Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.36
Hamza Hamouchene
Northern African countries are key suppliers of natural resources to the global economy, from large-scale oil and gas extraction in Algeria, to phosphate mining in Tunisia and Morocco, and to water-intensive agribusiness paired with tourism in Morocco and Tunisia. This extractivist model of development has reaffirmed the role of these countries as exporters of nature and as suppliers of natural resources, entrenching their subordinate insertion into the global capitalist economy. The cases presented in this chapter exemplify broader patterns of primitive accumulation in the global South, where accumulation by dispossession takes the brutal form of the extraction and pillage of natural resources, and the degradation of environments and ecosystems through the privatization and commodification of land and water. This is accompanied by a surge in the forces of resistance and ‘the entrance of new actors onto the scene’ who demand that wealth be shared and distributed equitably.
{"title":"Extractivism and Resistance in North Africa","authors":"Hamza Hamouchene","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.36","url":null,"abstract":"Northern African countries are key suppliers of natural resources to the global economy, from large-scale oil and gas extraction in Algeria, to phosphate mining in Tunisia and Morocco, and to water-intensive agribusiness paired with tourism in Morocco and Tunisia. This extractivist model of development has reaffirmed the role of these countries as exporters of nature and as suppliers of natural resources, entrenching their subordinate insertion into the global capitalist economy. The cases presented in this chapter exemplify broader patterns of primitive accumulation in the global South, where accumulation by dispossession takes the brutal form of the extraction and pillage of natural resources, and the degradation of environments and ecosystems through the privatization and commodification of land and water. This is accompanied by a surge in the forces of resistance and ‘the entrance of new actors onto the scene’ who demand that wealth be shared and distributed equitably.","PeriodicalId":410474,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128320126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.48
Brent Hierman
This chapter addresses the persistent economic and political effects of the Russian Empire’s establishment of extractive colonial institutions in Central Asia and the Caucasus. At a fundamental level, the infrastructure built by the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century and modified by the Soviet Union in the twentieth century to exploit the region’s resources endure into the present; however, the outflow of wealth and resources no longer moves towards a single imperial core. As this chapter details, new networks of extraction have been built. China has now emerged as the terminus for much of the region’s natural resources, whereas Russia is the leading destination for the region’s labour migrants, thus capturing a significant amount of human capital. Additionally, large amounts of wealth are transferred out of the region into Western financial institutions where it is held, laundered, and sometimes moved on. This chapter argues that the flourishing of these global networks of extraction strengthens the overwhelmingly autocratic regimes of the region and hinders the development of civil society. Finally, the chapter addresses the prospects for halting these extractive processes but ultimately finds that this is unlikely given the interwoven nature of political and economic power across the region.
{"title":"Colonial Legacies and Global Networks in Central Asia and the Caucasus","authors":"Brent Hierman","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.48","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the persistent economic and political effects of the Russian Empire’s establishment of extractive colonial institutions in Central Asia and the Caucasus. At a fundamental level, the infrastructure built by the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century and modified by the Soviet Union in the twentieth century to exploit the region’s resources endure into the present; however, the outflow of wealth and resources no longer moves towards a single imperial core. As this chapter details, new networks of extraction have been built. China has now emerged as the terminus for much of the region’s natural resources, whereas Russia is the leading destination for the region’s labour migrants, thus capturing a significant amount of human capital. Additionally, large amounts of wealth are transferred out of the region into Western financial institutions where it is held, laundered, and sometimes moved on. This chapter argues that the flourishing of these global networks of extraction strengthens the overwhelmingly autocratic regimes of the region and hinders the development of civil society. Finally, the chapter addresses the prospects for halting these extractive processes but ultimately finds that this is unlikely given the interwoven nature of political and economic power across the region.","PeriodicalId":410474,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129075121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.8
K. Raffer
Historically shaped global economic structures do not support development, as orthodox economist have wrongly claimed. Starting from colonial times and based on Wallerstein’s World System theory, this Chapter analyses why the North-South divide does not disappear. It starts with what Max Weber dubbed capitalism based on the principle of looting, which transferred enormous values to the North, financing its industrialisation. Southern economies were destroyed and distorted to benefit colonialists. So far relatively few economies could shake off these distortions, essentially by not applying orthodox economic policies. Characteristic features of the present world economy are analysed. It is shown how trade disadvantages Southern Countries (SCs)—e.g. by Unequal Exchange or transfer pricing—how financial structures discriminate against SCs and their inhabitants, in particular by denying them any form of debtor protection. Tax evasion deprives SCs of resources needed to finance development. Although several SCs have specialised on helping tax dodgers, quite a few Northern Countries are also fostering tax evasion (e.g. Luxembourg, the US: Delaware). Finally, the role of international organisations, such as the IBRD, the IMF, or the WTO, or treaties such as Lomé-Cotonou in helping to hamper development and perpetuating the North-South divide is discussed.
{"title":"Development, Underdevelopment, and the North–South Divide","authors":"K. Raffer","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"Historically shaped global economic structures do not support development, as orthodox economist have wrongly claimed. Starting from colonial times and based on Wallerstein’s World System theory, this Chapter analyses why the North-South divide does not disappear. It starts with what Max Weber dubbed capitalism based on the principle of looting, which transferred enormous values to the North, financing its industrialisation. Southern economies were destroyed and distorted to benefit colonialists. So far relatively few economies could shake off these distortions, essentially by not applying orthodox economic policies. Characteristic features of the present world economy are analysed. It is shown how trade disadvantages Southern Countries (SCs)—e.g. by Unequal Exchange or transfer pricing—how financial structures discriminate against SCs and their inhabitants, in particular by denying them any form of debtor protection. Tax evasion deprives SCs of resources needed to finance development. Although several SCs have specialised on helping tax dodgers, quite a few Northern Countries are also fostering tax evasion (e.g. Luxembourg, the US: Delaware). Finally, the role of international organisations, such as the IBRD, the IMF, or the WTO, or treaties such as Lomé-Cotonou in helping to hamper development and perpetuating the North-South divide is discussed.","PeriodicalId":410474,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129207195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.53
Ulrich Brand, M. Wissen
This chapter introduces the concept of the ‘imperial mode of living’ as a contribution to current debates on imperialism. The term points towards the norms of production, distribution, and consumption built into the political, economic, and cultural structures of everyday life for the populations of the Global North. And it works, increasingly, in the countries with ‘emerging economies’ of the Global South, as well. After an introduction of the historical situation into which the chapter intervenes with the term, the meaning of the concept and its analytical use value are outlined. The chapter concludes with a brief remark on the relationship between class (structures) and the imperial mode of living.
{"title":"The Hegemony of the Global Exploitation of Humans and Nature","authors":"Ulrich Brand, M. Wissen","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.53","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the concept of the ‘imperial mode of living’ as a contribution to current debates on imperialism. The term points towards the norms of production, distribution, and consumption built into the political, economic, and cultural structures of everyday life for the populations of the Global North. And it works, increasingly, in the countries with ‘emerging economies’ of the Global South, as well. After an introduction of the historical situation into which the chapter intervenes with the term, the meaning of the concept and its analytical use value are outlined. The chapter concludes with a brief remark on the relationship between class (structures) and the imperial mode of living.","PeriodicalId":410474,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127651915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.13
A. Bagchi
From the eleventh century onward, a number of city states arose in Italybased on communes, free of feudalism, and controlled by the city’s merchants and financiers. The city states went into a rapid decline with the rise of nation states in northern Europe. Following the logic of capitalist accumulation, the new nation states acquired colonies from the beginning. England already had its oldest colony in Ireland, conquered by Henry II in the late twelfth century. From the seventeenth century, it acquired colonies in North America and the Caribbean, and in the eighteenth century it conquered most of India, which became its most valuable prize. After defeating France in 1815, it became the sole superpower until it was challenged by imperial Germany in World War I. After the interregnum of the interwar years, the United Statesemerged as the most powerful nation economically and militarily, its paramountcy being challenged by the Soviet Union until it went into terminal decline from the late seventies. By 2020its superpower status is wasbeing challenged by China and Russia. In the meantime most other European countries had acquired colonies. Most of these colonies became formally independent after World War II, some not until the late seventies.
{"title":"Imperialism from the Eleventh Century to the Twenty-First Century","authors":"A. Bagchi","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"From the eleventh century onward, a number of city states arose in Italybased on communes, free of feudalism, and controlled by the city’s merchants and financiers. The city states went into a rapid decline with the rise of nation states in northern Europe. Following the logic of capitalist accumulation, the new nation states acquired colonies from the beginning. England already had its oldest colony in Ireland, conquered by Henry II in the late twelfth century. From the seventeenth century, it acquired colonies in North America and the Caribbean, and in the eighteenth century it conquered most of India, which became its most valuable prize. After defeating France in 1815, it became the sole superpower until it was challenged by imperial Germany in World War I. After the interregnum of the interwar years, the United Statesemerged as the most powerful nation economically and militarily, its paramountcy being challenged by the Soviet Union until it went into terminal decline from the late seventies. By 2020its superpower status is wasbeing challenged by China and Russia. In the meantime most other European countries had acquired colonies. Most of these colonies became formally independent after World War II, some not until the late seventies.","PeriodicalId":410474,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125990852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.52
E. Gürcan
How have Marxist theories of imperialism evolved in the post–Cold War era? How do they inform us about contemporary forms of imperialism? This chapter reveals that post–Cold War theories of imperialism have developed in two distinct waves. The first wave was triggered mostly by reactions to the offensive of what one could call the ‘globalist’, or ‘transnationalist’ camp, which finds its strongest expression in the thesis of ‘empire’ and transnational capitalist classes. In turn, the detractors of globalism centred their analyses on the contradictions of neoliberalism as the strongest manifestation of contemporary imperialism, where states continue playing a leading role. With the recent decade, there has emerged a second wave of theorizing about imperialism, which took off following the crisis of global capitalism in 2007/2008 and the rise of imperialist interventionism since 2011. This second wave lays stronger emphasis on the North-–South divide without overlooking the chief role of states, and redeploys Lenin’s terminology of uneven development, labour aristocracy, and super-profits. Overall, the chapter uses the method of integrative review to re-visit contemporary theories of imperialism as a whole by discussing how they can contribute to a multidimensional understanding of the phenomenon of imperialism in (geo)political, economic, and sociocultural terms.
{"title":"Marxist Theories of Imperialism in the Post–Cold War Era","authors":"E. Gürcan","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.52","url":null,"abstract":"How have Marxist theories of imperialism evolved in the post–Cold War era? How do they inform us about contemporary forms of imperialism? This chapter reveals that post–Cold War theories of imperialism have developed in two distinct waves. The first wave was triggered mostly by reactions to the offensive of what one could call the ‘globalist’, or ‘transnationalist’ camp, which finds its strongest expression in the thesis of ‘empire’ and transnational capitalist classes. In turn, the detractors of globalism centred their analyses on the contradictions of neoliberalism as the strongest manifestation of contemporary imperialism, where states continue playing a leading role. With the recent decade, there has emerged a second wave of theorizing about imperialism, which took off following the crisis of global capitalism in 2007/2008 and the rise of imperialist interventionism since 2011. This second wave lays stronger emphasis on the North-–South divide without overlooking the chief role of states, and redeploys Lenin’s terminology of uneven development, labour aristocracy, and super-profits. Overall, the chapter uses the method of integrative review to re-visit contemporary theories of imperialism as a whole by discussing how they can contribute to a multidimensional understanding of the phenomenon of imperialism in (geo)political, economic, and sociocultural terms.","PeriodicalId":410474,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116592729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.15
Sébastien Rioux
This chapter problematizes the relationship between slavery, capitalism, and imperialism. First, it explores how slavery and the slave trade played a key historical role in capital accumulation and international value transfer from the early modern period to the Industrial Revolution. More specifically, it looks at the central importance of slavery in the expansion of capitalist trade and production as well as its role in the constitution of an international division of labour premised upon the uneven exploitation of distant spaces and populations. Second, the chapter explores the ways in which capitalist techniques shaped slavery and its institutions. In this respect, it investigates the rationalization of slave production in the context of an increasingly competitive international market in goods. Third, the chapter considers the fundamental importance of struggles and resistance against slavery in the context of capitalist imperialism. The chapter concludes with a discussion on modern-day slavery and its roots in militarized borders, wars of encroachment, and dependent economies of imperialism.
{"title":"Slavery, Capitalism, and Imperialism","authors":"Sébastien Rioux","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.15","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter problematizes the relationship between slavery, capitalism, and imperialism. First, it explores how slavery and the slave trade played a key historical role in capital accumulation and international value transfer from the early modern period to the Industrial Revolution. More specifically, it looks at the central importance of slavery in the expansion of capitalist trade and production as well as its role in the constitution of an international division of labour premised upon the uneven exploitation of distant spaces and populations. Second, the chapter explores the ways in which capitalist techniques shaped slavery and its institutions. In this respect, it investigates the rationalization of slave production in the context of an increasingly competitive international market in goods. Third, the chapter considers the fundamental importance of struggles and resistance against slavery in the context of capitalist imperialism. The chapter concludes with a discussion on modern-day slavery and its roots in militarized borders, wars of encroachment, and dependent economies of imperialism.","PeriodicalId":410474,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122704671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.50
Tim Zajontz
Physical infrastructure has been central to the century-long exploitation of Africa’s soil and peoples by external powers. This chapter sheds light on the pivotal role of railways in the political economies of historical and contemporary imperialisms in East Africa. It first recounts how rail infrastructure developments in Britain’s East Africa and Uganda Protectorates as well as in German East Africa fostered colonial primitive accumulation by forcing local and imported labour power to construct the means that would accelerate the theft of the continent’s natural wealth. In a second step, the chapter examines how contemporary infrastructure development in the region has continually served economic imperialisms. China’s transition from a provider of anti-imperial infrastructure, in the form of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA), to a neo-imperial investor is problematized in the context of East Africa’s gradual integration into the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Drawing on David Harvey’s theorization of spatio-temporal fixes as a tendency inherent to capitalist imperialism, the chapter documents how debt-financed large-scale infrastructure projects, such as Kenya’s new Standard Gauge Railway, serve the geographical expansion of Chinese surplus capital and lock the region into Chinese-centred systems of accumulation. The chapter concludes that Africa’s contemporary infrastructure boom perpetuates the continent’s dependent integration into the global capitalist economy and facilitates new forms of accumulation by dispossession.
{"title":"Railway Imperialisms in East Africa","authors":"Tim Zajontz","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.50","url":null,"abstract":"Physical infrastructure has been central to the century-long exploitation of Africa’s soil and peoples by external powers. This chapter sheds light on the pivotal role of railways in the political economies of historical and contemporary imperialisms in East Africa. It first recounts how rail infrastructure developments in Britain’s East Africa and Uganda Protectorates as well as in German East Africa fostered colonial primitive accumulation by forcing local and imported labour power to construct the means that would accelerate the theft of the continent’s natural wealth. In a second step, the chapter examines how contemporary infrastructure development in the region has continually served economic imperialisms. China’s transition from a provider of anti-imperial infrastructure, in the form of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA), to a neo-imperial investor is problematized in the context of East Africa’s gradual integration into the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Drawing on David Harvey’s theorization of spatio-temporal fixes as a tendency inherent to capitalist imperialism, the chapter documents how debt-financed large-scale infrastructure projects, such as Kenya’s new Standard Gauge Railway, serve the geographical expansion of Chinese surplus capital and lock the region into Chinese-centred systems of accumulation. The chapter concludes that Africa’s contemporary infrastructure boom perpetuates the continent’s dependent integration into the global capitalist economy and facilitates new forms of accumulation by dispossession.","PeriodicalId":410474,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127721567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.5
C. el-Ojeili, Patrick Hayden
This chapter explores, and critically defends, one of the most ambitious human scientific theories, world-systems analysis (WSA), by setting it against major paradigms within the field of international relations (IR) theory. The chapter begins with an examination of the very different worlds of thought crucial to the formulation of WSA and realist and liberal paradigms, exploring core differences around units of analysis, structures and actors, power, key social dynamics and forces, and normative commitments. Setting out Wallerstein’s three-fold conceptualization of the world-system as encompassing the international division of labour, the interstate system, and the geoculture, the chapter then considers substantive debates around hegemony and polarity, conflict and warfare, and states and markets, which separate WSA and IR theory. Finally, in a section focussed on the challenges posed by more recent transformations in world politics, it brings WSA into conversation with the globalization literature and competing Marxian approaches. It contends that WSA continues to provide cogent, compelling challenges to the field of IR theory.
{"title":"The Clash of Interpretations","authors":"C. el-Ojeili, Patrick Hayden","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores, and critically defends, one of the most ambitious human scientific theories, world-systems analysis (WSA), by setting it against major paradigms within the field of international relations (IR) theory. The chapter begins with an examination of the very different worlds of thought crucial to the formulation of WSA and realist and liberal paradigms, exploring core differences around units of analysis, structures and actors, power, key social dynamics and forces, and normative commitments. Setting out Wallerstein’s three-fold conceptualization of the world-system as encompassing the international division of labour, the interstate system, and the geoculture, the chapter then considers substantive debates around hegemony and polarity, conflict and warfare, and states and markets, which separate WSA and IR theory. Finally, in a section focussed on the challenges posed by more recent transformations in world politics, it brings WSA into conversation with the globalization literature and competing Marxian approaches. It contends that WSA continues to provide cogent, compelling challenges to the field of IR theory.","PeriodicalId":410474,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115426824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.22
Susan B. Newman
This chapter discusses the restructuring of production that has taken place over the last thirty years, namely the rise of global value chains/global production networks, and how this has shaped the transfer of value from the Global South to the Global North via direct channels of appropriation along these chains and the tendency towards impoverishment of workers engaged in primary production associated with this. In addition, this chapter discusses new financial avenues for the appropriation of value created in the Global South that have opened up as global value chains intersect with chains of finance such as in the financialization of commodity chains, and the rise of global wealth chains as routes via which multinational corporations channel value created along global value chains in order to avoid fiscal claims, legal obligations, or regulatory oversight. Finally, the chapter considers the future of global value chains under the ongoing crisis of capital.
{"title":"Global Value Chains and Global Value Transfer","authors":"Susan B. Newman","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197527085.013.22","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the restructuring of production that has taken place over the last thirty years, namely the rise of global value chains/global production networks, and how this has shaped the transfer of value from the Global South to the Global North via direct channels of appropriation along these chains and the tendency towards impoverishment of workers engaged in primary production associated with this. In addition, this chapter discusses new financial avenues for the appropriation of value created in the Global South that have opened up as global value chains intersect with chains of finance such as in the financialization of commodity chains, and the rise of global wealth chains as routes via which multinational corporations channel value created along global value chains in order to avoid fiscal claims, legal obligations, or regulatory oversight. Finally, the chapter considers the future of global value chains under the ongoing crisis of capital.","PeriodicalId":410474,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124733581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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