Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9780822392361-007
U. Linke
{"title":"5. The Limits of Empathy: Emotional Anesthesia and the Museum of Corpses in Post-Holocaust Germany","authors":"U. Linke","doi":"10.1515/9780822392361-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822392361-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90060046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9780822392361-005
Jennie E. Burnet
{"title":"3. Whose Genocide? Whose Truth? Representations of Victim and Perpetrator in Rwanda","authors":"Jennie E. Burnet","doi":"10.1515/9780822392361-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822392361-005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80983438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Between 1975 and 1979 approximately two million men, women, and children perished during the Cambodian Genocide. These deaths are attributed to specific administrative policies and practices initiated by the senior leadership of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), all of which were geared toward the basic objective of increasing agricultural production. Many of these deaths resulted from starvation, disease, and exhaustion; for others, death resulted from torture, murder, and execution. Within this context, women and men both were subject to sexual and gender-based violence. Scholars understand that much sexual and gender-based violence is directly associated with broader CPK policies toward the family. Less attention, however, has addressed the historical context and ideological basis of CPK family policy. This paper provides a primary-sourced assessment of CPK ideologies of the family and evaluates these within the context of CPK economic planning. In so doing, the CPK's ideology of revolutionary families is situated within the larger history of family policies of communist governments.
{"title":"Ideologies of Khmer Rouge Family Policy: Contextualizing Sexual and Gender-Based Violence during the Cambodian Genocide","authors":"J. Tyner, Hanieh Molana","doi":"10.3138/gsi.13.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/gsi.13.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Between 1975 and 1979 approximately two million men, women, and children perished during the Cambodian Genocide. These deaths are attributed to specific administrative policies and practices initiated by the senior leadership of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), all of which were geared toward the basic objective of increasing agricultural production. Many of these deaths resulted from starvation, disease, and exhaustion; for others, death resulted from torture, murder, and execution. Within this context, women and men both were subject to sexual and gender-based violence. Scholars understand that much sexual and gender-based violence is directly associated with broader CPK policies toward the family. Less attention, however, has addressed the historical context and ideological basis of CPK family policy. This paper provides a primary-sourced assessment of CPK ideologies of the family and evaluates these within the context of CPK economic planning. In so doing, the CPK's ideology of revolutionary families is situated within the larger history of family policies of communist governments.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"13 1","pages":"168 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46612520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article discusses three different forms of genocide denial that have—broadly speaking—followed one another in post-genocide Rwanda since 1994. Genocide denial is considered a stage of genocide, and each of these three forms of genocide denial is outlined, drawing on the seminal study on denial of Stanley Cohen. The article suggests that collective denial such as genocide denial should be distinguished analytically from more everyday forms of denial of atrocities and suffering. Three types of genocide denial—literal, interpretative, and implicatory—are identified and related to particular phases in post-genocide Rwandan history. It is shown that denial of the genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda has been intertwined with post-genocide debates around fundamental causes and triggers of genocide. The article concludes with some reflections on instruments used by the Rwandan government to combat genocide denial, reflecting on the polarization of public and scholarly opinion on Rwanda's recent past.
{"title":"Elementary Forms of Collective Denial: The 1994 Rwanda Genocide","authors":"H. Hintjens, Jos van Oijen","doi":"10.3138/gsi.13.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/gsi.13.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article discusses three different forms of genocide denial that have—broadly speaking—followed one another in post-genocide Rwanda since 1994. Genocide denial is considered a stage of genocide, and each of these three forms of genocide denial is outlined, drawing on the seminal study on denial of Stanley Cohen. The article suggests that collective denial such as genocide denial should be distinguished analytically from more everyday forms of denial of atrocities and suffering. Three types of genocide denial—literal, interpretative, and implicatory—are identified and related to particular phases in post-genocide Rwandan history. It is shown that denial of the genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda has been intertwined with post-genocide debates around fundamental causes and triggers of genocide. The article concludes with some reflections on instruments used by the Rwandan government to combat genocide denial, reflecting on the polarization of public and scholarly opinion on Rwanda's recent past.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"13 1","pages":"146 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/gsi.13.2.02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48733325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The question raised by Dark Pasts is how countries, that have committed either genocide or other mass atrocities, respond to international pressure to acknowledge and take responsibility for such a past? The author's thesis is that international pressures and domestic considerations both play a role in how a country accounts for and deals with its past transgressions. A detailed comparison of the responses of Turkey and Japan is the focus of the book, offering important information about the two countries' responses over a 60-year period.
{"title":"Review Essay: Narratives of Dark Pasts—Continuity and Change","authors":"Roger W. Smith","doi":"10.3138/gsi.13.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/gsi.13.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The question raised by Dark Pasts is how countries, that have committed either genocide or other mass atrocities, respond to international pressure to acknowledge and take responsibility for such a past? The author's thesis is that international pressures and domestic considerations both play a role in how a country accounts for and deals with its past transgressions. A detailed comparison of the responses of Turkey and Japan is the focus of the book, offering important information about the two countries' responses over a 60-year period.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"13 1","pages":"190 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44968496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:After the Anfal and Halabja massacres took place inside Kurdistan, Iraq, there was no place for immediate political reaction. For many years, culture took on the role of soothing the tremendous pain everybody was holding while hiding in fear of the Ba'ath regime. Songs were the first medium to represent the tragedy, as images were heavily controlled inside Iraq. Songs were distributed secretly at first, but later the government turned a blind eye to the distribution of many of the songs that were forbidden. After the Kurdish uprising of 1991, a political priority was the opening of the first Kurdish television station. From the very beginning, its programs featured images of both tragedies, which in turn became a permanent part of the station's broadcasts. These images were so impactful that they were instrumental in the departure of the Saddam regime. Although these images shocked society, they lost their power and became routine from their constant repetition, enforcing public forgetfulness and deeply affecting the entire culture.
{"title":"Cultural Responses to the Anfal and Halabja Massacres","authors":"Rebeen Hamarafiq","doi":"10.3138/gsi.13.1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/gsi.13.1.07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:After the Anfal and Halabja massacres took place inside Kurdistan, Iraq, there was no place for immediate political reaction. For many years, culture took on the role of soothing the tremendous pain everybody was holding while hiding in fear of the Ba'ath regime. Songs were the first medium to represent the tragedy, as images were heavily controlled inside Iraq. Songs were distributed secretly at first, but later the government turned a blind eye to the distribution of many of the songs that were forbidden. After the Kurdish uprising of 1991, a political priority was the opening of the first Kurdish television station. From the very beginning, its programs featured images of both tragedies, which in turn became a permanent part of the station's broadcasts. These images were so impactful that they were instrumental in the departure of the Saddam regime. Although these images shocked society, they lost their power and became routine from their constant repetition, enforcing public forgetfulness and deeply affecting the entire culture.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"13 1","pages":"132 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/gsi.13.1.07","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42729971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article examines books and works of locals and Western travellers in which historical evidence has been used by the current author to construct a narrative of the Yazidi genocides. The sources examined describe what the Ottoman and Kurdish princes were doing to the Yazidis at a time when genocide was not defined in legal terms. The Kurdish princes' firmāns (genocidal campaigns) stripped the Yazidi people of much of their land and resulted in thousands of deaths. These genocidal campaigns in the mid-nineteenth century had all the features of a modern genocide. This article engages with such military campaigns against Yazidis by focusing on the firmān of Mīr (prince) Muḥammad Pāshā Rawwānduzī(nicknamed Mīr-i-Kura) in 1832–1834, which targeted Yazidi regions from Erbil to Sinjar. The resulting firmāns deeply impacted Yazidi collective memory and identity. Based upon the work of locals and Western travellers, as well as the narratives of contemporary observers and researchers, the firmān, its effects on the Yazidis, and their subsequent reactions to it, are described and analyzed in this study.
{"title":"Genocidal Campaigns during the Ottoman Era: The Firmān of Mīr-i-Kura against the Yazidi Religious Minority in 1832–1834","authors":"M. Ali","doi":"10.3138/gsi.13.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/gsi.13.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines books and works of locals and Western travellers in which historical evidence has been used by the current author to construct a narrative of the Yazidi genocides. The sources examined describe what the Ottoman and Kurdish princes were doing to the Yazidis at a time when genocide was not defined in legal terms. The Kurdish princes' firmāns (genocidal campaigns) stripped the Yazidi people of much of their land and resulted in thousands of deaths. These genocidal campaigns in the mid-nineteenth century had all the features of a modern genocide. This article engages with such military campaigns against Yazidis by focusing on the firmān of Mīr (prince) Muḥammad Pāshā Rawwānduzī(nicknamed Mīr-i-Kura) in 1832–1834, which targeted Yazidi regions from Erbil to Sinjar. The resulting firmāns deeply impacted Yazidi collective memory and identity. Based upon the work of locals and Western travellers, as well as the narratives of contemporary observers and researchers, the firmān, its effects on the Yazidis, and their subsequent reactions to it, are described and analyzed in this study.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"13 1","pages":"77 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/gsi.13.1.05","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41996808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses long “hidden” genocidal processes that took place in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. In addition to the Armenians, demographically smaller groups of Christian denominati...
{"title":"The 72nd Firman of the Yezidis: A “Hidden Genocide” during World War I?","authors":"Maria Six-Hohenbalken","doi":"10.3138/GSI.13.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/GSI.13.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses long “hidden” genocidal processes that took place in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. In addition to the Armenians, demographically smaller groups of Christian denominati...","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"13 1","pages":"52-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/GSI.13.1.04","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69300992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Kurdish-inhabited lands of the Middle East—spanning territories in Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey as well as the Caucasus—have hosted a complex ethno-religious mosaic of civilizations since ancient times. The region’s fertile soils bear witness to cen turies of social cohesion and intercommunal harmony, punctuated by persecution, war, genocide, and atrocity committed against its peoples by internal and external historical agents. In the modern era, genocidal strategies have been employed against ethnic Kurds as well as Armenians, Assyrians, and Ezidis,1 among other groups, as part of the rise of nationalism and nation-states within a larger global context characterized by regional competition and Russian, European, and North American imperial interests. At times, Kurds have found themselves caught up in genocidal processes as perpe trators, bystanders, and rescuers, as was the case with the Ottoman Empire’s genocide against its Christian (and Ezidi) populations during and after World War I. At other times, and more frequently, Kurds have found themselves targeted by genocidal vio lence, to the extent that they have been referred as “a nation of genocides.”2 The endur ing trauma of genocide and of the historical processes of erasure, as well as the trauma associated with the unfinished project of creating a sovereign homeland in which Kurds can find protection, is palpable to anyone who visits the region. This special issue of Genocide Studies International engages with the question of genocide in the variously defined territory known as “Kurdistan” and in the Kurdish diaspora. We have focused on “Genocide and the Kurds” rather than “in Kurdistan” to emphasize the shifting nature of claims to the land as well as the diversity of peoples that have inhabited it historically, whose presence is still so definitive of the region and its politics. The articles published here help to give shape to the overlapping experiences and discourses of genocide for different Kurdish communities and their neighbors in the unique landscape of palimpsestic genocide. They do so with a view to better under standing genocide’s impact on the spatial and temporal dynamics of identity construc tion and the long-standing question of Kurdish self-determination in the Middle East, and at times touch upon the complex politics of genocide memory and genocide recog nition in the region. In planning this issue, we were very much influenced by the contemporary, and in some cases ongoing, genocides committed by the Islamic State (also known as ISIS/ISIL/ Daesh) against various minority communities in northern Iraq and Syria. These actions have placed multilayered pressures on communal relations, as well as the capacity of local authorities to respond to the needs of the survivors and displaced population. Most nota bly, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) has accepted close to 1.5 million internally displaced people, including Ezidis, Christians, Shabak-Shia, Turkome
{"title":"Editors' Introduction: Palimpsestic Genocide in Kurdistan","authors":"Elisa von Joeden-Forgey, Thomas McGee","doi":"10.3138/gsi.13.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/gsi.13.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"The Kurdish-inhabited lands of the Middle East—spanning territories in Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey as well as the Caucasus—have hosted a complex ethno-religious mosaic of civilizations since ancient times. The region’s fertile soils bear witness to cen turies of social cohesion and intercommunal harmony, punctuated by persecution, war, genocide, and atrocity committed against its peoples by internal and external historical agents. In the modern era, genocidal strategies have been employed against ethnic Kurds as well as Armenians, Assyrians, and Ezidis,1 among other groups, as part of the rise of nationalism and nation-states within a larger global context characterized by regional competition and Russian, European, and North American imperial interests. At times, Kurds have found themselves caught up in genocidal processes as perpe trators, bystanders, and rescuers, as was the case with the Ottoman Empire’s genocide against its Christian (and Ezidi) populations during and after World War I. At other times, and more frequently, Kurds have found themselves targeted by genocidal vio lence, to the extent that they have been referred as “a nation of genocides.”2 The endur ing trauma of genocide and of the historical processes of erasure, as well as the trauma associated with the unfinished project of creating a sovereign homeland in which Kurds can find protection, is palpable to anyone who visits the region. This special issue of Genocide Studies International engages with the question of genocide in the variously defined territory known as “Kurdistan” and in the Kurdish diaspora. We have focused on “Genocide and the Kurds” rather than “in Kurdistan” to emphasize the shifting nature of claims to the land as well as the diversity of peoples that have inhabited it historically, whose presence is still so definitive of the region and its politics. The articles published here help to give shape to the overlapping experiences and discourses of genocide for different Kurdish communities and their neighbors in the unique landscape of palimpsestic genocide. They do so with a view to better under standing genocide’s impact on the spatial and temporal dynamics of identity construc tion and the long-standing question of Kurdish self-determination in the Middle East, and at times touch upon the complex politics of genocide memory and genocide recog nition in the region. In planning this issue, we were very much influenced by the contemporary, and in some cases ongoing, genocides committed by the Islamic State (also known as ISIS/ISIL/ Daesh) against various minority communities in northern Iraq and Syria. These actions have placed multilayered pressures on communal relations, as well as the capacity of local authorities to respond to the needs of the survivors and displaced population. Most nota bly, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) has accepted close to 1.5 million internally displaced people, including Ezidis, Christians, Shabak-Shia, Turkome","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/gsi.13.1.01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48706831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Scholarly literature highlights the systematic actions taken in the modern Middle East to destroy the Kurdish language. With a primary focus on Turkey, scholars have described this process as a policy of linguicide, or language genocide, which is "the extermination of languages, an analogous concept to (physical) genocide." In contrast, similar processes at work in southern Kurdistan (Kurdistan of northern Iraq) have often been described as "linguistic suppression. " This paper argues that linguistic suppression does not adequately describe the Iraqi Kurds' experiences. Rather, linguicide better captures the practices of cultural genocide that have targeted this group. This paper focuses on how the Kurds in modern-day Iraq were subjected to linguicide under the Language Education Policy (LEP) from 1932 to 1991. This policy was established during the monarchy (1921–1958), and advanced through the time of Saddam Hussein's regime (1979–1991). While much scholarly work has associated the process of linguicide with the birth of a nation-state, this article further argues that linguicide in the Iraqi Kurdish case predates the formation of the Iraqi nation-state.
{"title":"Kurdish Linguicide in the \"Saddamist\" State","authors":"Kaziwa Salih","doi":"10.3138/gsi.13.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/gsi.13.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Scholarly literature highlights the systematic actions taken in the modern Middle East to destroy the Kurdish language. With a primary focus on Turkey, scholars have described this process as a policy of linguicide, or language genocide, which is \"the extermination of languages, an analogous concept to (physical) genocide.\" In contrast, similar processes at work in southern Kurdistan (Kurdistan of northern Iraq) have often been described as \"linguistic suppression. \" This paper argues that linguistic suppression does not adequately describe the Iraqi Kurds' experiences. Rather, linguicide better captures the practices of cultural genocide that have targeted this group. This paper focuses on how the Kurds in modern-day Iraq were subjected to linguicide under the Language Education Policy (LEP) from 1932 to 1991. This policy was established during the monarchy (1921–1958), and advanced through the time of Saddam Hussein's regime (1979–1991). While much scholarly work has associated the process of linguicide with the birth of a nation-state, this article further argues that linguicide in the Iraqi Kurdish case predates the formation of the Iraqi nation-state.","PeriodicalId":40844,"journal":{"name":"Genocide Studies International","volume":"13 1","pages":"34 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/gsi.13.1.03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47665989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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