Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.16
Stijn Bruers
Classical utilitarianism is very demanding and entails some counter-intuitive implications in moral dilemmas such as the trolley problem in deontological ethics and the repugnant conclusion in population ethics. This article presents how one specific modification of utilitarianism can avoid these counter-intuitive implications. In this modified utilitarian theory, called ‘discounted’ or ‘mild’ utilitarianism, people have a right to discount the utilities of others, under the condition that people whose utility is discounted cannot validly complain against such discounting. A complaint made by a utility discounted person is not valid if either the existence of the discounting people in that option is in a specific sense necessary or the existence of the discounted person is in a sense not necessary. According to mild utilitarianism, we should choose the option that maximizes the total validly discounted or complaint-free discounted utility, i e. the sum of everyone’s utility minus the complaint-free discounts. As there are two conditions that make a complaint invalid, this right to discount can be translated into two versions: the right to bodily autonomy and the right to procreation autonomy. The former right relates to the mere means principle in deontological ethics, the latter right is useful in avoiding the repugnant conclusion problem in population ethics. The possibility of democratically imposing an upper bound on the permissible amount of discounting is discussed.
{"title":"Discounting Utility Without Complaints: Avoiding the Demandingness of Classical Utilitarianism","authors":"Stijn Bruers","doi":"10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.16","url":null,"abstract":"Classical utilitarianism is very demanding and entails some counter-intuitive implications in moral dilemmas such as the trolley problem in deontological ethics and the repugnant conclusion in population ethics. This article presents how one specific modification of utilitarianism can avoid these counter-intuitive implications. In this modified utilitarian theory, called ‘discounted’ or ‘mild’ utilitarianism, people have a right to discount the utilities of others, under the condition that people whose utility is discounted cannot validly complain against such discounting. A complaint made by a utility discounted person is not valid if either the existence of the discounting people in that option is in a specific sense necessary or the existence of the discounted person is in a sense not necessary. According to mild utilitarianism, we should choose the option that maximizes the total validly discounted or complaint-free discounted utility, i e. the sum of everyone’s utility minus the complaint-free discounts. As there are two conditions that make a complaint invalid, this right to discount can be translated into two versions: the right to bodily autonomy and the right to procreation autonomy. The former right relates to the mere means principle in deontological ethics, the latter right is useful in avoiding the repugnant conclusion problem in population ethics. The possibility of democratically imposing an upper bound on the permissible amount of discounting is discussed.","PeriodicalId":40692,"journal":{"name":"Philosophia-International Journal of Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135579972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.15
Jun Zhang, Zhenhua Zhou, Ali Redar Hameed
Each Olympic Games will offer fresh research material in the fields of social and sports philosophy. This article uses Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games (B2022WOG) as an illustration to discuss the difficulty in viewing sports as contributors to social progress. We have examined the phenomena of fusing classical Chinese philosophy with social sports philosophy, as exemplified by the current Olympic movement. The key finding is that the fusion of Eastern and Western cultures and civilizations is responsible for sports revival as a social force in the modern era. As a result, new social cognition emerges. The leadership of the nations hosting the Olympic Games gains knowledge and the chance to showcase their own political, economic, and solid philosophical underpinnings. The B2022WOG, taking place in a completely new societal environment (COVID-19 pandemic, world power realignment), is used as a case study for analysis. Using this example, the artіcle shows the social significance of the Olympic Games and emphasizes that the social value of sports and the Olympic movement is reflected in the "spirit of fair competition" and the "spirit of peace", "human intelligence". This is a relatively new direction in the development of researcհ in the field of physical education and social philosophy, and the special contrіbutіon of this study is to study one of the promising trends in the development of sports, that is, the modern Olympic movement, integrated with the national culture of different countries, B2022WOG were utilized as a case study for research since they are taking place in a totally new social context (COVID-19 pandemic, realignment of global power). By using this illustration, the article highlights the social significance of the Olympic Games and stresses how the "spirit of fair competition", "spirit of peace" and "human intelligence" are reflections of the social worth of sports and the Olympic movement. This is a relatively new area of study in the fields of physical education and social philosophy, and the focus of this research is to examine one of the most encouraging developments in the field of sports — the modern Olympic movement — as it interacts with various national cultures.
{"title":"The Assemble of Olympism and Nationalism: Social Philosophical Analysis of Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games as Case Study","authors":"Jun Zhang, Zhenhua Zhou, Ali Redar Hameed","doi":"10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.15","url":null,"abstract":"Each Olympic Games will offer fresh research material in the fields of social and sports philosophy. This article uses Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games (B2022WOG) as an illustration to discuss the difficulty in viewing sports as contributors to social progress. We have examined the phenomena of fusing classical Chinese philosophy with social sports philosophy, as exemplified by the current Olympic movement. The key finding is that the fusion of Eastern and Western cultures and civilizations is responsible for sports revival as a social force in the modern era. As a result, new social cognition emerges. The leadership of the nations hosting the Olympic Games gains knowledge and the chance to showcase their own political, economic, and solid philosophical underpinnings. The B2022WOG, taking place in a completely new societal environment (COVID-19 pandemic, world power realignment), is used as a case study for analysis. Using this example, the artіcle shows the social significance of the Olympic Games and emphasizes that the social value of sports and the Olympic movement is reflected in the \"spirit of fair competition\" and the \"spirit of peace\", \"human intelligence\". This is a relatively new direction in the development of researcհ in the field of physical education and social philosophy, and the special contrіbutіon of this study is to study one of the promising trends in the development of sports, that is, the modern Olympic movement, integrated with the national culture of different countries, B2022WOG were utilized as a case study for research since they are taking place in a totally new social context (COVID-19 pandemic, realignment of global power). By using this illustration, the article highlights the social significance of the Olympic Games and stresses how the \"spirit of fair competition\", \"spirit of peace\" and \"human intelligence\" are reflections of the social worth of sports and the Olympic movement. This is a relatively new area of study in the fields of physical education and social philosophy, and the focus of this research is to examine one of the most encouraging developments in the field of sports — the modern Olympic movement — as it interacts with various national cultures.","PeriodicalId":40692,"journal":{"name":"Philosophia-International Journal of Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136377583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.14
Kevin Storer
{"title":"Distinguishing Models of Kierkegaard’s Indirect Communication: Toward a Clearer View of a Multivalent Discourse Technique","authors":"Kevin Storer","doi":"10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40692,"journal":{"name":"Philosophia-International Journal of Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90459416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.13
Yimini Shadrack George
{"title":"Ubuntu as an Ethical Framework in Business Ethics for African Socio-Economic Development","authors":"Yimini Shadrack George","doi":"10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40692,"journal":{"name":"Philosophia-International Journal of Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74510163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.11
José Mauricio de Assis Espinosa
{"title":"“The Place to See and the Place to Reflect” the Use of Theatrical Techniques in the Teaching of Philosophy","authors":"José Mauricio de Assis Espinosa","doi":"10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40692,"journal":{"name":"Philosophia-International Journal of Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87177019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.12
Alla Marcellin Konin, N’Dré Sam Beugre
{"title":"Spinoza: Desire and Supreme Good, from Philosophizing to Wise","authors":"Alla Marcellin Konin, N’Dré Sam Beugre","doi":"10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijp.20231103.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40692,"journal":{"name":"Philosophia-International Journal of Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85124027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to elucidate the ethical signification of prayer in the light of Emmanuel Levinas' philosophy. The idea of prayer for Levinas has different interpretations depending on which work is read. While prayer is usually understood as a communicative action, the intention of the paper is to analyze a few of Levinas' confessional works regarding prayer and to interrelate them with Levinas' stance on language where ethics occur in a discourse. It explores Levinas' idea of prayer coming from his exposition of the "Soul of Life" by Rabbi Hayyim. It then discusses Levinas' notion of language and its ethical insinuation. Lastly, it highlights the commonalities between the ethical encounter and prayer within the concept of suffering, where the subject responds towards the suffering the Other. The paper concludes by reanalyzing what prayer means as the Service of the Heart as not only an elevation of the soul to God but an ethical act in responding towards the suffering Other.
{"title":"The Ethical Signification of Prayer in Emmanuel Levinas' Philosophy","authors":"Patrick Andre Mencias","doi":"10.46992/pijp.24.2.a.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46992/pijp.24.2.a.9","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to elucidate the ethical signification of prayer in the light of Emmanuel Levinas' philosophy. The idea of prayer for Levinas has different interpretations depending on which work is read. While prayer is usually understood as a communicative action, the intention of the paper is to analyze a few of Levinas' confessional works regarding prayer and to interrelate them with Levinas' stance on language where ethics occur in a discourse. It explores Levinas' idea of prayer coming from his exposition of the \"Soul of Life\" by Rabbi Hayyim. It then discusses Levinas' notion of language and its ethical insinuation. Lastly, it highlights the commonalities between the ethical encounter and prayer within the concept of suffering, where the subject responds towards the suffering the Other. The paper concludes by reanalyzing what prayer means as the Service of the Heart as not only an elevation of the soul to God but an ethical act in responding towards the suffering Other.","PeriodicalId":40692,"journal":{"name":"Philosophia-International Journal of Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41738540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Notes of Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.46992/pijp.24.2.nc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46992/pijp.24.2.nc","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40692,"journal":{"name":"Philosophia-International Journal of Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136186182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper takes another look at the controversial category of expository philosophical writing in the context of Filipino philosophy. Expository philosophical writing is understood here as writing about the philosophical thoughts of a given philosopher, who is usually Wester. This paper starts with how Quito and Abulad denounced this mode of philosophical writing as inferior. With Abulad’s realization of the necessity of this mode of writing, the author took a parallel look at how he grappled with this controversial category from the late 1990s to the present. Agreeing with Abulad on the necessity of this mode of writing, this paper offers a typology of expository philosophical writing consisting of: 1) introductory/overview writing, 2) curation writing, 3) archeological writing, 4) forensic writing, 5) comparative writing, 6) polemic writing, 7) writing as a prelude to appropriation, and 8) writing in the Filipino language. This paper has two substantive sections. The first one catalogues eight typologies of expository philosophical writings together with their strengths and weaknesses. The second one sharpens further the idea of expository philosophical writing by contrasting it with related modes of philosophical writing. This paper will be useful to Filipino philosophy students, philosophy teachers, thesis advisers, and thesis panelists, as this paper attempted not only to clear away the mark of inferiority that Filipino philosophy placed on expository philosophical writing but more so to provide some guideposts on how specific types of expository philosophical writings should be pursued by Filipino researchers of philosophy.
{"title":"Revisiting the Controversial Category of Expository Philosophical Writing in Filipino Philosophy","authors":"F. Demeterio","doi":"10.46992/pijp.24.2.a.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46992/pijp.24.2.a.6","url":null,"abstract":"This paper takes another look at the controversial category of expository philosophical writing in the context of Filipino philosophy. Expository philosophical writing is understood here as writing about the philosophical thoughts of a given philosopher, who is usually Wester. This paper starts with how Quito and Abulad denounced this mode of philosophical writing as inferior. With Abulad’s realization of the necessity of this mode of writing, the author took a parallel look at how he grappled with this controversial category from the late 1990s to the present. Agreeing with Abulad on the necessity of this mode of writing, this paper offers a typology of expository philosophical writing consisting of: 1) introductory/overview writing, 2) curation writing, 3) archeological writing, 4) forensic writing, 5) comparative writing, 6) polemic writing, 7) writing as a prelude to appropriation, and 8) writing in the Filipino language. This paper has two substantive sections. The first one catalogues eight typologies of expository philosophical writings together with their strengths and weaknesses. The second one sharpens further the idea of expository philosophical writing by contrasting it with related modes of philosophical writing. This paper will be useful to Filipino philosophy students, philosophy teachers, thesis advisers, and thesis panelists, as this paper attempted not only to clear away the mark of inferiority that Filipino philosophy placed on expository philosophical writing but more so to provide some guideposts on how specific types of expository philosophical writings should be pursued by Filipino researchers of philosophy.","PeriodicalId":40692,"journal":{"name":"Philosophia-International Journal of Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47540405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IN MEMORIAM: Juan Rafael G. Macaranas","authors":"Jove Jim Aguas","doi":"10.46992/pijp.24.2.im.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46992/pijp.24.2.im.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40692,"journal":{"name":"Philosophia-International Journal of Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43987190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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