Pub Date : 2018-12-18DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11313-1_10
H. Bodenhorn
{"title":"Private Seeking of Private Monopoly in Early American Banking","authors":"H. Bodenhorn","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-11313-1_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11313-1_10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":405783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Financial Institutions (Topic)","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126069168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Through the collection and disbursement of money, banks often face the risk of default of the loan. These Non-Performing loans (NPLs) should be identified and cared for avoiding vulnerability to other risk. Banks may mitigate this risk using loan loss provisioning (LLP). Using the aggregate data of 56 commercial banks in the last 9 years (2009-2017), this study attempts to evaluate the Impacts of LLP maintained for NPLs on profitability, as it may help to take the level of the LLP, and NPLs in the optimum level of business success. The dependent variables used in this study are Non-Interest Income to Total Assets and Net-Interest Income to Total Assets as a representative of the profitability of a bank. The dependent variables are analyzed using Least Square Multiple Regression on three independent variables, which were Gross NPL to Total Loans Outstanding, Loan Loss Provision Maintained, and Surplus/ (Shortfall) resulted from the required loan provisioning. The result showed that the profitability is very significantly influenced by the independent variables. NPLs and LLPs maintained by the commercial banks negatively related with the profitability of the business, especially LLPs shown statistical significance to impact on profitability negatively. it is better to take the LLPs and NPLs in the minimum level for maximum profitability of banks.
{"title":"Evaluating Loan Loss Provisioning for Non-Performing Loans and Its Impact on the Profitability of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh","authors":"Fakir Tajul Islam","doi":"10.46281/ASFBR.V2I2.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46281/ASFBR.V2I2.222","url":null,"abstract":"Through the collection and disbursement of money, banks often face the risk of default of the loan. These Non-Performing loans (NPLs) should be identified and cared for avoiding vulnerability to other risk. Banks may mitigate this risk using loan loss provisioning (LLP). Using the aggregate data of 56 commercial banks in the last 9 years (2009-2017), this study attempts to evaluate the Impacts of LLP maintained for NPLs on profitability, as it may help to take the level of the LLP, and NPLs in the optimum level of business success. The dependent variables used in this study are Non-Interest Income to Total Assets and Net-Interest Income to Total Assets as a representative of the profitability of a bank. The dependent variables are analyzed using Least Square Multiple Regression on three independent variables, which were Gross NPL to Total Loans Outstanding, Loan Loss Provision Maintained, and Surplus/ (Shortfall) resulted from the required loan provisioning. The result showed that the profitability is very significantly influenced by the independent variables. NPLs and LLPs maintained by the commercial banks negatively related with the profitability of the business, especially LLPs shown statistical significance to impact on profitability negatively. it is better to take the LLPs and NPLs in the minimum level for maximum profitability of banks.","PeriodicalId":405783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Financial Institutions (Topic)","volume":"359 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124525400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.5089/9781484385678.001
Mariusz Jarmuzek, Tonny Lybek
This paper argues that better governance practices can reduce the costs, risks and uncertainty of financial intermediation. Our sample covers high-, middle- and low-income countries before and after the global financial crisis (GFC). We find that net interest margins of banks are lower if various governance indicators are better. More cross-border lending also appears conducive to lower intermediation costs, while the level of capital market development is not significant. The GFC seems not to have had a strong impact except via credit risk. Finally, we estimate the size of potential gains from improved governance.
{"title":"Can Good Governance Lower Financial Intermediation Costs?","authors":"Mariusz Jarmuzek, Tonny Lybek","doi":"10.5089/9781484385678.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484385678.001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that better governance practices can reduce the costs, risks and uncertainty of financial intermediation. Our sample covers high-, middle- and low-income countries before and after the global financial crisis (GFC). We find that net interest margins of banks are lower if various governance indicators are better. More cross-border lending also appears conducive to lower intermediation costs, while the level of capital market development is not significant. The GFC seems not to have had a strong impact except via credit risk. Finally, we estimate the size of potential gains from improved governance.","PeriodicalId":405783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Financial Institutions (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114469645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we revisit the Kalman filter theory. After giving the intuition on a simplified financial markets example, we revisit the maths underlying it. We then show that Kalman filter can be presented in a very different fashion using graphical models. This enables us to establish the connection between Kalman filter and Hidden Markov Models. We then look at their application in financial markets and provide various intuitions in terms of their applicability for complex systems such as financial markets. Although this paper has been written more like a self contained work connecting Kalman filter to Hidden Markov Models and hence revisiting well known and establish results, it contains new results and brings additional contributions to the field. First, leveraging on the link between Kalman filter and HMM, it gives new algorithms for inference for extended Kalman filters. Second, it presents an alternative to the traditional estimation of parameters using EM algorithm thanks to the usage of CMA-ES optimization. Third, it examines the application of Kalman filter and its Hidden Markov models version to financial markets, providing various dynamics assumptions and tests. We conclude by connecting Kalman filter approach to trend following technical analysis system and showing their superior performances for trend following detection.
{"title":"Kalman Filter Demystified: From Intuition to Probabilistic Graphical Model to Real Case in Financial Markets","authors":"E. Benhamou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3292762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3292762","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we revisit the Kalman filter theory. After giving the intuition on a simplified financial markets example, we revisit the maths underlying it. We then show that Kalman filter can be presented in a very different fashion using graphical models. This enables us to establish the connection between Kalman filter and Hidden Markov Models. We then look at their application in financial markets and provide various intuitions in terms of their applicability for complex systems such as financial markets. Although this paper has been written more like a self contained work connecting Kalman filter to Hidden Markov Models and hence revisiting well known and establish results, it contains new results and brings additional contributions to the field. First, leveraging on the link between Kalman filter and HMM, it gives new algorithms for inference for extended Kalman filters. Second, it presents an alternative to the traditional estimation of parameters using EM algorithm thanks to the usage of CMA-ES optimization. Third, it examines the application of Kalman filter and its Hidden Markov models version to financial markets, providing various dynamics assumptions and tests. We conclude by connecting Kalman filter approach to trend following technical analysis system and showing their superior performances for trend following detection.","PeriodicalId":405783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Financial Institutions (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130388693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Here we present a novel analysis of the development of offshore banking since 1980, which addresses important but still - unanswered questions about the both the role of offshore centers in the global financial crisis, and the post-crisis stability of these centers. We show that post-1980 regulatory shifts prompted a “Great Inversion” of offshore banking, from the old foreign-bank-hosting model, to a new “offshore national champion bank” model. As a result, offshore jurisdictions 1) were - counterintuitively - likely more responsible for pre-crisis regulatory failures in a home than host regulator capacity, and 2) internalized far greater domestic fiscal risks than in previous crises.
{"title":"The End of the Great Inversion: Offshore National Champion Banks and the Global Financial Crisis","authors":"Daniel Haberly, D. Wójcik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3280497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3280497","url":null,"abstract":"Here we present a novel analysis of the development of offshore banking since 1980, which addresses important but still - unanswered questions about the both the role of offshore centers in the global financial crisis, and the post-crisis stability of these centers. We show that post-1980 regulatory shifts prompted a “Great Inversion” of offshore banking, from the old foreign-bank-hosting model, to a new “offshore national champion bank” model. As a result, offshore jurisdictions 1) were - counterintuitively - likely more responsible for pre-crisis regulatory failures in a home than host regulator capacity, and 2) internalized far greater domestic fiscal risks than in previous crises.","PeriodicalId":405783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Financial Institutions (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128887626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Customer relationship management is the subjective comparison that customer make between the service that they want to receive and what they actually get. Customer satisfaction is an overall customer attitude towards a service provider or an emotional reaction to the difference what customer anticipation and what they receive regarding the fulfillment of some needs goals or desire. The general objective of the study was to assess customer relationship management dimension in Dashen Bank of Ethiopia to achieve the objective of this study, data was collected through questionnaire and interview from a sample of 95 bank customer and with manager. The researcher used both primary data collected through questionnaires and interview. The questionnaires were distributed customer of the bank and after drawing the inferences out of the data, the researcher forwarded some recommendations to the bank management.
{"title":"Assessment of Customer Relationship Management in Dashen Bank: Employee’s Perspective in Ethiopia","authors":"Aschalew Adane, D. Murty, K. Venugopal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3430315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3430315","url":null,"abstract":"Customer relationship management is the subjective comparison that customer make between the service that they want to receive and what they actually get. Customer satisfaction is an overall customer attitude towards a service provider or an emotional reaction to the difference what customer anticipation and what they receive regarding the fulfillment of some needs goals or desire. The general objective of the study was to assess customer relationship management dimension in Dashen Bank of Ethiopia to achieve the objective of this study, data was collected through questionnaire and interview from a sample of 95 bank customer and with manager. The researcher used both primary data collected through questionnaires and interview. The questionnaires were distributed customer of the bank and after drawing the inferences out of the data, the researcher forwarded some recommendations to the bank management.","PeriodicalId":405783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Financial Institutions (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121494514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the impact of commodity price shocks on financial sector fragility. Using a large sample of 71 commodity exporters among emerging and developing economies, it shows that negative shocks to commodity prices tend to weaken the financial sector, with larger shocks having more pronounced impacts. More specifically, negative commodity price shocks are associated with higher non‐performing loans, bank costs and banking crises, while they reduce bank profits, liquidity and provisions to non‐performing loans. These adverse effects tend to occur in countries with poor quality of governance, weak fiscal space, as well as those that do not have a sovereign wealth fund, do not implement macroprudential policies and do not have a diversified export base. These findings are robust to a battery of robustness checks.
{"title":"Do Commodity Price Shocks Weaken the Financial Sector?","authors":"Tidiane Kinda, Montfort Mlachila, Rasmane Ouedraogo","doi":"10.1111/twec.12667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12667","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impact of commodity price shocks on financial sector fragility. Using a large sample of 71 commodity exporters among emerging and developing economies, it shows that negative shocks to commodity prices tend to weaken the financial sector, with larger shocks having more pronounced impacts. More specifically, negative commodity price shocks are associated with higher non‐performing loans, bank costs and banking crises, while they reduce bank profits, liquidity and provisions to non‐performing loans. These adverse effects tend to occur in countries with poor quality of governance, weak fiscal space, as well as those that do not have a sovereign wealth fund, do not implement macroprudential policies and do not have a diversified export base. These findings are robust to a battery of robustness checks.","PeriodicalId":405783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Financial Institutions (Topic)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121424997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unemployed households' access to unsecured revolving credit (credit cards) nearly quadrupled from about 12 percent to about 45 percent over the last three decades. This paper analyzes how this large increase in revolving credit has impacted the business cycle. The paper develops a general equilibrium business cycle model with search in both the labor market and in the credit market. This generates a very rich and empirically plausible level of heterogeneity in work and credit histories while at the same time permitting a tractable model solution. Calibrating to the observed path of credit use between 1974 and 2012, I find that the large growth in credit access leads to deeper and longer recessions as well as moderately slower recoveries. Relative to an economy with credit fixed at 1970s levels, employment reaches its trough about 1 quarter later and remains depressed by up to .8 percentage points three years after the typical recession in this time period (e.g. employment is depressed by 2.8% rather than 2%). The mechanism is that when borrowing opportunities are easy to find, households optimally search for better-paying but harder-to-find jobs knowing that if the job search fails they can obtain credit to smooth consumption. Despite longer recessions and slower recoveries, increased credit card use enhances welfare by reducing consumption volatility and improving job-match quality.
{"title":"The Impact of Consumer Credit Access on Unemployment","authors":"Kyle F. Herkenhoff","doi":"10.3386/W25187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W25187","url":null,"abstract":"Unemployed households' access to unsecured revolving credit (credit cards) nearly quadrupled from about 12 percent to about 45 percent over the last three decades. This paper analyzes how this large increase in revolving credit has impacted the business cycle. The paper develops a general equilibrium business cycle model with search in both the labor market and in the credit market. This generates a very rich and empirically plausible level of heterogeneity in work and credit histories while at the same time permitting a tractable model solution. Calibrating to the observed path of credit use between 1974 and 2012, I find that the large growth in credit access leads to deeper and longer recessions as well as moderately slower recoveries. Relative to an economy with credit fixed at 1970s levels, employment reaches its trough about 1 quarter later and remains depressed by up to .8 percentage points three years after the typical recession in this time period (e.g. employment is depressed by 2.8% rather than 2%). The mechanism is that when borrowing opportunities are easy to find, households optimally search for better-paying but harder-to-find jobs knowing that if the job search fails they can obtain credit to smooth consumption. Despite longer recessions and slower recoveries, increased credit card use enhances welfare by reducing consumption volatility and improving job-match quality.","PeriodicalId":405783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Financial Institutions (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116399483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As one of the most important performance indicators, the profitability in the banking industry has been attracted great attention from government, financial regulatory authorities, bank practitioners as well as academic researchers. Because of the improvement in the internet technology together with the innovation in the banking sector, the competitive condition has been increasing during recent decades. The current study comprehensively reviews relevant literature investigating the profitability in the banking sector. In addition, empirical studies examining the competitive conditions in the banking industry have been reviewed. The current paper reviews the empirical research evaluating the inter-relationships between profitability and competition in the banking industry. The current study has a specific focus on these issues in the Chinese banking industry by providing areas of future research in the Chinese banking industry in the conclusion.
{"title":"Bank Profitability and Bank Competition: Review of Literature and Directions of Future Research","authors":"Y. Tan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3258031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3258031","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the most important performance indicators, the profitability in the banking industry has been attracted great attention from government, financial regulatory authorities, bank practitioners as well as academic researchers. Because of the improvement in the internet technology together with the innovation in the banking sector, the competitive condition has been increasing during recent decades. The current study comprehensively reviews relevant literature investigating the profitability in the banking sector. In addition, empirical studies examining the competitive conditions in the banking industry have been reviewed. The current paper reviews the empirical research evaluating the inter-relationships between profitability and competition in the banking industry. The current study has a specific focus on these issues in the Chinese banking industry by providing areas of future research in the Chinese banking industry in the conclusion.","PeriodicalId":405783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Financial Institutions (Topic)","volume":"32 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113964352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) are frequently asked to demonstrate their additionality—meaning that they make investments that the private sector would not—but what evidence of additionality would look like is rarely articulated. This paper examines potential quantitative and qualitative evidence. We investigate whether it is possible to infer additionality from observational investment data, and show how the demand-led nature of DFIs’ business model can create bias in standard statistical techniques used to identify causal effects. Having established that rigorous evidence of additionality may continue to elude us, we discuss circumstantial evidence that would increase confidence that additionality is present, and propose a probabilistic approach to additionality.
{"title":"The Elusive Quest for Additionality","authors":"Paddy Carter, Nicolas Van de Sijpe, Raphael Calel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3310521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3310521","url":null,"abstract":"Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) are frequently asked to demonstrate their additionality—meaning that they make investments that the private sector would not—but what evidence of additionality would look like is rarely articulated. This paper examines potential quantitative and qualitative evidence. We investigate whether it is possible to infer additionality from observational investment data, and show how the demand-led nature of DFIs’ business model can create bias in standard statistical techniques used to identify causal effects. Having established that rigorous evidence of additionality may continue to elude us, we discuss circumstantial evidence that would increase confidence that additionality is present, and propose a probabilistic approach to additionality.","PeriodicalId":405783,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Financial Institutions (Topic)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114663573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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