Pub Date : 2023-01-03DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X22000358
Helen Roche, L. Pine
Abstract While discussion of eugenics and biopolitics during the Third Reich has largely focused upon the regime's most destructive and genocidal policies, this article concentrates on Nazi ‘special schools’ and ‘elite schools’ as a crucial sphere of quasi-eugenic thought and praxis, drawing attention to education as a previously under-researched category of intervention in the history of modern biopolitics. The article also sheds new light on the racialized nature of the Nazi ‘national community’ (the Volksgemeinschaft), and contributes to recent debates on the Third Reich's status as a ‘racial state’ which suggest that the National Socialist regime was driven less by fanatical adherence to racial ideology, and more by a mixture of anthropological and eugenic racism, combined with productivist pragmatism. The two case-studies draw attention to less familiar corners of the National Socialist pedagogical landscape, covering both extremes of the spectrum of biological selection in education, from the negative, eugenic policies applied to supposedly ‘abnormal’ pupils at the so-called ‘special schools’ (Hilfsschulen), to the ‘positive’ biological selection of elite-school applicants at the National Political Education Institutes (Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalten, NPEA), the regime's principal training institutions for the future elite of the Third Reich.
{"title":"The Biopolitics of Education in the Third Reich's ‘Special Schools’ and ‘Elite Schools’","authors":"Helen Roche, L. Pine","doi":"10.1017/S0018246X22000358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X22000358","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While discussion of eugenics and biopolitics during the Third Reich has largely focused upon the regime's most destructive and genocidal policies, this article concentrates on Nazi ‘special schools’ and ‘elite schools’ as a crucial sphere of quasi-eugenic thought and praxis, drawing attention to education as a previously under-researched category of intervention in the history of modern biopolitics. The article also sheds new light on the racialized nature of the Nazi ‘national community’ (the Volksgemeinschaft), and contributes to recent debates on the Third Reich's status as a ‘racial state’ which suggest that the National Socialist regime was driven less by fanatical adherence to racial ideology, and more by a mixture of anthropological and eugenic racism, combined with productivist pragmatism. The two case-studies draw attention to less familiar corners of the National Socialist pedagogical landscape, covering both extremes of the spectrum of biological selection in education, from the negative, eugenic policies applied to supposedly ‘abnormal’ pupils at the so-called ‘special schools’ (Hilfsschulen), to the ‘positive’ biological selection of elite-school applicants at the National Political Education Institutes (Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalten, NPEA), the regime's principal training institutions for the future elite of the Third Reich.","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"413 - 434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85405603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Old Documents – New Meanings. Some Interpretations of Danish Privilege Charters for North Estonian Towns","authors":"T. Kala","doi":"10.12697/aa.2022.2-3.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/aa.2022.2-3.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81270303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estonia and Denmark in the Middle Ages","authors":"Mihkel Mäesalu, S. Pajung","doi":"10.12697/aa.2022.2-3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/aa.2022.2-3.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90416314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Livonian-Danish relations in the first half of the 16th century","authors":"","doi":"10.12697/aa.2022.2-3.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/aa.2022.2-3.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90919240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Status of Danish Estonia: a colony or part of Denmark?","authors":"T. Riis","doi":"10.12697/aa.2022.2-3.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/aa.2022.2-3.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78152548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Royal Danish Ship Maria in Tallinn 1518–19","authors":"","doi":"10.12697/aa.2022.3-4.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/aa.2022.3-4.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"16 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83807306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"King Valdemar II and Tallinn in 1219 – just another of his conquests or part of a grand plan?","authors":"","doi":"10.12697/aa.2022.2-3.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/aa.2022.2-3.03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86533415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The emergence of diplomatic protocol service within the structure of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of Estonia (1918–40) is a subject that has hitherto not been researched. This is illustrated by the fact that even the complete list of chiefs of protocol (chef du protocole) of the MFA of Estonia has been missing until now. The strengthening of Estonia’s statehood by its international recognition, the accreditation of foreign envoys, and the first state visits brought about the need for a thorough understanding of all nuances of diplomatic protocol and ceremonial. Nevertheless, the office of a separate chief of protocol was created in the structure of the MFA of Estonia only according to the new Foreign Service Act, decreed by the Head of State Konstantin Päts on 13 March 1936; i.e. more than 18 years after the declaration of Estonia’s independence. Prior to 1936, the functions of protocol officers were usually fulfilled by the head of the MFA’s administrative or political department. This article focuses on three core issues: 1) who were the chiefs of protocol? 2) their functions and how diplomatic protocol was regulated in the MFA; 3) the reason why a separate office of the chief of protocol was not created earlier than 1936. The key source for this research is the MFA collection in the Estonian National Archives (RA, ERA.957). There are no clear sources regarding the functions of the chief of protocol before 1922. The field was most probably shaped and shared by several officials, including the head of the political department Hermann Karl Hellat (1872–1953) and William Tomingas (1895–1972), the junior private secretary of Foreign Minister Jaan Tõnisson (1868–1941?). Everything connected to international practices was probably influenced by the most experienced diplomats of the young state, namely the members of Estonia’s foreign delegation, which had already been created in 1917. Another major influence was Foreign Minister Jaan Poska (1866–1920), who as a former mayor of Tallinn, the former governor of the autonomous Governorate of Estonia, and the head of Estonia’s delegation at the peace talks with Soviet Russia, had extensive experience in protocol-related matters. Hans Johannes (Johan) Ernst Markus (1884–1969) can be deemed the first chief of protocol to be mentioned in the hitherto known sources of the MFA. According to an MFA report to the Estonian government from July of 1922, Markus was the head of the MFA’s Western political department and performed the duties of ‘master of ceremonies’ as well. In January of 1923, Markus was appointed head of the MFA’s administrative department. He remained in this office until April of 1927, coordinating the state visits of the President of Latvia Jānis Čakste (February of 1924), the Secretary General of the League of Nations Eric Drummond (February of 1924), and the President of Finland Lauri Kristian Relander (May of 1925), as well as the state visits of Estonia’s Head of State, the prese
{"title":"Välisministeeriumi protokolliteenistus (1918–40): kujunemine ja kujundajad","authors":"Silver Loit","doi":"10.12697/aa.2022.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/aa.2022.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of diplomatic protocol service within the structure of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of Estonia (1918–40) is a subject that has hitherto not been researched. This is illustrated by the fact that even the complete list of chiefs of protocol (chef du protocole) of the MFA of Estonia has been missing until now. The strengthening of Estonia’s statehood by its international recognition, the accreditation of foreign envoys, and the first state visits brought about the need for a thorough understanding of all nuances of diplomatic protocol and ceremonial. Nevertheless, the office of a separate chief of protocol was created in the structure of the MFA of Estonia only according to the new Foreign Service Act, decreed by the Head of State Konstantin Päts on 13 March 1936; i.e. more than 18 years after the declaration of Estonia’s independence. Prior to 1936, the functions of protocol officers were usually fulfilled by the head of the MFA’s administrative or political department. This article focuses on three core issues: 1) who were the chiefs of protocol? 2) their functions and how diplomatic protocol was regulated in the MFA; 3) the reason why a separate office of the chief of protocol was not created earlier than 1936. The key source for this research is the MFA collection in the Estonian National Archives (RA, ERA.957). \u0000There are no clear sources regarding the functions of the chief of protocol before 1922. The field was most probably shaped and shared by several officials, including the head of the political department Hermann Karl Hellat (1872–1953) and William Tomingas (1895–1972), the junior private secretary of Foreign Minister Jaan Tõnisson (1868–1941?). Everything connected to international practices was probably influenced by the most experienced diplomats of the young state, namely the members of Estonia’s foreign delegation, which had already been created in 1917. Another major influence was Foreign Minister Jaan Poska (1866–1920), who as a former mayor of Tallinn, the former governor of the autonomous Governorate of Estonia, and the head of Estonia’s delegation at the peace talks with Soviet Russia, had extensive experience in protocol-related matters. \u0000Hans Johannes (Johan) Ernst Markus (1884–1969) can be deemed the first chief of protocol to be mentioned in the hitherto known sources of the MFA. According to an MFA report to the Estonian government from July of 1922, Markus was the head of the MFA’s Western political department and performed the duties of ‘master of ceremonies’ as well. In January of 1923, Markus was appointed head of the MFA’s administrative department. He remained in this office until April of 1927, coordinating the state visits of the President of Latvia Jānis Čakste (February of 1924), the Secretary General of the League of Nations Eric Drummond (February of 1924), and the President of Finland Lauri Kristian Relander (May of 1925), as well as the state visits of Estonia’s Head of State, the prese","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81739960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aspiration for truth that was a feature of the Age of Enlightenment was also a driving force for studying Baltic history, and for describing and drawing old buildings and ruins. This activity became more systematic in the next century, when the Baltic educated literati established learned societies. However, when the University of Tartu was reopened in 1802, the professor of aesthetics and related subjects focused on classical antiquity and neglected local art history. It was only in 1919, when the University was reorganised as a national institution of the independent Republic of Estonia, that a separate chair was established for art history. The competition for the first professor of art history resulted in the invitation of a Swedish art historian Tor Helge Kjellin (1885–1984), who launched the systematic study of local mediaeval heritage, especially churches. His arrival in Tartu in 1922 can be considered the starting point of the professionalisation of the research of Estonian art history. Estonian art historiography has been studied sporadically since the 1960s, with only a few articles published before the 2010s on the beginnings of professional art history education at the University of Tartu. The Soviet occupation of Estonia made it impossible to travel abroad to study Helge Kjellin’s written legacy in Swedish archives. After the restoration of Estonia’s independence, a new interest in Estonian art historiography emerged. The leading researchers of Estonian art historiography have been Juta Keevallik and Professor Krista Kodres, who have inspired me to study the 1920s. In 1919, following the example of the Nordic countries, a ‘chair of aesthetics and general history of art’ was also established at the University of Tartu. Yet it was not until the Estonian state had acquired part of the art collection of the Liphart Baltic German noble family that the competition for the chair of art history was launched in June of 1920. A year later, the Viennese professor Josef Strzygowsky was elected as the first professor of art history, but since he declined, the next candidate in the competition, the art history docent from Lund University, Helge Kjellin, was invited. He arrived in Tartu the next year, on 17 January 1922. On 23 January, he already appealed to the university rector to allocate rooms for his art history seminar: After all, art history is a new discipline at this university and so the university library is not stocked well enough with special literature on art history. Therefore, I have brought with me my own library […], and picture collection (photographs, slides, etc). Professor Kjellin pointed out that the art history seminar should also be provided with drawings and graphic art collections for the students to study different artistic techniques. He mentioned 15 chairs for students as part of the furniture needed for the seminar. However, a week later it turned out that about 40 students had registered for his seminars and
对真理的渴望是启蒙时代的一个特征，也是研究波罗的海历史、描述和绘制古老建筑和废墟的动力。这种活动在下个世纪变得更加系统化，当时波罗的海受过教育的文人建立了学术团体。然而，当塔尔图大学于1802年重新开放时，美学和相关学科的教授专注于古典古代，而忽视了当地的艺术史。直到1919年，当大学重组为独立的爱沙尼亚共和国的国家机构时，才为艺术史设立了一个单独的主席。在争夺第一位艺术史教授的竞争中，瑞典艺术史学家Tor Helge Kjellin(1885-1984)邀请了他，他启动了对当地中世纪遗产，尤其是教堂的系统研究。他于1922年抵达塔尔图，可以被认为是爱沙尼亚艺术史研究专业化的起点。自20世纪60年代以来，爱沙尼亚艺术史的研究一直很零星，在2010年之前，只有几篇关于塔尔图大学(University of Tartu)专业艺术史教育开始的文章发表。由于苏联对爱沙尼亚的占领，人们不可能出国去瑞典档案馆研究海尔格·凯林的书面遗产。爱沙尼亚恢复独立后，人们对爱沙尼亚艺术史产生了新的兴趣。爱沙尼亚艺术史研究的领军人物是朱塔·基瓦利克和克里斯塔·科德雷斯教授，他们激发了我对20世纪20年代的研究。1919年，以北欧国家为例，塔尔图大学也设立了“美学和艺术通史主席”。然而，直到爱沙尼亚政府获得了波罗的海德国贵族利法特家族的部分艺术收藏，艺术史主席的竞争才于1920年6月开始。一年后，维也纳教授Josef Strzygowsky被选为第一位艺术史教授，但由于他拒绝了，下一位候选人，隆德大学艺术史讲解员Helge Kjellin被邀请。翌年，1922年1月17日，他抵达塔尔图。1月23日，他已经请求大学校长为他的艺术史研讨会分配房间:毕竟，艺术史在这所大学是一门新学科，所以大学图书馆没有足够的艺术史专门文献。因此，我带来了我自己的图书馆[…]和图片收藏(照片，幻灯片等)。Kjellin教授指出，艺术史讲座亦应提供绘画及平面艺术收藏品，让学生学习不同的艺术技巧。他提到，研讨会需要为学生准备15把椅子。然而，一周后，大约有40名学生注册了他的研讨会，大约100名学生希望听他的讲座，其中大多数是渴望知识的女孩。在爱沙尼亚，艺术史仍然被视为受过教育的精英的一门常识学科，而不是德国学者自19世纪末以来所设想和渴望的艺术科学研究，柏林和维也纳的大学是最重要的中心。然而，Kjellin想要在塔尔图建立的恰恰是这种新的科学(或学术)艺术史。凯林直接把塔尔图和柏林联系在一起。他曾在乌普萨拉大学跟随瑞典艺术史学家，然后是讲解员约翰尼·罗斯瓦尔，后来在隆德大学跟随埃沃特·弗兰格尔教授学习。反过来，海因里希Wölfflin和阿道夫·戈德施密特是罗斯福在柏林的教授。罗斯瓦尔想要按照德国的模式来塑造瑞典的艺术史。他鼓励他的学生选择瑞典中世纪艺术作为他们的主题，Kjellin是听从他建议的学生之一。1913年从乌普萨拉大学毕业后，凯林在斯德哥尔摩和Malmö的博物馆工作，但随后被弗兰格尔邀请到隆德继续他的研究，并于1917年在那里为他的博士论文辩护。凯林专注于中世纪瑞典教堂的研究。在爱沙尼亚，他也想发现中世纪哥特兰岛对旧立沃尼亚岛Ösel和威克县(爱沙尼亚西部)教堂的影响。凯林设法让他的一些爱沙尼亚学生帮助他进行学术研究。事实上，当时塔尔图大学的学习系统鼓励学生在第一年就实践研究方法。研讨会在20世纪初的艺术史教学中发挥了重要作用。Kjellin在塔尔图的艺术史研讨会上给学生们提供了实践练习，例如，他们必须描述塔尔图市的新古典主义建筑。 后来，他们为大学图书馆的图画收藏编目。在研讨会上，他们会就选定或给定的主题发表一篇论文，但他们也会讨论同学们发表的论文。在暑假期间，一些学生有机会将他们的知识付诸实践，帮助Kjellin描述萨雷马的教堂。一些更有能力的学生选择艺术史作为他们的主要学科，他们甚至会在塔尔图、塔林和里加的档案馆进行独立研究，在那里他们也会收集(照片)关于历史建筑和艺术的图形和描述材料。1924年9月，由于经济原因，凯林离开了塔尔图的主席职位。塔尔图大学无法向Kjellin支付他所要求的薪水，因为这超出了教育部的规定。反正外国教授的薪水比爱沙尼亚教授高。Kjellin也同意在1925年检查他的学生，并在1926年和1928年审查了他的一些学生的硕士论文。他还继续他对爱沙尼亚中世纪建筑的研究，并在1928年和1932年发表了一些研究，但后来从他感兴趣的领域中放弃了爱沙尼亚主题。如前所述，Kjellin有大约100名艺术史学生。三分之一的学生参加了艺术史的期末考试。他们中只有七人参加了最难的考试，这使他们能够获得艺术史硕士学位。在这七人中，只有两人捍卫了他们的学位，其中只有一个人——沃尔德马尔·瓦加——成为了一名艺术史学家，后来成为了塔尔图大学的艺术史教授。与凯林一起学习美术史的女学生中，很多都成为了学校的历史教师。然而，Kjellin对爱沙尼亚艺术史的研究和教学，以及遗产保护的贡献是至关重要的。他与考古学教授阿尔恩·迈克尔·塔尔格伦(Aarne Michael Tallgren)一起起草了爱沙尼亚第一部遗产保护法草案，该法于1925年在爱沙尼亚议会获得通过。这些研究收藏——照片、幻灯片、测量图和艺术史研讨会(后来的内阁)的描述，即使在今天也保留了它们的学术价值。虽然美术史教授的职位从1925年开始空缺，但1932年，瑞典再次成为第二位美术史教授斯滕·英格瓦·卡林被邀请到塔尔图的地方。凯林为新教授和未来的学生在塔尔图大学学习艺术史创造了良好的教学条件。 后来，他们为大学图书馆的图画收藏编目。在研讨会上，他们会就选定或给定的主题发表一篇论文，但他们也会讨论同学们发表的论文。在暑假期间，一些学生有机会将他们的知识付诸实践，帮助Kjellin描述萨雷马的教堂。一些更有能力的学生选择艺术史作为他们的主要学科，他们甚至会在塔尔图、塔林和里加的档案馆进行独立研究，在那里他们也会收集(照片)关于历史建筑和艺术的图形和描述材料。1924年9月，由于经济原因，凯林离开了塔尔图的主席职位。塔尔图大学无法向Kjellin支付他所要求的薪水，因为这超出了教育部的规定。反正外国教授的薪水比爱沙尼亚教授高。Kjellin也同意在1925年检查他的学生，并在1926年和1928年审查了他的一些学生的硕士论文。他还继续他对爱沙尼亚中世纪建筑的研究，并在1928年和1932年发表了一些研究，但后来从他感兴趣的领域中放弃了爱沙尼亚主题。如前所述，Kjellin有大约100名艺术史学生。三分之一的学生参加了艺术史的期末考试。他们中只有七人参加了最难的考试，这使他们能够获得艺术史硕士学位。在这七人中，只有两人捍卫了他们的学位，其中只有一个人——沃尔德马尔·瓦加——成为了一名艺术史学家，后来成为了塔尔图大学的艺术史教授。与凯林一起学习美术史的女学生中，很多都成为了学校的历史教师。然而，Kjellin对爱沙尼亚艺术史的研究和教学，以及遗产保护的贡献是至关重要的。他与考古学教授阿尔恩·迈克尔·塔尔格伦(Aarne Michael Tallgren)一起起草了爱沙尼亚第一部遗产保护法草案，该法于1925年在爱沙尼亚议会获得通过。这些研究收藏——照片、幻灯片、测量图和艺术史研讨
{"title":"“Kunstiajalugu on ju siinses ülikoolis uus distsipliin.” Tartu ülikooli kunstiajaloo kabineti rajamine","authors":"Eero Kangor","doi":"10.12697/aa.2022.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/aa.2022.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"The aspiration for truth that was a feature of the Age of Enlightenment was also a driving force for studying Baltic history, and for describing and drawing old buildings and ruins. This activity became more systematic in the next century, when the Baltic educated literati established learned societies. However, when the University of Tartu was reopened in 1802, the professor of aesthetics and related subjects focused on classical antiquity and neglected local art history. It was only in 1919, when the University was reorganised as a national institution of the independent Republic of Estonia, that a separate chair was established for art history. The competition for the first professor of art history resulted in the invitation of a Swedish art historian Tor Helge Kjellin (1885–1984), who launched the systematic study of local mediaeval heritage, especially churches. His arrival in Tartu in 1922 can be considered the starting point of the professionalisation of the research of Estonian art history. \u0000Estonian art historiography has been studied sporadically since the 1960s, with only a few articles published before the 2010s on the beginnings of professional art history education at the University of Tartu. The Soviet occupation of Estonia made it impossible to travel abroad to study Helge Kjellin’s written legacy in Swedish archives. After the restoration of Estonia’s independence, a new interest in Estonian art historiography emerged. The leading researchers of Estonian art historiography have been Juta Keevallik and Professor Krista Kodres, who have inspired me to study the 1920s. \u0000In 1919, following the example of the Nordic countries, a ‘chair of aesthetics and general history of art’ was also established at the University of Tartu. Yet it was not until the Estonian state had acquired part of the art collection of the Liphart Baltic German noble family that the competition for the chair of art history was launched in June of 1920. A year later, the Viennese professor Josef Strzygowsky was elected as the first professor of art history, but since he declined, the next candidate in the competition, the art history docent from Lund University, Helge Kjellin, was invited. He arrived in Tartu the next year, on 17 January 1922. On 23 January, he already appealed to the university rector to allocate rooms for his art history seminar: \u0000After all, art history is a new discipline at this university and so the university library is not stocked well enough with special literature on art history. Therefore, I have brought with me my own library […], and picture collection (photographs, slides, etc). \u0000Professor Kjellin pointed out that the art history seminar should also be provided with drawings and graphic art collections for the students to study different artistic techniques. He mentioned 15 chairs for students as part of the furniture needed for the seminar. However, a week later it turned out that about 40 students had registered for his seminars and ","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85585555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kui ma 2006. aastal pärast Cambridge’i ülikoolis doktoritöö kaitsmist Tartu ülikoolis tööle asusin, oli Ajalooline Ajakiri sisuliselt varjusurmas. Viimane number oli ilmunud 2003. aastal kaanenumbriga 2002, nr 3 (118). Eesti teadusajakirjade maastikuga kursisolevad inimesed teavad, et meie kitsukeses teadusruumis nõuab ajakirja täitmine kvaliteetse sisuga pidevat aktiivset suhtlust potentsiaalsete autoritega, mis tähendab, et peatoimetaja töö maht on suurem, kui see väljastpoolt paistab. Kahjuks ei olnud professor Aadu Mustal, kes oli olnud ajakirja taaskäivitaja ja peatoimetaja alates 1989. aastast, viimastel aastatel muude oluliste ühiskondlike ametikohtade (Tartu linnavolikogu esimees 2001–7, riigikogu liige) kõrval enam ajakirja jaoks piisavalt aega, mistõttu kaastööde portfell oli jäänud kiratsema ja numbrid järjest rohkem hilinema. Nii tegigi ta mulle 2006. aastal ettepaneku ajakirja toimetamine üle võtta. Aadu eestvõttel taotlesin Euroopa Liidu meetme 1.1. raames rahastust kaheaastasele teadus-arendusprojektile, mille üheks eesmärgiks oli ajakirja uuesti käimalükkamine. Peatoimetamise töö moodustas vastavalt projektile 50% minu töökoormusest. Taotlus osutus edukaks, mis võimaldas paar aastat üsna intensiivselt ajakirjaga tegeleda. Pärast seda jätkasin peatoimetaja ametiga muude töökohustuste kõrvalt. Toimetuse töö järjepidevuse tagas Anu Lepp, kes oli ajakirja juures olnud alates 1999. aasta viimasest numbrist ning ilma kelleta poleks taaskäivitamine võimalik olnud. Anu vastutas asjaajamise ja finantsidega seotud bürokraatliku poole eest, aga võttis enda peale ka keelelise toimetamise ja pildimaterjali otsimise. Diplomeeritud ajaloolasena oli ta abiks ka sisu puudutavates küsimustes. Minu kui peatoimetaja hooleks jäi artiklite komplekteerimine, suhtlemine autorite ja retsensentidega ning tekstide sisuline toimetamine. Ajakirja juures jätkas ka senine toimetuskolleegium. Et osa neist oli juba emeriteerunud, kutsusime lisaks mõned nooremad kolleegid nii Tartust kui mujalt maailmast. Esimestel nõupidamistel jõudsime arusaamisele, et pole mõtet jätkata täpselt sealt, kust ajakiri pooleli jäi. Uuesti graafikusse jõudmine polnud realistlik ning otsustasime võlgu olevad numbrid vahele jätta ja alustada 2007. aastal n-ö puhtalt lehelt. Seega tuli leppida asjaoluga, et lisaks
{"title":"Ajaloolise Ajakirja uus algus","authors":"P. Piirimäe","doi":"10.12697/aa.2022.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12697/aa.2022.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"Kui ma 2006. aastal pärast Cambridge’i ülikoolis doktoritöö kaitsmist Tartu ülikoolis tööle asusin, oli Ajalooline Ajakiri sisuliselt varjusurmas. Viimane number oli ilmunud 2003. aastal kaanenumbriga 2002, nr 3 (118). Eesti teadusajakirjade maastikuga kursisolevad inimesed teavad, et meie kitsukeses teadusruumis nõuab ajakirja täitmine kvaliteetse sisuga pidevat aktiivset suhtlust potentsiaalsete autoritega, mis tähendab, et peatoimetaja töö maht on suurem, kui see väljastpoolt paistab. Kahjuks ei olnud professor Aadu Mustal, kes oli olnud ajakirja taaskäivitaja ja peatoimetaja alates 1989. aastast, viimastel aastatel muude oluliste ühiskondlike ametikohtade (Tartu linnavolikogu esimees 2001–7, riigikogu liige) kõrval enam ajakirja jaoks piisavalt aega, mistõttu kaastööde portfell oli jäänud kiratsema ja numbrid järjest rohkem hilinema. Nii tegigi ta mulle 2006. aastal ettepaneku ajakirja toimetamine üle võtta. Aadu eestvõttel taotlesin Euroopa Liidu meetme 1.1. raames rahastust kaheaastasele teadus-arendusprojektile, mille üheks eesmärgiks oli ajakirja uuesti käimalükkamine. Peatoimetamise töö moodustas vastavalt projektile 50% minu töökoormusest. Taotlus osutus edukaks, mis võimaldas paar aastat üsna intensiivselt ajakirjaga tegeleda. Pärast seda jätkasin peatoimetaja ametiga muude töökohustuste kõrvalt. Toimetuse töö järjepidevuse tagas Anu Lepp, kes oli ajakirja juures olnud alates 1999. aasta viimasest numbrist ning ilma kelleta poleks taaskäivitamine võimalik olnud. Anu vastutas asjaajamise ja finantsidega seotud bürokraatliku poole eest, aga võttis enda peale ka keelelise toimetamise ja pildimaterjali otsimise. Diplomeeritud ajaloolasena oli ta abiks ka sisu puudutavates küsimustes. Minu kui peatoimetaja hooleks jäi artiklite komplekteerimine, suhtlemine autorite ja retsensentidega ning tekstide sisuline toimetamine. Ajakirja juures jätkas ka senine toimetuskolleegium. Et osa neist oli juba emeriteerunud, kutsusime lisaks mõned nooremad kolleegid nii Tartust kui mujalt maailmast. Esimestel nõupidamistel jõudsime arusaamisele, et pole mõtet jätkata täpselt sealt, kust ajakiri pooleli jäi. Uuesti graafikusse jõudmine polnud realistlik ning otsustasime võlgu olevad numbrid vahele jätta ja alustada 2007. aastal n-ö puhtalt lehelt. Seega tuli leppida asjaoluga, et lisaks","PeriodicalId":40620,"journal":{"name":"Ajalooline Ajakiri-The Estonian Historical Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89278732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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