Transgender/gender diverse (TGD) children experience poorer mental health and social outcomes than those who do not identify as TGD (Smith et al., 2014; Geist et al., 2019), including increased risk for depression and suicidal ideation (Haas et al., 2011; VanBergen & Love, 2022). Research has linked these poor outcomes to the micro-aggressions and dismissive attitudes of their families, communities and wider society (Brooks, 2000; Ryan et al., 2010). This service evaluation used Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) with a small number of purposively sampled parents (n = 5) to explore experiences of their children’s involvement with CAMHS (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services). The aim was to add to the understanding we have of the needs of TGD client groups and to inform service provision. This study supports the wider research base linking affirmative attitudes to more positive mental health outcomes, and adds additional nuance to our understandings of parental attitudes. Parents are not typically polarised in ‘affirmative’ or ‘dismissive’ positions, but rather engaged in journeys of personal growth and development, generally becoming more affirmative over time. These parents also described significant additional support needs with social deprivation, family breakdown and the impact of developmental difference highlighted. Recommendations for intervention are made.
{"title":"Dismissive attitudes and affirmative journeys: Parental perspectives on the mental health support of gender diverse children","authors":"Karl Hind","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2024.053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2024.053","url":null,"abstract":"Transgender/gender diverse (TGD) children experience poorer mental health and social outcomes than those who do not identify as TGD (Smith et al., 2014; Geist et al., 2019), including increased risk for depression and suicidal ideation (Haas et al., 2011; VanBergen & Love, 2022). Research has linked these poor outcomes to the micro-aggressions and dismissive attitudes of their families, communities and wider society (Brooks, 2000; Ryan et al., 2010). This service evaluation used Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) with a small number of purposively sampled parents (n = 5) to explore experiences of their children’s involvement with CAMHS (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services). The aim was to add to the understanding we have of the needs of TGD client groups and to inform service provision. This study supports the wider research base linking affirmative attitudes to more positive mental health outcomes, and adds additional nuance to our understandings of parental attitudes. Parents are not typically polarised in ‘affirmative’ or ‘dismissive’ positions, but rather engaged in journeys of personal growth and development, generally becoming more affirmative over time. These parents also described significant additional support needs with social deprivation, family breakdown and the impact of developmental difference highlighted. Recommendations for intervention are made.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140708069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This narrative review of theory introduces the basis for a new assessment tool; the CASEE (Child Adolescent Sexual Exploitation Evaluation, Ireland, Lewis & Ireland, 2023), which is then illustrated using a case study approach. The CASEE considers the vulnerability and protective factors for children and young people where concerns of child sexual exploitation (CSE) have been raised. Such concerns can include known exposure to CSE, suspected or a potential risk of exposure. The CASEE considers various vulnerability and protective factor items, developed from research involving the CASEE authors, and in response to additional research in the field. A child/young person is rated for the presenting evidence of several vulnerability factors that could present as a heightened risk of exposure to CSE, alongside protective factors that can buffer against these concerns. A key component of the CASEE is completion of an individualised formulation of understanding as to what can exacerbate vulnerabilities, alongside consideration of risk scenarios for how vulnerability can present. The aim is to understand vulnerabilities around the time of CSE concerns, and how protective factors can be maximised to safeguard the child/young person. The plans for validation of the CASEE are outlined.
{"title":"CASEE – Introducing a new assessment tool for supporting victims of Child Sexual Exploitation","authors":"C. Ireland, Jane L. Ireland","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2024.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2024.054","url":null,"abstract":"This narrative review of theory introduces the basis for a new assessment tool; the CASEE (Child Adolescent Sexual Exploitation Evaluation, Ireland, Lewis & Ireland, 2023), which is then illustrated using a case study approach. The CASEE considers the vulnerability and protective factors for children and young people where concerns of child sexual exploitation (CSE) have been raised. Such concerns can include known exposure to CSE, suspected or a potential risk of exposure. The CASEE considers various vulnerability and protective factor items, developed from research involving the CASEE authors, and in response to additional research in the field. A child/young person is rated for the presenting evidence of several vulnerability factors that could present as a heightened risk of exposure to CSE, alongside protective factors that can buffer against these concerns. A key component of the CASEE is completion of an individualised formulation of understanding as to what can exacerbate vulnerabilities, alongside consideration of risk scenarios for how vulnerability can present. The aim is to understand vulnerabilities around the time of CSE concerns, and how protective factors can be maximised to safeguard the child/young person. The plans for validation of the CASEE are outlined.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"100 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140707253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The assessment of risk is a central component of forensic practice with clinicians regularly being required to undertake formal risk assessments using Structured Professional Judgment tools. While these tools guide practitioners to identify areas of concern, they do little to establish the function of risk factors or the context(s) that influenced the consolidation of harmful capacities. In this paper we argue for a compassionate approach to risk assessment that incorporates a functional analysis of the influence of learning experiences and promotes insight into the initial function of risks. We attempt to illustrate this process using case studies throughout.
{"title":"Illuminating the dark side: Life story and formulation work to understand criminogenic capacities and human harmfulness","authors":"Jon Taylor, Kerensa Hocken","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2024.056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2024.056","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment of risk is a central component of forensic practice with clinicians regularly being required to undertake formal risk assessments using Structured Professional Judgment tools. While these tools guide practitioners to identify areas of concern, they do little to establish the function of risk factors or the context(s) that influenced the consolidation of harmful capacities. In this paper we argue for a compassionate approach to risk assessment that incorporates a functional analysis of the influence of learning experiences and promotes insight into the initial function of risks. We attempt to illustrate this process using case studies throughout.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"14 53","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140708197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poor mental health and self-harm are becoming increasingly common in student populations. Strategic partnerships between universities and NHS mental health services can ensure that students have access to appropriate support. The current paper reports on a pilot service evaluation of a brief therapy service for students who have recently self-harmed, namely University-Community Outpatient Psychotherapy Engagement (U-COPE) service. The aim of the pilot evaluation was to ascertain the efficacy of the U-COPE service as well as offer insights around partnership working between university and NHS mental health services in relation to the design, implementation, and delivery of the U-COPE service. Students completed measures of psychological distress before and after the intervention, as well as across the four therapy sessions. There was a reduction in psychological distress between assessment and discharge. Psychological distress also reduced significantly between the first and final therapy session. Most students (93%) continued their programme of study from the year in which they had accessed the U-COPE service to their next year of study. The provision of brief, relational psychotherapy to students presenting with self-harm related difficulties is a novel approach to intervention. The success of this approach illustrates how multiple organisations play a role in supporting student mental health, bringing a blend of diverse skills and expertise together. Although the U-COPE service shows promise as a brief intervention for students who self-harm, these findings should be treated with caution due to the small sample size. Further investigation of this brief intervention is warranted to ascertain whether U-COPE has a long-term impact on difficulties and distress-related behaviours.
{"title":"Tackling poor mental health and self-harming tendencies among students: Indicative evidence of the effectiveness of a novel partnership-based approach to intervention","authors":"Mark O'Brien, Joanne Worsley","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2024.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2024.057","url":null,"abstract":"Poor mental health and self-harm are becoming increasingly common in student populations. Strategic partnerships between universities and NHS mental health services can ensure that students have access to appropriate support. The current paper reports on a pilot service evaluation of a brief therapy service for students who have recently self-harmed, namely University-Community Outpatient Psychotherapy Engagement (U-COPE) service. The aim of the pilot evaluation was to ascertain the efficacy of the U-COPE service as well as offer insights around partnership working between university and NHS mental health services in relation to the design, implementation, and delivery of the U-COPE service. Students completed measures of psychological distress before and after the intervention, as well as across the four therapy sessions. There was a reduction in psychological distress between assessment and discharge. Psychological distress also reduced significantly between the first and final therapy session. Most students (93%) continued their programme of study from the year in which they had accessed the U-COPE service to their next year of study. The provision of brief, relational psychotherapy to students presenting with self-harm related difficulties is a novel approach to intervention. The success of this approach illustrates how multiple organisations play a role in supporting student mental health, bringing a blend of diverse skills and expertise together. Although the U-COPE service shows promise as a brief intervention for students who self-harm, these findings should be treated with caution due to the small sample size. Further investigation of this brief intervention is warranted to ascertain whether U-COPE has a long-term impact on difficulties and distress-related behaviours.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140706864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports on findings from international empirical research that explored victim-survivors and perpetrators’ attitudes towards perpetrator support programmes. Ninety-three questionnaires with female victim-survivors of domestic partner violence and abuse, and 18 interviews with male perpetrators were conducted in five European countries. Results showed that of the 93 victim-survivors of domestic violence and abuse, half stated they would have stayed in their relationship with perpetrators if the abuse had stopped, and a similar number reported that they believed their relationships would have been different had there been help for the perpetrator. Analysis of perpetrator interviews showed that they faced barriers to obtaining support, such as being labelled a ‘perpetrator’ which, had they been addressed, may have enhanced their engagement with services. Whilst acknowledging the need for safeguarding and justice, this paper demonstrates the importance of reflecting both victim-survivor and perpetrator needs in order for perpetrators to fully engage with support services. Moreover, it highlighted the need to address the underlying societal issues related to hegemonic masculinity, which can lead to the abuse of women being normalised and the vulnerability of men being stigmatised, through education for young people around healthy relationships.
{"title":"Explorations of attitudes towards accessibility and accessing domestic violence and abuse (DVA) perpetrator support programmes by victim-survivors and perpetrators across five European countries","authors":"Orlanda Harvey, Terri Cole, J. Levell, Jane Healy","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2024.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2024.055","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on findings from international empirical research that explored victim-survivors and perpetrators’ attitudes towards perpetrator support programmes. Ninety-three questionnaires with female victim-survivors of domestic partner violence and abuse, and 18 interviews with male perpetrators were conducted in five European countries. Results showed that of the 93 victim-survivors of domestic violence and abuse, half stated they would have stayed in their relationship with perpetrators if the abuse had stopped, and a similar number reported that they believed their relationships would have been different had there been help for the perpetrator. Analysis of perpetrator interviews showed that they faced barriers to obtaining support, such as being labelled a ‘perpetrator’ which, had they been addressed, may have enhanced their engagement with services. Whilst acknowledging the need for safeguarding and justice, this paper demonstrates the importance of reflecting both victim-survivor and perpetrator needs in order for perpetrators to fully engage with support services. Moreover, it highlighted the need to address the underlying societal issues related to hegemonic masculinity, which can lead to the abuse of women being normalised and the vulnerability of men being stigmatised, through education for young people around healthy relationships.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"105 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140707383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous research into various forms of online abuse tend to calculate indicative prevalence rates. Little research has examined what courses of action are adopted to prevent further online abuse. This gap in the academic literature is addressed in this article. Data were derived from responses to an online questionnaire into online abuse. Sample comprised participants aged 25-75 who were not currently transitioning between high school and university study, alongside the 18-24 cohort who have dominated most previous research samples. Results showed that blocking abusers was the common strategy to prevent further online abuse. This is the general advice given by social media platforms when users encounter online abuse and bullying. This was followed by participants choosing not to comment on matters including feminism and racism. Fear for their personal safety fuelled the desire for participants to censor their online commentary or cease altogether. However, these were not universally adopted with some participants making no changes to their online activities following incidents of abuse. Personal responsibility for online safety only addresses micro-level online abuse. This indicates that macro-level online abuse is not being addressed adequately by social media providers, who should become more proactive in preventing online abuse.
{"title":"Preventive action against online abuse: An Australian perspective","authors":"Christine Lee","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2023.049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2023.049","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research into various forms of online abuse tend to calculate indicative prevalence rates. Little research has examined what courses of action are adopted to prevent further online abuse. This gap in the academic literature is addressed in this article. Data were derived from responses to an online questionnaire into online abuse. Sample comprised participants aged 25-75 who were not currently transitioning between high school and university study, alongside the 18-24 cohort who have dominated most previous research samples. Results showed that blocking abusers was the common strategy to prevent further online abuse. This is the general advice given by social media platforms when users encounter online abuse and bullying. This was followed by participants choosing not to comment on matters including feminism and racism. Fear for their personal safety fuelled the desire for participants to censor their online commentary or cease altogether. However, these were not universally adopted with some participants making no changes to their online activities following incidents of abuse. Personal responsibility for online safety only addresses micro-level online abuse. This indicates that macro-level online abuse is not being addressed adequately by social media providers, who should become more proactive in preventing online abuse.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127001161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The psychological state, traits, and characteristics of non-organised crime homicide offenders (NOCHO) and their body disposal methods is not a subject that has historically been explored. This research seeks to identify the specific states, traits and characteristics exhibited by NOCHO’s and predict body disposal methods, in order to aid criminal investigators and profilers faced with disorganised crime scenes. This research adopts a Rapid Evidence Assessment methodology to analyse the existing scientific evidence base between 2002 to 2022, providing a contemporary understanding of this area. Findings revealed that NOCHO’s are often delusional, impulsive, socially inadequate, unable to maintain interpersonal relationships, have higher rates of personality disorders, have criminal histories, are withdrawn, and use drugs or alcohol. Findings made throughout this series of studies will contribute to knowledge within this field.
{"title":"The exploration of the psychological states, traits, and characteristics of non-organised crime homicide offenders in the commissioning of homicide","authors":"Courtney Date","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2023.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2023.047","url":null,"abstract":"The psychological state, traits, and characteristics of non-organised crime homicide offenders (NOCHO) and their body disposal methods is not a subject that has historically been explored. This research seeks to identify the specific states, traits and characteristics exhibited by NOCHO’s and predict body disposal methods, in order to aid criminal investigators and profilers faced with disorganised crime scenes. This research adopts a Rapid Evidence Assessment methodology to analyse the existing scientific evidence base between 2002 to 2022, providing a contemporary understanding of this area. Findings revealed that NOCHO’s are often delusional, impulsive, socially inadequate, unable to maintain interpersonal relationships, have higher rates of personality disorders, have criminal histories, are withdrawn, and use drugs or alcohol. Findings made throughout this series of studies will contribute to knowledge within this field.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133537835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The past few decades have seen hate crime receive significant academic attention. Yet, while academics have researched the many aspects of hate crime, gaps still remain in the evidence base. This paper seeks to examine one of those gaps: the relationship between hate crime and violent extremism. To examine this relationship, the paper utilised a Rapid Evidence Assessment methodology. The authors searched multiple online databases with a focus on post ‘9/11’ literature through to December 2020, yielding a total of 38 articles. The research explored components of violent extremism and their similarities and differences to hate crime. Findings showed that while there is a relationship between hate crime and violent extremism, the nature and extent of this nexus is quite specific. Accordingly, by targeting the similarities between the two, practices and interventions that seek to prevent one may also be applied to the other.
{"title":"The Hate Crime-Violent Extremism nexus: An assessment of the relationship","authors":"P. Wheatley, Philip Birch","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2023.046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2023.046","url":null,"abstract":"The past few decades have seen hate crime receive significant academic attention. Yet, while academics have researched the many aspects of hate crime, gaps still remain in the evidence base. This paper seeks to examine one of those gaps: the relationship between hate crime and violent extremism. To examine this relationship, the paper utilised a Rapid Evidence Assessment methodology. The authors searched multiple online databases with a focus on post ‘9/11’ literature through to December 2020, yielding a total of 38 articles. The research explored components of violent extremism and their similarities and differences to hate crime. Findings showed that while there is a relationship between hate crime and violent extremism, the nature and extent of this nexus is quite specific. Accordingly, by targeting the similarities between the two, practices and interventions that seek to prevent one may also be applied to the other.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122094392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated IPV behaviour and decisions associated with whether to stay or leave an IPV relationship during the UK coronavirus pandemic in March 2020. The associations between gender, religion, proximity, financial strain, alcohol use, family cohesion, acceptance of partner behaviour, and emotional labour (surface acting and deep acting) were explored in relation to the presence of IPV and decisions to stay or leave IPV relationships. These variables were selected as they linked with the Lifestyle-Routine Activities Theory and Ecological Theory. A total of 179 participants completed an online questionnaire. The results of the study found that unbalanced family cohesion predicted all forms of IPV, and balanced family cohesion predicted stay decisions for victims. Surface acting predicted verbal abuse and religion predicted physical abuse. Additionally, the acceptance of positive closeness behaviours significantly predicted stay decisions for victims. The implications of these findings are discussed.
{"title":"A pandemic within a pandemic: The investigation of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) victimisation risk factors and stay/leave decisions during the UK COVID-19 lockdown","authors":"Shawnelle Himsworth, R. Worthington","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2023.045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2023.045","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated IPV behaviour and decisions associated with whether to stay or leave an IPV relationship during the UK coronavirus pandemic in March 2020. The associations between gender, religion, proximity, financial strain, alcohol use, family cohesion, acceptance of partner behaviour, and emotional labour (surface acting and deep acting) were explored in relation to the presence of IPV and decisions to stay or leave IPV relationships. These variables were selected as they linked with the Lifestyle-Routine Activities Theory and Ecological Theory. A total of 179 participants completed an online questionnaire. The results of the study found that unbalanced family cohesion predicted all forms of IPV, and balanced family cohesion predicted stay decisions for victims. Surface acting predicted verbal abuse and religion predicted physical abuse. Additionally, the acceptance of positive closeness behaviours significantly predicted stay decisions for victims. The implications of these findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127831853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lisa Maria Beethoven Steene, N. Krishnan, J. Ireland, Lisa Gaylor
With the increased availability of the internet and new technologies, use of the internet to commit sex offences has been well documented. Despite increased interest, no systematic review has yet evaluated the risk and protective factors evidenced for online sex offending among those engaged in such behaviour. The current review aims to investigate this via a systematic review of 43 relevant articles. The emerged focus was on child abuse images. Thematic analysis identified seven risk factors: evidence for cognitive distortions; difficulties with relationships; managing isolation, loneliness, and boredom; psychological traits connected to low self-worth, poor psychological health, and impulse challenges; interest in deviant sexual material; child abuse images as reinforcing for emotions; and developing a hyper-fixation and preoccupation with sex. Limitations and implications are discussed, including the absence of researched protective factors.
{"title":"A Systematic Review into Risk and Protective Factors for Online Sex Offending","authors":"Lisa Maria Beethoven Steene, N. Krishnan, J. Ireland, Lisa Gaylor","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2023.044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2023.044","url":null,"abstract":"With the increased availability of the internet and new technologies, use of the internet to commit sex offences has been well documented. Despite increased interest, no systematic review has yet evaluated the risk and protective factors evidenced for online sex offending among those engaged in such behaviour. The current review aims to investigate this via a systematic review of 43 relevant articles. The emerged focus was on child abuse images. Thematic analysis identified seven risk factors: evidence for cognitive distortions; difficulties with relationships; managing isolation, loneliness, and boredom; psychological traits connected to low self-worth, poor psychological health, and impulse challenges; interest in deviant sexual material; child abuse images as reinforcing for emotions; and developing a hyper-fixation and preoccupation with sex. Limitations and implications are discussed, including the absence of researched protective factors.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116727544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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