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Suicide and Assisted Suicide in Criminal Law and Canon Law 刑法与教会法中的自杀与协助自杀
Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/3/37-77
Štefan Zeman
The paper deals with the issue of suicide and assisted suicide, especially its ethical, criminal law and canon law evaluation. In the first chapter, the author explains what needs to be perceived under these terms and how they differ from euthanasia, offers current statistics on suicides in the Slovak Republic and discusses basic types of suicides, evaluates the issue of the right to life from an ethical point of view and criticizes the concept of the “right to death”. He concludes that the possible legalization of assisted suicide and euthanasia would have widespread negative consequences. The second chapter of the paper is based on the constitutional guarantees of the right to life, which is also supported by the international obligations of the Slovak Republic in this area. Subsequently, it offers a criminal analysis of suicide and assisted suicide in the Slovak legal system. In the last, third chapter, the author finally discusses the issue from the perspective of the doctrine, law and practice of the Catholic Church.
本文探讨了自杀和协助自杀的伦理问题、刑法问题和教会法评价问题。在第一章中,作者解释了在这些术语下需要理解的内容以及它们与安乐死的不同之处,提供了斯洛伐克共和国目前的自杀统计数据,讨论了自杀的基本类型,从伦理角度评估了生命权问题,并批评了"死亡权"的概念。他的结论是,协助自杀和安乐死的合法化可能会产生广泛的负面影响。该文件的第二章以生命权的宪法保障为基础,这也得到斯洛伐克共和国在这方面的国际义务的支持。随后,它提供了自杀和协助自杀在斯洛伐克法律制度的刑事分析。在最后的第三章,笔者最后从天主教会的教义、法律和实践的角度来讨论这个问题。
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引用次数: 0
Partial Ideas for Improving the Legal Regulation of Assessment of Competence to Work 完善工作能力评估法律规制的若干设想
Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/3/19-36
Lenka Scheu, M. Štefko
This paper deals with medical examination of employee’s ability to work. Although from a legislative-technical point of view, this regulation is considered to be successful, in practice it causes major problems in the area of assessment care, which is evidenced in particular by the case law. Referencing to practice, we can state that the idea of the occupational health services provider as professional assistant of the employer in providing for the protection of employees’ occupational health has not taken hold at all. Employers justifiably ask why they should pay for a medical report giving them no legal certainty. Employers, on the other hand, want to pay for services that give them a solid basis for further action against employees. From the analysed regulations, it is clear that the issue of health assessment and medical reports remains in some respects still gaping, both in terms of the nature of the medical report and in terms of accepting the lack of work capacity of providers of occupational health services.
本文论述了职工工作能力的体检问题。虽然从立法-技术的角度来看,这一规定被认为是成功的,但在实践中,它在评估护理领域造成了重大问题,这一点特别为判例法所证明。就实践而言,我们可以说,职业健康服务提供者作为雇主的专业助理,为雇员的职业健康提供保护的想法根本没有得到认可。雇主有理由问他们为什么要为一份没有法律确定性的医疗报告付费。另一方面,雇主则希望为那些能给他们进一步针对雇员采取行动提供坚实基础的服务付费。从所分析的条例来看,健康评估和医疗报告的问题在某些方面仍然存在空白,无论是在医疗报告的性质方面,还是在接受职业保健服务提供者缺乏工作能力方面。
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引用次数: 0
Representation of Minors by Chosen Entities 由选定的实体代表未成年人
Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/3/78-98
Júlia Floreková, Sára Tarnociová
In the paper, the authors have decided to focus on a sensitive, yet important topic which affects almost every one of us. Since not all of us succeed in living in a harmonious family that thrives on love, understanding and, at the same time, creates suitable conditions for consistent and continuous care for health, nutrition, all-round development of its members, in a democratic and legal state they must and also exist institutes which necessarily and to the extent necessary meet these needs. In the context of the above-mentioned, the paper presents the institute of representation of a minor child, which is one of the immanent parts of the set of parental rights and obligations. As it is clear, the exercise of parental rights and parental responsibilities is entrusted in particular to the parents, mother and father of the minor child. In practice, however, there are more and more cases where parents are replaced by other, legally defined persons in the matter of representing a minor child, about whom, among other things, the presented paper deals.
在这篇论文中,作者决定把重点放在一个敏感而又重要的话题上,这个话题几乎影响到我们每个人。由于并非我们所有人都能成功地生活在一个和谐的家庭中,这个家庭在爱、理解的基础上茁壮成长,同时为其成员的健康、营养和全面发展创造一贯和持续的照顾的适当条件,因此,在一个民主和法制的国家中,必须而且还必须存在必要和在必要程度上满足这些需要的机构。在上述背景下,本文提出未成年子女代表权制度,这是父母权利和义务的内在组成部分之一。很明显,父母权利和父母责任的行使特别被委托给未成年子女的父母。然而,在实践中,越来越多的情况是,在未成年子女的代理问题上,父母被其他法律上定义的人所取代,本文件所涉及的问题之一就是未成年子女。
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引用次数: 0
What are the Challenges to the Insolvency Law in the 21st Century? 21世纪破产法面临哪些挑战?
Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/3/99-117
R. Adamus
The paper is an essay about possible ways of further development of the insolvency law. If the law is expected to meet global current social needs, then the law will be subject to significant changes, along with the changing world. The digital revolution is also ahead of the insolvency law. It is difficult to anticipate all possible directions of changes; however, there are some areas where remarkable amendments will have to take place. The paper starts with a short description of the development of the insolvency law over ages. It is an introduction to the problem of possible changes in axiological assumptions of the law on insolvency in the 21st Century. The insolvency law is going to be changed due to the technological revolution in the 21st Century. In this respect, there are mentioned the idea of prediction of insolvency and the problem of the debtor’s assets in the virtual world. Finally, the paper deals with the state debt restructuring under the conventions on external state debt.
本文是一篇关于进一步发展破产法的可能途径的文章。如果法律是为了满足全球当前的社会需求,那么法律将会随着世界的变化而发生重大的变化。数字革命也走在破产法的前面。预测所有可能的变化方向是困难的;然而,也有一些领域需要进行重大修改。本文首先简要介绍了破产法的发展历史。这是对21世纪破产法的价值论假设可能发生变化的问题的介绍。由于21世纪的技术革命,破产法将发生变化。在这方面,有提到破产预测的想法和债务人的资产在虚拟世界的问题。最后,本文对外债公约下的国家债务重组进行了探讨。
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引用次数: 0
Employer’s Decision on Organizational Change and Business Management of the Company 雇主对公司组织变革和经营管理的决定
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/2/21-41
H. Barancová
The employer’s decision on organizational change is subject of an amendment to the Labour Code, according to which this employer’s decision is a substantive precondition for the employer’s termination. The employer’s decision on organizational change is genetically linked to the termination as a basic legal act in the labour law. At this level, the employer’s decision on organizational change is of a fundamental importance for the area of termination in the labour law. The fact that the employer’s decision directly affects the validity of the termination is also related to the constitutional right to work as well as to the constitutional right to protect the employee from an unjustified dismissal. The Labour Code, at the same time, in § 63 par. 1 letter b) precisely enshrines not only the form of employer’s decision on organizational change, but also its content, and in § 9 it also establishes the persons authorised to act on behalf of the employer
雇主关于组织变动的决定须受《劳动法》修正案的约束,根据该修正案,雇主的决定是解雇雇主的实质性先决条件。作为劳动法中的一项基本法律行为,雇主对组织变革的决定与解雇有着内在的联系。在这一层次上,雇主关于组织变革的决定对劳动法中的解雇领域具有根本的重要性。雇主的决定直接影响到解雇的有效性,这一事实也与宪法规定的工作权以及宪法规定的保护雇员免受无理解雇的权利有关。与此同时,《劳动法》第63条第1款b)项不仅明确规定了雇主就组织变革作出决定的形式,而且明确规定了其内容,第9条还规定了被授权代表雇主行事的人员
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引用次数: 0
Criminalisation of Possession of Narcotics in Poland 波兰对持有麻醉品的刑事定罪
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/2/42-71
K. Banasik
The subject of this paper is the issue of the criminalisation of the possession of narcotics in Poland. Particular attention is paid to the institution of the optional termination of criminal proceedings in cases when the person who has committed the offence is in possession of an inconsiderable amount of narcotics for personal use. The aim of the study is, among other things, to demonstrate how this institution functions in practice and to examine whether the Polish regulations are compatible with the international and the European regulations. The author first presents a historical outline of the criminalisation of offences involving an unlawful possession of narcotics, and then develops the idea of what should be understood by ‘possession’ of narcotics while also addressing the issue of ‘possession of narcotics within one’s own body’. In the further section of the paper, the author analyses the notion of ‘an inconsiderable quantity of narcotics’, presenting views expressed in the literature and showing disparities in interpretations of this notion in the case law. In the final section, the author presents conclusions and an assessment of the current state of the relevant Polish legislation.
本文的主题是波兰对持有麻醉品的刑事定罪问题。特别注意的是,在犯罪的人拥有少量供个人使用的麻醉品的情况下,可以选择终止刑事诉讼。除其他事项外,这项研究的目的是证明该机构在实践中如何运作,并审查波兰的条例是否符合国际和欧洲的条例。作者首先对非法持有麻醉品的犯罪行为进行了历史概述,然后发展了“持有”麻醉品的概念,同时也解决了“在自己体内持有麻醉品”的问题。在本文的进一步部分,作者分析了“数量微不足道的麻醉品”的概念,提出了文献中表达的观点,并显示了判例法中对这一概念解释的差异。在最后一节,作者提出结论,并对波兰有关立法的现状进行评估。
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引用次数: 0
Cross-border Coordination in the Field of Family Benefits 家庭福利领域的跨界协调
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/2/86-113
Miloš Lacko
The exercise of freedom of movement within the European Union Member States also requires interventions in the national social security systems, the organization and exercise of which fall within the exclusive competence of the Member States. In order to fully exercise, in particular, the freedom of movement of persons, in particular persons engaged in gainful employment, it is necessary to lay down in the Union law procedures for resolving conflicts in the provision of family benefits. Collisions in the granting of family benefits generally arise when a person enjoying the free movement of persons moves to another Member State, while another family member (in particular the second parent or the dependent child) remains in the home Member State or moves to another Member State. In such situations, the Union legislation must provide the migrant with the same conditions for family benefits as a national of the Member State in which the migrant is present, so the Union legislation seeks to ensure an equal treatment of a person enjoying this freedom in the event of such a conflict with national social security systems. The subject of the paper is an analysis of the European Union coordination regulation determining the relevant social security system of an European Union Member State for the provision of family benefits so as not to disadvantage the migrant as a family member in acquiring and providing these benefits and, conversely, that this person does not get into unjustified social advantage in the provision of family benefits, i.e. that there is no unjustified overlapping of the provision of a family benefit for the same purpose to the same family member.
在欧洲联盟成员国内部行使行动自由也需要对国家社会保障制度进行干预,这一制度的组织和实施属于成员国的专属职权范围。特别是为了充分行使人们,特别是从事有酬就业的人的行动自由,有必要在联盟法律中规定解决在提供家庭福利方面的冲突的程序。当享受人员自由流动的人移居到另一个会员国,而另一个家庭成员(特别是第二父母或受抚养子女)留在母国或移居到另一个会员国时,通常会发生家庭福利发放方面的冲突。在这种情况下,欧盟立法必须为移民提供与移民所在成员国国民相同的家庭福利条件,因此,欧盟立法力求确保在与国家社会安全制度发生冲突的情况下,享有这种自由的人得到平等待遇。本文的主题是分析欧盟协调条例,确定欧盟成员国提供家庭福利的相关社会保障制度,以使移民作为家庭成员在获得和提供这些福利时不处于不利地位,反之,使其在提供家庭福利时不获得不合理的社会优势。即,不存在为同一目的向同一家庭成员提供家庭福利的不合理重叠。
{"title":"Cross-border Coordination in the Field of Family Benefits","authors":"Miloš Lacko","doi":"10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/2/86-113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/2/86-113","url":null,"abstract":"The exercise of freedom of movement within the European Union Member States also requires interventions in the national social security systems, the organization and exercise of which fall within the exclusive competence of the Member States. In order to fully exercise, in particular, the freedom of movement of persons, in particular persons engaged in gainful employment, it is necessary to lay down in the Union law procedures for resolving conflicts in the provision of family benefits. Collisions in the granting of family benefits generally arise when a person enjoying the free movement of persons moves to another Member State, while another family member (in particular the second parent or the dependent child) remains in the home Member State or moves to another Member State. In such situations, the Union legislation must provide the migrant with the same conditions for family benefits as a national of the Member State in which the migrant is present, so the Union legislation seeks to ensure an equal treatment of a person enjoying this freedom in the event of such a conflict with national social security systems. The subject of the paper is an analysis of the European Union coordination regulation determining the relevant social security system of an European Union Member State for the provision of family benefits so as not to disadvantage the migrant as a family member in acquiring and providing these benefits and, conversely, that this person does not get into unjustified social advantage in the provision of family benefits, i.e. that there is no unjustified overlapping of the provision of a family benefit for the same purpose to the same family member.","PeriodicalId":406988,"journal":{"name":"Societas et Iurisprudentia","volume":"284 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126952777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On Some Problems of Commercial Law in Ukraine 乌克兰商法若干问题研究
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/2/72-85
Oleksandr Romanovich Kovalyshyn
The paper is devoted to the disclosure of certain aspects of recodification in Ukraine, some existing problems of the Ukrainian commercial law as well as the conflict of norms between the Commercial Code of Ukraine and the Civil Code of Ukraine. In year 2020, the Concept of Civil Legislation Reform was adopted in Ukraine. The Concept of Civil Legislation Reform states that the systematic renewal of the Civil Code of Ukraine as a whole is possible only if the Commercial Code of Ukraine is repealed because the latter does not meet the parameters of the acts governing business relations which, by their nature, are primarily private. The presented study explains the current problems of the Ukrainian commercial law as well as civil law regulation of business relations for both: 1) the foreign scholars dealing with the civil law and commercial law; 2) the foreign investors (including investors from the European Union countries) who are already conducting economic activities in Ukraine or plan to invest in the Ukrainian economy. Special attention is given to such issues like the types of ownership, penalties for obligations, differences in legal capacity, difference of approaches to the system of legal entities, existence of some archaic legal forms of entrepreneurial activity, etc. The author emphasizes that undoubtedly the Commercial Code of Ukraine as well as the Civil Code of Ukraine need some updating. There is an urgent need to systematize the existing organizational and legal forms of legal entities and to renew the basics of civil law regulation in Ukraine. It is explained in the paper, while in most neighbouring jurisdictions steps are being taken to systematic update of the commercial codes (including expanding the scope of their legal regulations), in Ukraine steps are being taken to eliminate the commercial code. This seems completely unacceptable; it harms the legal regulation of business relations in Ukraine significantly and slows down the progressive development of the Ukraine’s economy. The analysis of the commercial codes abroad shows that there is no single approach to the list of legal constructions that should form the basis of the relevant code. All, without exception, codified acts of this type are characterized by the presence of special institutions that, from the point of foreign lawyer’s view or current trends in private law, may seem do not meet certain standards.
本文旨在揭示乌克兰法律再编纂的某些方面,乌克兰商法存在的一些问题,以及乌克兰商法典与乌克兰民法典之间的规范冲突。2020年,乌克兰通过了《民事立法改革构想》。《民事立法改革的概念》指出,只有废除《乌克兰商法典》,才有可能系统地更新整个乌克兰民法典,因为后者不符合管理商业关系的行为的参数,因为商业关系本质上主要是私人的。本文从两个方面阐述了目前乌克兰商法和民法对商事关系的规制存在的问题:1)国外学者对民法和商法的研究;2)已经在乌克兰开展经济活动或计划投资乌克兰经济的外国投资者(包括欧盟国家的投资者)。特别注意诸如所有权的类型、对义务的处罚、法律行为能力的差异、对法律实体制度的不同做法、企业活动的某些古老法律形式的存在等问题。笔者强调,乌克兰商法典和乌克兰民法典无疑都需要更新。迫切需要使法律实体的现有组织形式和法律形式系统化,并更新乌克兰民法规则的基本原则。该文件解释说,虽然在大多数邻近的司法管辖区正在采取步骤系统地更新商法(包括扩大其法律条例的范围),但在乌克兰正在采取步骤取消商法。这似乎是完全不可接受的;它严重损害了乌克兰商业关系的法律规范,减缓了乌克兰经济的逐步发展。对国外商法典的分析表明,对于构成商法典基础的法律结构列表,并没有单一的方法。无一例外,所有这类成文行为的特点都是存在特殊机构,从外国律师的观点或私法的当前趋势来看,这些机构似乎不符合某些标准。
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引用次数: 0
Magherescu, Delia: Drept procesual penal: Partea generală: Partea specială [Criminal Procedure Law: General Part: Special Part]. Bucureşti: Pro Universitaria, 2020. 412 p. ISBN 978-606-26-1267-2
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/2/136-145
Djulieta Vasiloi
Reviewing the publication Magherescu, Delia: Criminal Procedure Law: General Part: Special Part, a significant legal education instrument addressed to those who might be interested in deepening their knowledge in the field of the criminal justice system of Romania.
审查Magherescu, Delia:刑事诉讼法:一般部分:特别部分的出版物,这是一份重要的法律教育文书,面向那些可能有兴趣加深对罗马尼亚刑事司法系统领域知识的人。
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引用次数: 0
European Small Claims Procedure in Slovakia 斯洛伐克的欧洲小额索赔程序
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/2/114-135
Mykola Mykhailovych Ostapiak
The paper focuses on the peculiarities of the European Small Claims Procedure and the application of this mechanism in the Slovak Republic. The main provisions of the European Union Regulation (EC) No. 861/2007 (in full Regulation (EC) No. 861/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 establishing a European Small Claims Procedure), which introduces this procedure, are investigated, in particular the stages of consideration of the case from the submission of the application by the applicant to the execution of the court judgment and the possibility of appeal. Particular attention is paid to the provisions of the Contentious Civil Procedure Code of the Slovak Republic, which regulates the procedural actions during consideration of small cases, which are not regulated by the above-mentioned European Union Regulation (EC) No. 861/2007. The practical component is analysed on the basis of court cases considered by courts of the first instance in Slovakia. The problematic issues that arise during the application of the European Small Claims Procedure are highlighted.
本文的重点是欧洲小额索赔程序的特点和这一机制在斯洛伐克共和国的应用。欧盟条例(EC)第861/2007号(欧洲议会和理事会2007年7月11日关于建立欧洲小额索赔程序的条例(EC)第861/2007号全文)的主要条款介绍了这一程序,并对其进行了调查,特别是从申请人提交申请到执行法院判决以及上诉的可能性的案件审议阶段。特别值得注意的是《斯洛伐克共和国争议民事诉讼法》的规定,该法规定了审理小案件期间的诉讼行为,而上述欧盟条例(欧共体)第861/2007号没有对这些诉讼行为进行规定。实际部分是根据斯洛伐克初审法院审议的法庭案件进行分析的。强调了在适用欧洲小额索赔程序期间出现的问题。
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引用次数: 0
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