Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17416124.2018.1445071
M. Mercer
During the first half of the 19th century substantial quantities of Oriental and Asiatic arms and armour first began to appear in Britain. On the one hand they certainly reflected the expansion of empire but their wider significance has yet to be discussed. This article seeks to address that omission by exploring the growth of interest in these objects within military circles, what they represented to the individuals who acquired them, and how they fitted into the wider collecting strategies of military officers as a group.
{"title":"Collecting Oriental and Asiatic Arms and Armour: The Activities of British and East India Company Officers, c.1800-1850","authors":"M. Mercer","doi":"10.1080/17416124.2018.1445071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17416124.2018.1445071","url":null,"abstract":"During the first half of the 19th century substantial quantities of Oriental and Asiatic arms and armour first began to appear in Britain. On the one hand they certainly reflected the expansion of empire but their wider significance has yet to be discussed. This article seeks to address that omission by exploring the growth of interest in these objects within military circles, what they represented to the individuals who acquired them, and how they fitted into the wider collecting strategies of military officers as a group.","PeriodicalId":40914,"journal":{"name":"Arms & Armour","volume":"15 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17416124.2018.1445071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47990503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17416124.2018.1436494
David Williams, D. Harding
In 1841 Henry Wilkinson in his book Engines of War and William Greener in The Science of Gunnery describe a range of methods then in use for shaping the outside of gun barrels after the barrel forging process, ranging from manual off-hand grinding to the use of precision machines. In the same year G. & J. Rennie published the design of their state-of-the-art lathe that was capable of turning complex and dished barrel forms. This built upon the earlier work of both Henry Nock and John Jones. In the early years of the 19th century both Britain, at Enfield and other locations, and the USA, at Harpers Ferry and Springfield, began to introduce barrel-turning technology. This paper uses measurements taken from a significant number of military barrels made by several makers, and also newly exposed information about Henry Nock and the Enfield Factory of 1815, to understand better the technologies that were applied to military flintlock barrel finishing from the 1780s to the 1840s, and particularly during the major wars of 1793–1815, when high output was paramount. Measurements both of barrel form and out-of-roundness are presented. These allow the interpretation of the techniques being used by different makers at different locations, and raise questions about the purpose and achievement of the complex dished barrel forms found on British military flintlock muskets. This approach also allows us to better describe the earliest factory on the Enfield site, one of the most significant sites in the wider history of UK manufacturing.
1841年，亨利·威尔金森（Henry Wilkinson）在其著作《战争引擎》（Engines of War）和威廉·格林（William Greener。同年，G.&J.Rennie出版了他们最先进的车床的设计，该车床能够车削复杂的碟形枪管。这是建立在亨利·诺克和约翰·琼斯早期工作的基础上的。19世纪初，英国在恩菲尔德和其他地方，以及美国在哈珀斯费里和斯普林菲尔德，都开始引入枪管车削技术。本文使用了几家制造商生产的大量军用枪管的测量结果，以及最新公布的关于亨利·诺克和1815年恩菲尔德工厂的信息，以更好地了解1780年代至1840年代，特别是在1793-1815年的主要战争中，用于军用燧发枪管精加工的技术，当高产量至关重要时。给出了筒形和不圆度的测量结果。这些可以解释不同制造商在不同地点使用的技术，并对英国军用燧发枪上发现的复杂碟形枪管形式的目的和成就提出了疑问。这种方法还使我们能够更好地描述恩菲尔德工厂最早的工厂，恩菲尔德工厂是英国制造业历史上最重要的工厂之一。
{"title":"The Enfield Lock Barrel Mill of 1815 and Moves to Replace Musket Barrel Grinding by Turning c1780 to c1840","authors":"David Williams, D. Harding","doi":"10.1080/17416124.2018.1436494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17416124.2018.1436494","url":null,"abstract":"In 1841 Henry Wilkinson in his book Engines of War and William Greener in The Science of Gunnery describe a range of methods then in use for shaping the outside of gun barrels after the barrel forging process, ranging from manual off-hand grinding to the use of precision machines. In the same year G. & J. Rennie published the design of their state-of-the-art lathe that was capable of turning complex and dished barrel forms. This built upon the earlier work of both Henry Nock and John Jones. In the early years of the 19th century both Britain, at Enfield and other locations, and the USA, at Harpers Ferry and Springfield, began to introduce barrel-turning technology. This paper uses measurements taken from a significant number of military barrels made by several makers, and also newly exposed information about Henry Nock and the Enfield Factory of 1815, to understand better the technologies that were applied to military flintlock barrel finishing from the 1780s to the 1840s, and particularly during the major wars of 1793–1815, when high output was paramount. Measurements both of barrel form and out-of-roundness are presented. These allow the interpretation of the techniques being used by different makers at different locations, and raise questions about the purpose and achievement of the complex dished barrel forms found on British military flintlock muskets. This approach also allows us to better describe the earliest factory on the Enfield site, one of the most significant sites in the wider history of UK manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":40914,"journal":{"name":"Arms & Armour","volume":"15 1","pages":"22 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17416124.2018.1436494","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44732149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-12DOI: 10.1080/17416124.2017.1379792
G. Rimer
This remarkably fine sword was commissioned by General Baron Gaspard Gourgaud, the close personal aide of Napoleon Bonaparte, to commemorate the return of the Emperor’s body from St Helena to Paris in 1840. It was designed and made in 1842 by Alexandre Lapret, a distinguished artist-craftsman working in the famous Paris atelier of Henri Lepage.
{"title":"A Uniquely Important Napoleonic Memorial Sword","authors":"G. Rimer","doi":"10.1080/17416124.2017.1379792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17416124.2017.1379792","url":null,"abstract":"This remarkably fine sword was commissioned by General Baron Gaspard Gourgaud, the close personal aide of Napoleon Bonaparte, to commemorate the return of the Emperor’s body from St Helena to Paris in 1840. It was designed and made in 1842 by Alexandre Lapret, a distinguished artist-craftsman working in the famous Paris atelier of Henri Lepage.","PeriodicalId":40914,"journal":{"name":"Arms & Armour","volume":"15 1","pages":"58 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17416124.2017.1379792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46977491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17416124.2017.1379786
J. M. Ballard, J. Bennett
The standard issue bayonet of the British Army immediately preceding and during the First World War was the Pattern 1907. This was manufactured at different times and in varying numbers during that period by one official body, the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield, and by five private contractors. These bayonets were made according to published official specifications issued by the War Department and based on a ‘pattern example’ provided by the Royal Small Arms Factory. The specifications indicate, inter alia, the quality of metal used in making the bayonets, methods of inspection and proofing, and the required maximum and minimum weight range of the completed bayonet. However, examination of a series of these bayonets in a private collection suggested that their weights varied considerably from the mid-point values of the allowed weight ranges in the original and amended specifications (16.5 oz. and 17 oz., respectively). To establish if this was a common feature among this class of bayonet as opposed to a chance factor, the weights of other surviving Pattern 1907 bayonets were determined and compared to establish the degree of variance from the official specifications as originally set out by the Royal Small Arms Factory. Seventy-six percent of the 142 bayonets surveyed were found to be above the mid-point of the allowed weight range given in the amended manufacturing specifications, with many being at the upper end of the allowed range. This is a statistically unusual result. It is speculated that the target weight may have been deliberately set higher by the individual manufacturers to eliminate the possibility of rejection of any underweight bayonets by the Royal Small Arms Factory inspectors and so a refusal of acceptance and payment for the work.
{"title":"An Investigation of the Weights of Pattern 1907 Bayonets made in the UK around the First World War Period","authors":"J. M. Ballard, J. Bennett","doi":"10.1080/17416124.2017.1379786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17416124.2017.1379786","url":null,"abstract":"The standard issue bayonet of the British Army immediately preceding and during the First World War was the Pattern 1907. This was manufactured at different times and in varying numbers during that period by one official body, the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield, and by five private contractors. These bayonets were made according to published official specifications issued by the War Department and based on a ‘pattern example’ provided by the Royal Small Arms Factory. The specifications indicate, inter alia, the quality of metal used in making the bayonets, methods of inspection and proofing, and the required maximum and minimum weight range of the completed bayonet. However, examination of a series of these bayonets in a private collection suggested that their weights varied considerably from the mid-point values of the allowed weight ranges in the original and amended specifications (16.5 oz. and 17 oz., respectively). To establish if this was a common feature among this class of bayonet as opposed to a chance factor, the weights of other surviving Pattern 1907 bayonets were determined and compared to establish the degree of variance from the official specifications as originally set out by the Royal Small Arms Factory. Seventy-six percent of the 142 bayonets surveyed were found to be above the mid-point of the allowed weight range given in the amended manufacturing specifications, with many being at the upper end of the allowed range. This is a statistically unusual result. It is speculated that the target weight may have been deliberately set higher by the individual manufacturers to eliminate the possibility of rejection of any underweight bayonets by the Royal Small Arms Factory inspectors and so a refusal of acceptance and payment for the work.","PeriodicalId":40914,"journal":{"name":"Arms & Armour","volume":"14 1","pages":"206 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17416124.2017.1379786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47046765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17416124.2017.1388575
D. Cvikel, D. Ashkenazi, V. Spiegelman, A. Stern, S. Klein, G. Rimer
The Akko 1 shipwreck is the remains of a 26-metre-long Egyptian armed vessel or auxiliary naval brig built at the beginning of the 19th century. Remains of six flintlock muskets were retrieved from the shipwreck, and characterised by various metallurgical methods. The research aimed to study the composition and microstructure of the musket fittings and their manufacturing processes, and if possible, to determine the date and origin of the raw materials. The lead isotope analysis of the fittings suggests that their raw material originated in Great Britain. Based on their typology and composition, the fittings were made in Great Britain of brass alloy and manufactured by casting, probably at the same workshop; and the staple was manufactured by casting and drawing. Considering the zinc content, combined with the manufacturing techniques, the fittings were manufactured between the latter part of the 18th and the early 19th centuries, which might indicate that they were purchased in the course of 19th century weapons trade to be used on board the Egyptian ship.
{"title":"Flintlock brass fittings from the 19th-century Akko 1 shipwreck, Israel","authors":"D. Cvikel, D. Ashkenazi, V. Spiegelman, A. Stern, S. Klein, G. Rimer","doi":"10.1080/17416124.2017.1388575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17416124.2017.1388575","url":null,"abstract":"The Akko 1 shipwreck is the remains of a 26-metre-long Egyptian armed vessel or auxiliary naval brig built at the beginning of the 19th century. Remains of six flintlock muskets were retrieved from the shipwreck, and characterised by various metallurgical methods. The research aimed to study the composition and microstructure of the musket fittings and their manufacturing processes, and if possible, to determine the date and origin of the raw materials. The lead isotope analysis of the fittings suggests that their raw material originated in Great Britain. Based on their typology and composition, the fittings were made in Great Britain of brass alloy and manufactured by casting, probably at the same workshop; and the staple was manufactured by casting and drawing. Considering the zinc content, combined with the manufacturing techniques, the fittings were manufactured between the latter part of the 18th and the early 19th centuries, which might indicate that they were purchased in the course of 19th century weapons trade to be used on board the Egyptian ship.","PeriodicalId":40914,"journal":{"name":"Arms & Armour","volume":"14 1","pages":"138 - 164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17416124.2017.1388575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42224651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17416124.2017.1379795
Adrian Roads
The Pattern 1838 Musket was initially designed for the rank and file of the British army, it was instead issued to the elite Foot Guards. With arguably the lowest survival rate of any 19th Century British military firearm it is one of the rarest muskets to encounter today. This is its story …
{"title":"Musket, Rank and File for Foot Guards, Lovell’s Pattern of 1838. Ne’er a Shot Fired in Anger?","authors":"Adrian Roads","doi":"10.1080/17416124.2017.1379795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17416124.2017.1379795","url":null,"abstract":"The Pattern 1838 Musket was initially designed for the rank and file of the British army, it was instead issued to the elite Foot Guards. With arguably the lowest survival rate of any 19th Century British military firearm it is one of the rarest muskets to encounter today. This is its story …","PeriodicalId":40914,"journal":{"name":"Arms & Armour","volume":"14 1","pages":"101 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17416124.2017.1379795","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48844086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17416124.2017.1380901
Leslie H. Southwick
This paper examines two rare original Sword Designs, which have recently come to light, patterns said to be the two sides of the Sword of Honour awarded with the Freedom of the City of London to Admiral Seymour, Baron Alcester, Commander-in-Chief HM Ships and Vessels Mediterranean, for the Egyptian Campaign in 1882. The paper places the designs in their historical and iconographical context and assesses, by examining various evidence, if the patterns are, in fact, the original designs of the sword actually presented to Seymour at the Guildhall in 1883.
{"title":"Original Sword Designs, Now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Entered in Competition to Make Admiral Seymour’s City of London Sword of Honour in 1882","authors":"Leslie H. Southwick","doi":"10.1080/17416124.2017.1380901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17416124.2017.1380901","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines two rare original Sword Designs, which have recently come to light, patterns said to be the two sides of the Sword of Honour awarded with the Freedom of the City of London to Admiral Seymour, Baron Alcester, Commander-in-Chief HM Ships and Vessels Mediterranean, for the Egyptian Campaign in 1882. The paper places the designs in their historical and iconographical context and assesses, by examining various evidence, if the patterns are, in fact, the original designs of the sword actually presented to Seymour at the Guildhall in 1883.","PeriodicalId":40914,"journal":{"name":"Arms & Armour","volume":"14 1","pages":"165 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17416124.2017.1380901","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42450729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.1080/17416124.2017.1388493
Robert C. Woosnam-Savage
{"title":"Ceremonial Swords of Britain: State and Civic Swords","authors":"Robert C. Woosnam-Savage","doi":"10.1080/17416124.2017.1388493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17416124.2017.1388493","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40914,"journal":{"name":"Arms & Armour","volume":"14 1","pages":"223 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17416124.2017.1388493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44493661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17416124.2017.1293886
Jonathan Ferguson
The aim of this article is to settle once and for all the question of the term ‘Brown Bess’, as applied to the British soldier’s musket. The specific origin and meaning of this obviously affectionate nickname has long confounded arms and armour scholars, re-enactors, and collectors alike. As a result, various possible solutions have been offered. The article outlines the historical usage of the name, including earlier written references not widely known in the field. The scope of the term is also addressed, using period sources to demonstrate what ‘Brown Bess’ meant to those who actually used the name historically. The many false etymologies of the name are assessed and found wanting or ‘debunked’ outright. Finally, drawing upon existing research from the field of linguistics, the article details the real meaning behind ‘Brown Bess’ the firearm and places ‘her’ in a wider sociohistorical context.
{"title":"‘Trusty Bess’: the Definitive Origins and History of the term 'Brown Bess'","authors":"Jonathan Ferguson","doi":"10.1080/17416124.2017.1293886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17416124.2017.1293886","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to settle once and for all the question of the term ‘Brown Bess’, as applied to the British soldier’s musket. The specific origin and meaning of this obviously affectionate nickname has long confounded arms and armour scholars, re-enactors, and collectors alike. As a result, various possible solutions have been offered. The article outlines the historical usage of the name, including earlier written references not widely known in the field. The scope of the term is also addressed, using period sources to demonstrate what ‘Brown Bess’ meant to those who actually used the name historically. The many false etymologies of the name are assessed and found wanting or ‘debunked’ outright. Finally, drawing upon existing research from the field of linguistics, the article details the real meaning behind ‘Brown Bess’ the firearm and places ‘her’ in a wider sociohistorical context.","PeriodicalId":40914,"journal":{"name":"Arms & Armour","volume":"14 1","pages":"49 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17416124.2017.1293886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41646395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17416124.2017.1293882
M. Raber
The U.S. Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, rarely appears in Civil War histories except perhaps as an unexplained statistical wonder. By late 1863, the Armory was the largest single supplier of rifles to Union forces. Springfield Armory workers out-produced over thirty American contractors, making more Army rifles at less cost while providing contractors with gauges, inspectors, and models, even though there were significant wartime private-sector mechanical innovations. This article identifies and explains the factors in the Armory’s success, provides context on contemporary American arms production and rifle models, and argues that the Armory’s methods and performance were among the first if not the first example of mass production in American small arms manufacture. The relative brevity of the Civil War episode, and the fact that it was not repeated in any comparable way at the Armory until World War II, has obscured its significance in American manufacturing history.
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