest that India will attain replacement level fertility by 2019, given the past trends during 1981-94 continue. About 56 percent reduction in the current fertility levels is required to take India to replacement level fertility. The proximate determinants play an important role in the continuing decline in fertility in both the low and high fertility states. The implications of such an observed fertility decline in terms of population momentum are further discussed.
{"title":"Fertility decline in India: a futuristic perspective","authors":"P. S. Nair, S. Padmadas","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17511","url":null,"abstract":"Fertility projections based on log linear analysis suggest that India will attain replacement level fertility by 2019, given the past trends during 1981-94 continue. About 56 percent reduction in the current fertility levels is required to take India to replacement level fertility. The proximate determinants play an important role in the continuing decline in fertility in both the low and high fertility states. The implications of such an observed fertility decline in terms of population momentum are further discussed.","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125185420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Delhi seems to be segregated along economic status, with the health seeking behaviour of low-income households being quite different from that of middle and high-income households. This economic segregation has also manifested itself in geographic segregation in terms of clustering of households of similar economic type in one area. The elaborate government health care system in Delhi, is mainly supposed to cater to those who are less privileged. However, the data revealed that this is more the exception than the rule. A greater percentage of high and middle-income households use government facilities, and a greater percentage of lower income households use private facilities.
{"title":"Health Seeking Behaviour in Urban Delhi : An Exploratory Study","authors":"I. Gupta, P. Dasgupta","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17580","url":null,"abstract":"Delhi seems to be segregated along economic status, with the health seeking behaviour of low-income households being quite different from that of middle and high-income households. This economic segregation has also manifested itself in geographic segregation in terms of clustering of households of similar economic type in one area. The elaborate government health care system in Delhi, is mainly supposed to cater to those who are less privileged. However, the data revealed that this is more the exception than the rule. A greater percentage of high and middle-income households use government facilities, and a greater percentage of lower income households use private facilities.","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114129665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vote of Thanks","authors":"P. Abeykoon","doi":"10.12927/WHP..17554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12927/WHP..17554","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":405004,"journal":{"name":"World health and population","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127145103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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