Pub Date : 1961-09-01DOI: 10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503310
L. Silvern
The evolution of electronic systems maintenance philosophy is explored in terms of performance requirements, studies of behavioral patterns, technical training requirements, engineering design, and management competences. The probable degree of success in utilizing the teaching machine for employee and customer technical training involving the maintenance of complex electronic systems is considered.
{"title":"The Influence of Teaching Machine Technology on Electronic Systems Maintenance Training","authors":"L. Silvern","doi":"10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503310","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of electronic systems maintenance philosophy is explored in terms of performance requirements, studies of behavioral patterns, technical training requirements, engineering design, and management competences. The probable degree of success in utilizing the teaching machine for employee and customer technical training involving the maintenance of complex electronic systems is considered.","PeriodicalId":410568,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132415104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-09-01DOI: 10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503316
Joel I. Cooper
Two studies were conducted to determine the extent and nature of human-initiated failures in missile systems. The first study1 compared malfunction data obtained from written reports with data gathered from interviews with line and supervisory personnel. The study revealed large discrepancies in emphasis and extent of data between the reporting methods. Written reports generally were concerned only with failed equipment; interview data with operational, near, or possible malfunctions. The results indicated that personnel tend to report human-initiated malfunctions as equipment malfunctions, thus avoiding incrimination of themselves or their fellow workers. The second study2 attempted to establish the extent of unreported human-initiated malfunctions. Examination indicated that in individual missile systems, human-initiated malfunctions comprised from 20 to 53 per cent of all system malfunctions. It was also revealed that in two missile systems, human-initiated holds accounted for 16 and 23 per cent of total holds, respectively. Human-initiated malfunction data were further classified into the kinds of operations in which these malfunctions occurred. The percentages in these classifications are indicated in this report. Malfunction-reporting practices were reviewed to establish their effectiveness in revealing these data and to indicate the way in which the reporting schemes serve, or fail to serve, the problem of indicating human-initiated malfunction in order that corrective action may be taken.
{"title":"Human-Initiated Failures and Malfunction Reporting","authors":"Joel I. Cooper","doi":"10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503316","url":null,"abstract":"Two studies were conducted to determine the extent and nature of human-initiated failures in missile systems. The first study1 compared malfunction data obtained from written reports with data gathered from interviews with line and supervisory personnel. The study revealed large discrepancies in emphasis and extent of data between the reporting methods. Written reports generally were concerned only with failed equipment; interview data with operational, near, or possible malfunctions. The results indicated that personnel tend to report human-initiated malfunctions as equipment malfunctions, thus avoiding incrimination of themselves or their fellow workers. The second study2 attempted to establish the extent of unreported human-initiated malfunctions. Examination indicated that in individual missile systems, human-initiated malfunctions comprised from 20 to 53 per cent of all system malfunctions. It was also revealed that in two missile systems, human-initiated holds accounted for 16 and 23 per cent of total holds, respectively. Human-initiated malfunction data were further classified into the kinds of operations in which these malfunctions occurred. The percentages in these classifications are indicated in this report. Malfunction-reporting practices were reviewed to establish their effectiveness in revealing these data and to indicate the way in which the reporting schemes serve, or fail to serve, the problem of indicating human-initiated malfunction in order that corrective action may be taken.","PeriodicalId":410568,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117091834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-03-01DOI: 10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503295
W. Reitman
How do problem-solving programs work? How much has been accomplished with them so far? What kinds of developments may be anticipated over the next few years? Two research programs under development are discussed as illustrations of the evolution of heuristic programming systems. Applications of these techniques in studies of problem solving in mathematics and symbolic logic, in industrial and business problems, in laboratory tasks, chess playing and the understanding of language also are considered. The emphasis throughout is on exposition of methods and goals. The paper concludes with a discussion of longer range problems, aspirations, and research strategies in work on artificial intelligence.
{"title":"Programming Intelligent Problem Solvers","authors":"W. Reitman","doi":"10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503295","url":null,"abstract":"How do problem-solving programs work? How much has been accomplished with them so far? What kinds of developments may be anticipated over the next few years? Two research programs under development are discussed as illustrations of the evolution of heuristic programming systems. Applications of these techniques in studies of problem solving in mathematics and symbolic logic, in industrial and business problems, in laboratory tasks, chess playing and the understanding of language also are considered. The emphasis throughout is on exposition of methods and goals. The paper concludes with a discussion of longer range problems, aspirations, and research strategies in work on artificial intelligence.","PeriodicalId":410568,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131458108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-03-01DOI: 10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503298
M. Braunstein, N. Anderson
An experiment was conducted to compare the relative speed and accuracy of reading digits aloud and keypunching digits. The five subjects used in the experiment had no prior experience in keypunching. These subjects read digits at about twice the speed at which they could keypunch even after several hours of practice. However, the subjects indicated that keypunching was an easier task. Reading errors, as judged by a human listener, were not very different in number from keypunching errors.
{"title":"A Comparison of the Speed and Accuracy of Reading Aloud and Keypunching Digits","authors":"M. Braunstein, N. Anderson","doi":"10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503298","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted to compare the relative speed and accuracy of reading digits aloud and keypunching digits. The five subjects used in the experiment had no prior experience in keypunching. These subjects read digits at about twice the speed at which they could keypunch even after several hours of practice. However, the subjects indicated that keypunching was an easier task. Reading errors, as judged by a human listener, were not very different in number from keypunching errors.","PeriodicalId":410568,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133610037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-03-01DOI: 10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503296
T. Marill
Research in the field of automatic speech recognition is reviewed. Despite the considerable effort which has been devoted to this field, the results are still quite limited.
综述了语音自动识别领域的研究进展。尽管在这一领域作出了相当大的努力，但结果仍然相当有限。
{"title":"Automatic Recognition of Speech","authors":"T. Marill","doi":"10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503296","url":null,"abstract":"Research in the field of automatic speech recognition is reviewed. Despite the considerable effort which has been devoted to this field, the results are still quite limited.","PeriodicalId":410568,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131553026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-03-01DOI: 10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503297
M. Minsky
This listing is intended as an introduction to the literature on Artificial Intelligence?i.e., to the literature dealing with the problem of making machines behave intelligently. We have divided this area into categories and cross-indexed the references accordingly. Large bibliographies, without some classification facility, are next to useless. This particular field is still young, but there are already many instances in which workers have wasted much time in rediscovering (for better for for worse) schemes already reported. In the last year or two this problem has become worse, and in such a situation just about any information is better than none.
{"title":"A Selected Descriptor-Indexed Bibliography to the Literature on Artificial Intelligence","authors":"M. Minsky","doi":"10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503297","url":null,"abstract":"This listing is intended as an introduction to the literature on Artificial Intelligence?i.e., to the literature dealing with the problem of making machines behave intelligently. We have divided this area into categories and cross-indexed the references accordingly. Large bibliographies, without some classification facility, are next to useless. This particular field is still young, but there are already many instances in which workers have wasted much time in rediscovering (for better for for worse) schemes already reported. In the last year or two this problem has become worse, and in such a situation just about any information is better than none.","PeriodicalId":410568,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123426940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-03-01DOI: 10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503294
D. Yntema, W. Torgerson
Men and computers could cooperate more efficiently in real-time systems?and perhaps in long-range planning too? if a man could tell the computers how he wanted decisions made, and then let the machine make the decisions for him. In the next few years there will probably be considerable pressure on system designers to adopt such arrangements. The problem of enabling a man to convey his decision rules to a machine will in many cases prove less formidable than it might at first appear. Three methods are discussed. As experience with man-machine cooperation of this type accumulates, problems for research will be generated. An attempt is made to foresee what some of them will be.
{"title":"Man-Computer Cooperation in Decisions Requiring Common Sense","authors":"D. Yntema, W. Torgerson","doi":"10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503294","url":null,"abstract":"Men and computers could cooperate more efficiently in real-time systems?and perhaps in long-range planning too? if a man could tell the computers how he wanted decisions made, and then let the machine make the decisions for him. In the next few years there will probably be considerable pressure on system designers to adopt such arrangements. The problem of enabling a man to convey his decision rules to a machine will in many cases prove less formidable than it might at first appear. Three methods are discussed. As experience with man-machine cooperation of this type accumulates, problems for research will be generated. An attempt is made to foresee what some of them will be.","PeriodicalId":410568,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127649795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1961-03-01DOI: 10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503299
J. I. Elkind, L. T. Sprague
The rate at which a man can transmit information in simple pursuit and compensatory systems is measured. Highest transmission rates are obtained with input signals whose power-density spectra correspond to RC-filtered noise. Pursuit systems gave higher transmission rates than compensatory.
{"title":"Transmission of Information in Simple Manual Control Systems","authors":"J. I. Elkind, L. T. Sprague","doi":"10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/THFE2.1961.4503299","url":null,"abstract":"The rate at which a man can transmit information in simple pursuit and compensatory systems is measured. Highest transmission rates are obtained with input signals whose power-density spectra correspond to RC-filtered noise. Pursuit systems gave higher transmission rates than compensatory.","PeriodicalId":410568,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1961-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126075705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-09-01DOI: 10.1109/THFE2.1960.4503280
E. T. Klemmer
In situations in which the human operator is asked to transmit as much information as he can, it has been observed that the amount of information he transmits varies with the number of variable aspects of the source and the number of physical dimensions used in coding. A simple logarithmic relation is postulated between a measure of these coding properties, called coordinality, and the information transmitted by the human operator. Many problems remain, however.
{"title":"Coordinality - A Measure of Man-Machine Coupling","authors":"E. T. Klemmer","doi":"10.1109/THFE2.1960.4503280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/THFE2.1960.4503280","url":null,"abstract":"In situations in which the human operator is asked to transmit as much information as he can, it has been observed that the amount of information he transmits varies with the number of variable aspects of the source and the number of physical dimensions used in coding. A simple logarithmic relation is postulated between a measure of these coding properties, called coordinality, and the information transmitted by the human operator. Many problems remain, however.","PeriodicalId":410568,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134432941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-09-01DOI: 10.1109/THFE2.1960.4503276
A. Z. Weisz, J. I. Elkind, B. C. Pierstorff, L. T. Sprague
A number of radar steering display designs utilizing the moving-airplane principle were compared with the standard Air Force moving-horizon display in a series of simulator experiments. Significant improvement in tracking performance for military pilots with and without prior fire-control experience was found for a display which incorporated rate feedback and pursuit tracking features in addition to the moving-aircraft principle. Results of smaller-scale tests with naive and relatively inexperienced subjects are also reported.
{"title":"Evaluation of Aircraft Steering Displays","authors":"A. Z. Weisz, J. I. Elkind, B. C. Pierstorff, L. T. Sprague","doi":"10.1109/THFE2.1960.4503276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/THFE2.1960.4503276","url":null,"abstract":"A number of radar steering display designs utilizing the moving-airplane principle were compared with the standard Air Force moving-horizon display in a series of simulator experiments. Significant improvement in tracking performance for military pilots with and without prior fire-control experience was found for a display which incorporated rate feedback and pursuit tracking features in addition to the moving-aircraft principle. Results of smaller-scale tests with naive and relatively inexperienced subjects are also reported.","PeriodicalId":410568,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115701583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：