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Goma 1994: Notes from the Field 戈马1994:来自实地的说明
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.2.08
Alasdair Gordon-Gibson
Abstract:This article reflects on the varied and complex dynamics faced by humanitarian agencies working in the Goma area during a six-week period from mid-July 1994, shortly after the exodus of an estimated 850,000 refugees fleeing Rwanda who settled in the vicinity of Goma town in eastern Zaire, until the end of August 1994, which marked the period when the emergency phase of the humanitarian action in support of this refugee population began to stabilize. It considers three main dynamics, which were salient at the time: (1) the speed and size of the emergency; (2) the political environment inside the camps; (3) the traumas affecting the humanitarian environment. It covers the period when the author was assigned to support the emergency response to the crisis, and so combines personal reflections with reviews of some of the academic critique of the response by the international community. The article identifies the action as being critical to the evolution of international humanitarian response over the following two decades and concludes with a reflection on some of the lessons learned.
摘要:本文反映了在戈马地区工作的人道主义机构在1994年7月中旬至1994年8月底六个星期期间所面临的各种复杂动态,1994年7月中旬,大约850万逃离卢旺达的难民在扎伊尔东部戈马镇附近定居,这标志着支助这些难民人口的人道主义行动的紧急阶段开始趋于稳定。它考虑了当时突出的三个主要动态:(1)紧急情况的速度和规模;(二)营区内的政治环境;(3)影响人道主义环境的创伤。它涵盖了提交人被指派支持危机应急工作的时期,因此将个人反思与对国际社会对应急工作的一些学术批评的评论结合起来。文章指出,这一行动对随后20年国际人道主义反应的演变至关重要,并总结了一些经验教训。
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引用次数: 0
The Islamic State's Êzîdî Genocide in Iraq: The Sinjār Operations 伊斯兰国在伊拉克的Êzîdî种族灭绝:Sinjār行动
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.2.02
Fazil Moradi, K. Anderson
Abstract:This paper critically examines the Islamic State's annihilatory violence committed against the Êzîdîs in Iraq since 2014. It argues that the violence is a product of both Êzîdî marginality and the ideology of the Islamic State, which is grounded in its particular neo-historical iteration of Islam. Annihilatory violence is fundamental for the IS to actualize its iteration of the holy Qur'ān, the words and actions of the Islamic prophet, and historical events, dividing the world into binaries of the Abode of Islam and the Abode of War, or good and evil. It draws from anthropological research and interviews conducted by the authors with survivors and perpetrators in 2014 and 2016 to argue that the Islamic State's campaign against the Êzîdîs constitutes the subjective and objective elements of the crime of genocide.
摘要:本文批判性地审视了伊斯兰国自2014年以来在伊拉克对Êzîdîs实施的歼灭性暴力。它认为,暴力是Êzîdî边缘化和伊斯兰国意识形态的产物,伊斯兰国的意识形态以其对伊斯兰教的特殊新历史迭代为基础。毁灭性暴力是伊斯兰国实现其对神圣的古兰经ān、伊斯兰先知的言行和历史事件的重复的基础,将世界划分为伊斯兰的居所和战争的居所,或善与恶。报告借鉴了人类学研究以及作者在2014年和2016年对幸存者和肇事者进行的采访,认为伊斯兰国针对Êzîdîs的行动构成了种族灭绝罪的主观和客观因素。
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引用次数: 9
An Empirical Analysis of Arrests and Executions at S-21 Security-Center During the Cambodian Genocide 柬埔寨种族灭绝期间S-21安全中心逮捕和处决的实证分析
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.2.09
J. Tyner, Sokvisal Kimsroy, Chenjian Fu, Zheye Wang, Xinyue Ye
During the Cambodian genocide (1975–1979), approximately 200 security-centers were established by the Khmer Rouge. One of these institutions, designated by the code-name S-21, had the primary responsibility of punishing individuals deemed 'guilty' of crimes against the state. Much research has examined S-21, albeit from the standpoint of its symbolic importance or the conversion of the site into a museum of genocide; less research has empirically examined the arrest and execution records of S-21. Through a series of statistical analyses, in this research paper we highlight patterns of arrest and execution as a means of advancing our empirical understanding of the Cambodian genocide.
在柬埔寨种族灭绝期间(1975-1979年),红色高棉建立了大约200个安全中心。其中一个代号为S-21的机构的主要职责是惩罚那些被认为犯有反国家罪行的人。许多研究对S-21进行了审查,尽管是从其象征意义或将该地点改为种族灭绝博物馆的角度出发;很少有研究对S-21的逮捕和执行记录进行实证检验。通过一系列的统计分析,在这篇研究论文中,我们强调了逮捕和处决的模式,作为推进我们对柬埔寨种族灭绝的经验理解的一种手段。
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引用次数: 2
What Could Not Be Written: A Study of the Oral Transmission of Sayfo Genocide Memory Among Assyrians 什么不能写:亚述人对Sayfo种族灭绝记忆的口头传播研究
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.17863/CAM.13086
Naures Atto
Abstract:This article discusses the ways in which eyewitness accounts about the Assyrian Genocide have been transmitted in writing and orally, reconstructed across generations, and how these accounts have been expressed in lamentations, poetry, and songs in the diaspora, after large numbers of Assyrians settled in Western states beginning in the 1960s. The study of poetry and songs is not only important for reasons of literary analysis, but more so because of the relatively few written primary sources about the Assyrian Genocide. The production of poetry and songs has partly been instrumental in avoiding censorship and renewed persecution, but in recent years has additional value as a medium to call for future action in preventing violence and transmiting memories of the past. The article also highlights culturally specific forms of coping with trauma and transmitting memory. It is based on the analysis of Sayfo lamentations and poetry produced in the homeland, 21 Sayfo songs and poems produced in the Western diaspora, and some recent interviews with the writers of these songs.
摘要:本文讨论了目击者对亚述种族灭绝的描述是如何以书面和口头形式传播的,并在几代人之间进行了重建,以及在20世纪60年代大量亚述人定居西方国家后,这些描述是如何在流散的哀歌、诗歌和歌曲中表达出来的。诗歌和歌曲的研究不仅对文学分析很重要,更重要的是,关于亚述种族灭绝的书面原始资料相对较少。诗歌和歌曲的创作在一定程度上有助于避免审查和重新遭受迫害,但近年来,作为呼吁未来采取行动防止暴力和传递过去记忆的媒介,诗歌和歌曲的创作具有额外的价值。文章还强调了不同文化背景下应对创伤和传递记忆的方式。它是基于对Sayfo哀歌和在家乡创作的诗歌的分析,21首Sayfo歌曲和在西方散居的诗歌,以及最近对这些歌曲的作者的一些采访。
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引用次数: 1
Holocaust Denial and Holocaust Memory: The Case of Ernst Zündel 否认大屠杀和大屠杀记忆:恩斯特·兹<s:1>恩德尔的案例
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-09-01 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.2.05
Jason Tingler
Abstract:Until his extradition to Germany in 2005, Ernst Zündel was the largest promoter of Holocaust denial literature in the world. In 1985, Zündel was even put on trial in Toronto for his fallacious publications. The trial was brought by Holocaust survivors seeking to safeguard Holocaust memory, which had grown in Canada's public consciousness during the 1960s and 1970s, but which had been viciously attacked by Zündel. This article explores the origins and history of Zündel's denial, and offers a new perspective on a well-known denier. While antisemitism played an essential role, the author argues that to understand Zündel's denial requires contextualizing his deplorable beliefs, as denial can also serve a special role in deniers' sense of themselves. By taking issues of identity seriously, such as how one fabricates a historical web of meaning, we can better understand what causes some people to deny the undeniable.
摘要:在2005年被引渡到德国之前,恩斯特·泽恩德尔(Ernst zndel)一直是世界上最大的否认大屠杀文学的推动者。1985年,z恩德尔甚至因为他的错误出版物而在多伦多受审。这场审判是由大屠杀幸存者提出的,他们寻求维护大屠杀记忆,这一记忆在20世纪60年代和70年代在加拿大的公众意识中日益增强,但受到z恩德尔的恶毒攻击。本文探讨了z恩德尔否认的起源和历史,并为这位著名的否认者提供了一个新的视角。虽然反犹主义发挥了重要作用,但作者认为,要理解z恩德尔的否认,需要将他令人遗憾的信仰置于背景中,因为否认也可以在否认者的自我意识中发挥特殊作用。通过认真对待身份问题,比如一个人如何编造一个历史意义网,我们可以更好地理解是什么导致一些人否认不可否认的事情。
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引用次数: 1
A Brief Introduction to Theories of International Political Economy 国际政治经济学理论简介
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-04 DOI: 10.3138/gsi.10.1.02
William W. Newmann
Scholars of political violence and genocide often lament that idealist issues such as humanitarian tragedies typically take a back seat to realist issues such as great power rivalry. They also should consider another set of calculations made by decision makers—those related to economic issues. A look at international political economy explains how governments frame their economic challenges of today and tomorrow. This essay provides a brief look at the main theories of international political economy: economic liberalism, economic nationalism, and economic structuralism (dependency and Marxism). It also examines two hybrid ideas—the East Asian strategy and state capitalism—and the phenomenon of globalization. Genocide and humanitarian tragedies have economic dimensions to them. Governments making choices about intervention also have competing economic responsibilities. A look at these theories helps reveal the different assumptions about international political economy that color scholarly judgment on key political and economic trends, and how governments or movements frame their choices when economic perspectives are placed into the mix.
研究政治暴力和种族灭绝的学者经常哀叹,人道主义悲剧等理想主义问题通常会让位于大国竞争等现实主义问题。他们还应该考虑决策者所做的另一套计算——那些与经济问题有关的计算。对国际政治经济学的研究解释了政府是如何构建他们今天和明天的经济挑战的。本文简要介绍了国际政治经济学的主要理论:经济自由主义、经济民族主义和经济结构主义(依附主义和马克思主义)。它还考察了两种混合思想——东亚战略和国家资本主义——以及全球化现象。种族灭绝和人道主义悲剧具有经济方面的影响。政府在选择干预时也有相互竞争的经济责任。这些理论有助于揭示国际政治经济学的不同假设,这些假设影响了对关键政治和经济趋势的学术判断,以及当经济观点被纳入其中时,政府或运动如何构建他们的选择。
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引用次数: 1
How Does One Address the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide and Modern Denial? 如何纪念亚美尼亚种族灭绝和现代否认100周年?
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-04 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.1.09
Roger W. Smith
How does one commemorate a genocide that has been denied for a hundred years, and continues to be officially denied by the government of Turkey? The Republic of Armenia, and the foreign ministry in particular, chose to organize a Global Forum Against the Crime of Genocide in Yerevan on 22-23 April 2015. It involved several panels featuring the most prominent genocide scholars and included an in-depth discussion of denial. This exchange raised some interesting questions. Are we talking about new forms of denial or new tactics to advance denial? And if, as I argue, all modern regimes deny genocide, then where does that leave us: is genocide denial multiplying?
一个人如何纪念一场一百年来一直被否认,并继续被土耳其政府官方否认的种族灭绝?亚美尼亚共和国,特别是外交部,决定于2015年4月22日至23日在埃里温组织一次反对灭绝种族罪全球论坛。它包括几个由最著名的种族灭绝学者组成的小组,并包括对否认的深入讨论。这种交流提出了一些有趣的问题。我们讨论的是新的否认形式还是进一步否认的新策略?如果像我所说的那样,所有现代政权都否认种族灭绝,那么我们该怎么办:否认种族灭绝的行为正在成倍增加吗?
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引用次数: 4
Introduction: Varieties of Political Economy: Theories and Case Studies 导论:政治经济学的多样性:理论与案例研究
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-04 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.1.01
H. Hirsch
Volume 10, issue 1 of Genocide Studies International is a special issue on the political economy of genocide. The editors of Genocide Studies International do their best to examine issues on the “cutting edge” of genocide studies. In pursuit of this goal we attempt to cover topics, which have been, at least in our estimation, not examined in detail, and which we believe deserve greater attention in the literature. This is one of those topics. While there is at least one recent book that directly examines the political economy of genocide, Garry Leech’s, Capitalism: A Structural Genocide, which is reviewed in this issue, it follows the all too familiar pattern of assuming that any discussion of political economy involves a certain paradigm. In fact, the mere mention of “political economy” brings forth numerous images in the minds of readers and researchers. First and foremost, it is most likely that the term brings forth images of Marxist analysis or neo-Marxist critiques of existing literature. This is unfortunate since there exists a large variety of theories and approaches to the study of political economy. That is the very reason we start the present issue with an exploration of the varieties of approaches to the study of political economy in general and the political economy of genocide in particular. It is important to not allow oneself to get sidetracked into thinking that there is a single, dominant accepted approach to the study of political economy. The wide range of definitions—all the way from rational choice theory to Marxist critiques of capitalism are explained in the first article by William Newmann, “Introduction to Political Economy: Theories and Applications.” Newmann notes:
《国际种族灭绝研究》第10卷第1期是关于种族灭绝的政治经济问题的特刊。《国际种族灭绝研究》的编辑们尽最大努力研究种族灭绝研究的“前沿”问题。为了实现这一目标,我们试图涵盖的主题,至少在我们的估计中,没有详细检查,我们认为值得在文献中更多的关注。这就是其中一个话题。虽然最近至少有一本书直接考察了种族灭绝的政治经济学,加里·里奇的《资本主义:结构性种族灭绝》,本期将对其进行回顾,但它遵循了一种再熟悉不过的模式,即假设任何关于政治经济学的讨论都涉及某种范式。事实上,只要一提到“政治经济学”,就会在读者和研究者的脑海中浮现出无数的画面。首先,这个术语很可能带来马克思主义分析或新马克思主义对现有文学的批评。这是不幸的,因为存在着各种各样的理论和方法来研究政治经济学。这就是为什么我们从探索研究政治经济学的各种方法开始,特别是种族灭绝的政治经济学。重要的是,不要让自己误入歧途,认为有一种单一的、占主导地位的、被接受的政治经济学研究方法。广泛的定义——从理性选择理论到马克思主义对资本主义的批判——在威廉·纽曼的第一篇文章《政治经济学导论:理论与应用》中得到了解释。牛曼指出:
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引用次数: 0
The Plunder of Wealth through Abandoned Properties Laws in the Armenian Genocide 亚美尼亚种族灭绝中通过废弃物权法掠夺财富
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-04 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.1.04
Ümit Kurt
The state-orchestrated plunder of Armenian property immediately impoverished its victims; this was simultaneously a condition for and a consequence of the Armenian Genocide. A series of laws and decrees as well as complex bureaucratic mechanisms were devised in the Ottoman-Turkish Republican periods concerning the administration of the belongings left behind by the deported Armenians. The aim of this article is to analyze these laws and statutes, which were known as the Abandoned Properties Laws. It attempts to elucidate the dominant logic of the laws, decrees, and regulations concerning the abandoned properties, which are closely connected to the political economy of the Armenian Genocide.
国家策划的对亚美尼亚人财产的掠夺立即使受害者陷入贫困;这既是亚美尼亚种族灭绝的条件,也是其后果。在奥斯曼-土耳其共和国时期,制定了一系列法律和法令以及复杂的官僚机制,以管理被驱逐的亚美尼亚人留下的财产。本文的目的是对这些法律法规进行分析,这些法律法规被称为“废弃物权法”。它试图阐明有关被遗弃财产的法律、法令和规章的主要逻辑,这些法律、法令和规章与亚美尼亚种族灭绝的政治经济密切相关。
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引用次数: 3
Reflections on Contemporary Responses to Atrocity Crimes 当代对暴行犯罪反应的思考
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-04 DOI: 10.3138/GSI.10.1.10
D. Scheffer
Several challenges arise in responding to atrocity crimes in contemporary practice. First, there is not the same proactive vision for justice in the U.N. Security Council as existed in 1993 and 1994. Second, reflecting upon the practice of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and recent controversial judgments, the question looms whether judges properly evaluate how mass atrocity crimes occur within the particular characteristics of the overall situation or overall conflict. Third, the great value of international criminal tribunals and internationally-created hybrid tribunals is that they create a clear public record of events that, through the rigorous investigation and prosecution of atrocity crimes, rebut attempts at denial or revisionism by politicians and extremists. Further, a new paradigm in international affairs should be formulated, one that compels effective, timely, and significant multilateral responses directly aimed at lawless forces engaged in atrocity crimes and bold enough to act swiftly with lawful justification even in the absence of Security Council authorization thwarted by the veto power.
在当代实践中,应对暴行犯罪出现了一些挑战。首先,联合国安理会不像1993年和1994年那样积极主动地追求正义。第二,回顾前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭的做法和最近有争议的判决,法官是否恰当地评价大规模暴行罪行是如何在全面局势或全面冲突的特定特点中发生的问题就出现了。第三,国际刑事法庭和国际上创建的混合法庭的巨大价值在于,它们通过对暴行罪行的严格调查和起诉,为事件创造了清晰的公共记录,驳斥了政客和极端分子否认或修正主义的企图。此外,应在国际事务中制定一种新的范例,这种范例迫使人们直接针对从事暴行罪行的无法无天的部队作出有效、及时和重要的多边反应,并大胆到即使在没有安全理事会的授权而受到否决权阻挠的情况下也能有合法理由迅速采取行动。
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引用次数: 0
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