Rohan Jayawardena, Queensland Australia Independent Researcher
States or coalitions may conduct intervention operations to stabilise weak or failing states. Intervening powers often use military or police forces to impose security while development agencies rebuild the affected state’s institutions, including the Rule of Law. However, recent experience suggests that interventions may perpetuate criminal conduct. This paper examines the NATO missions in Afghanistan and other interventions to suggest links between partnering with corrupt or criminal actors and subsequent setbacks in stabilisation. It then proposes strategies by which future intervention forces may mitigate the risks of perpetuating criminal conduct. The paper asserts that intervention forces may empower criminal actors inadvertently or deliberately. It suggests that criminal allies may offer apparent security gains, and command popular support; and may be the only allies available. However, it concludes that perpetuating crime and corruption undermines the legitimacy of the affected state’s government and the intervention force, and potentially enables state capture. These outcomes may perpetuate violence. The paper suggests that intervention forces may mitigate these risks by setting clear priorities, planning against all potential threats including organised criminals, linking aid to the achievement of governance objectives, delaying transition until the affected state’s institutions are ready, and conducting deep selection of future leaders.
{"title":"At What Price? Managing the Costs of Tolerating Corrupt or Criminal Partners in Stability Interventions","authors":"Rohan Jayawardena, Queensland Australia Independent Researcher","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2021.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2021.026","url":null,"abstract":"States or coalitions may conduct intervention operations to stabilise weak or failing states. Intervening powers often use military or police forces to impose security while development agencies rebuild the affected state’s institutions, including the Rule of Law. However, recent experience suggests that interventions may perpetuate criminal conduct. This paper examines the NATO missions in Afghanistan and other interventions to suggest links between partnering with corrupt or criminal actors and subsequent setbacks in stabilisation. It then proposes strategies by which future intervention forces may mitigate the risks of perpetuating criminal conduct. The paper asserts that intervention forces may empower criminal actors inadvertently or deliberately. It suggests that criminal allies may offer apparent security gains, and command popular support; and may be the only allies available. However, it concludes that perpetuating crime and corruption undermines the legitimacy of the affected state’s government and the intervention force, and potentially enables state capture. These outcomes may perpetuate violence. The paper suggests that intervention forces may mitigate these risks by setting clear priorities, planning against all potential threats including organised criminals, linking aid to the achievement of governance objectives, delaying transition until the affected state’s institutions are ready, and conducting deep selection of future leaders.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"7 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132339595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gender differences impact the work that professionals engage in with sexual offenders and victims of sexual trauma (with females often perceived as more likely to experience sexual trauma, and males as more likely to commit a sexual offence). However, there is no evidence looking at these factors in combination. This study aimed to address this gap, asking: “Are experiences of nursing staff working with sex offenders with a history of sexual trauma affected by gender differences, that is, in terms of gender of the staff member, and gender of the client they are working with?” Eight participants, (four male, four female) working within a Forensic Mental Health Service took part in semi-structured interviews. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Five superordinate themes emerged from the data, along with a number of subordinate themes. Superordinate themes included: ‘Gender has a role’, ‘The trauma response’, ‘How we cope’, and ‘What we need’. Nursing staff working with sexual offenders with historic sexual trauma found work to be challenging both emotionally and socially. Such challenges were complicated by the gender interaction between them as professionals, and the patients who have experience of being both victims and perpetrators of sexual abuse.
{"title":"Working with sex offenders with a history of sexual trauma: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis","authors":"A. Woodhouse, Tees, Sarah Craven-Staines","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2021.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2021.027","url":null,"abstract":"Gender differences impact the work that professionals engage in with sexual offenders and victims of sexual trauma (with females often perceived as more likely to experience sexual trauma, and males as more likely to commit a sexual offence). However, there is no evidence looking at these factors in combination. This study aimed to address this gap, asking: “Are experiences of nursing staff working with sex offenders with a history of sexual trauma affected by gender differences, that is, in terms of gender of the staff member, and gender of the client they are working with?” Eight participants, (four male, four female) working within a Forensic Mental Health Service took part in semi-structured interviews. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Five superordinate themes emerged from the data, along with a number of subordinate themes. Superordinate themes included: ‘Gender has a role’, ‘The trauma response’, ‘How we cope’, and ‘What we need’. Nursing staff working with sexual offenders with historic sexual trauma found work to be challenging both emotionally and socially. Such challenges were complicated by the gender interaction between them as professionals, and the patients who have experience of being both victims and perpetrators of sexual abuse.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114398496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the vast amount of research being devoted to the field of sexual abuse and trauma, literature surrounding a gender informed stance is still very much in its infancy. This article presents a systematic review aiming to provide an impartial critical examination of relevant existing literature with the main aim of exploring the role of gender in staffs’ experience of working with survivors of sexual trauma. Electronic databases were searched online. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they investigated the experience and gender of staff working with adult survivors of sexual trauma. The exclusion criteria were studies that focussed on child and adolescent participants, and survivors with an intellectual disability. Eight studies were eligible for inclusion, and as such reviewed by authors; each highlighted the crucial role gender plays in the unique work between professionals and survivors of sexual trauma. Findings from the review highlighted gender as influencing interpersonal dynamics when focussing in on the client and/or the clinician. Clinician gender was felt to be particularly impactful and potentially detrimental should the gender of the professional be the same of that of the client’s historic abuser. Further societal stereotypes and perceptions of what connotes an abuse survivor has implications for working with male and female survivors of sexual trauma. As a result, there is potential for males being discouraged from making disclosures due to a subconscious reduced openness to males as survivors, rather than abusers. Increased empathy was found more often to be afforded to female survivors, with harsher punishments attributed to their abusers. Evidence was also suggested for the global adverse impact of working with this client group on professionals with an increased risk of vicarious traumatisation and burnout highlighted amongst clinicians. Limitations are highlighted in relation to the review’s ability to truly explore gender as the study only made reference to biological sex.
{"title":"A systematic review: The role of gender in staffs’ experience of working with adult survivors of sexual trauma","authors":"A. Woodhouse, Tees, Sarah Craven-Staines","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2021.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2021.025","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the vast amount of research being devoted to the field of sexual abuse and trauma, literature surrounding a gender informed stance is still very much in its infancy. This article presents a systematic review aiming to provide an impartial critical examination of relevant existing literature with the main aim of exploring the role of gender in staffs’ experience of working with survivors of sexual trauma. Electronic databases were searched online. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they investigated the experience and gender of staff working with adult survivors of sexual trauma. The exclusion criteria were studies that focussed on child and adolescent participants, and survivors with an intellectual disability. Eight studies were eligible for inclusion, and as such reviewed by authors; each highlighted the crucial role gender plays in the unique work between professionals and survivors of sexual trauma. Findings from the review highlighted gender as influencing interpersonal dynamics when focussing in on the client and/or the clinician. Clinician gender was felt to be particularly impactful and potentially detrimental should the gender of the professional be the same of that of the client’s historic abuser. Further societal stereotypes and perceptions of what connotes an abuse survivor has implications for working with male and female survivors of sexual trauma. As a result, there is potential for males being discouraged from making disclosures due to a subconscious reduced openness to males as survivors, rather than abusers. Increased empathy was found more often to be afforded to female survivors, with harsher punishments attributed to their abusers. Evidence was also suggested for the global adverse impact of working with this client group on professionals with an increased risk of vicarious traumatisation and burnout highlighted amongst clinicians. Limitations are highlighted in relation to the review’s ability to truly explore gender as the study only made reference to biological sex.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129085357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Qurashi, S. Chu, H. Ashcroft, Benjamin Cross, R. Bentall, N. Husain, Blackburn Uk. East Lancashire Hospitals Nhs Trust
There is an association between childhood trauma and the development of psychosis in adulthood and a treatment recommended to reduce the symptoms of trauma is Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR). Studies of EMDR in adults with psychotic experiences and a history of trauma have shown encouraging results. As psychosis is a core feature of schizophrenia, and many persons with schizophrenia will have experienced childhood trauma, we review the evidence that EMDR may be a safe and effective adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia. We conclude that the evidence base supports well-designed and adequately powered randomised controlled studies of EMDR in schizophrenia with careful consideration given to inclusion criteria, participant acceptability and selection of clinically relevant outcome measures. Mechanism of action and potential effects on cognitive functioning should also be explored.
{"title":"Childhood Trauma and Psychosis: The case for exploring Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia","authors":"I. Qurashi, S. Chu, H. Ashcroft, Benjamin Cross, R. Bentall, N. Husain, Blackburn Uk. East Lancashire Hospitals Nhs Trust","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2021.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2021.023","url":null,"abstract":"There is an association between childhood trauma and the development of psychosis in adulthood and a treatment recommended to reduce the symptoms of trauma is Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR). Studies of EMDR in adults with psychotic experiences and a history of trauma have shown encouraging results. As psychosis is a core feature of schizophrenia, and many persons with schizophrenia will have experienced childhood trauma, we review the evidence that EMDR may be a safe and effective adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia. We conclude that the evidence base supports well-designed and adequately powered randomised controlled studies of EMDR in schizophrenia with careful consideration given to inclusion criteria, participant acceptability and selection of clinically relevant outcome measures. Mechanism of action and potential effects on cognitive functioning should also be explored.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122313078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tamara Sweller, Sydney Australia. Corrective Services New South Wales, Stuart D M Thomas, M. Daffern
Assessing change in incarcerated sexual offenders is critical to release decision-making and risk management. This study measured change in a group of treatment completers from a custody-based treatment program. Change was determined through comparison of pre- and post-treatment psychological testing and structured therapist assessment. Data were analysed at the group and individual levels. Multiple complexities were evident when examining the psychometric test results; many participants were considered ‘functional’ (within the normal range) according to extant test norms prior to treatment, and many who were regarded as ‘dysfunctional’ pre-treatment remained in this range post-treatment. Tests measuring constructs from the same risk factor domain often produced inconsistent results and, for most participants, change was only evident on some tests. Psychometric assessment results and therapist ratings were associated. These results highlight the complexities inherent in the evaluation of change. Clinical implications for the measurement of change and test selection are discussed.
{"title":"The complexities of measuring change in prisoners with sexual offence histories","authors":"Tamara Sweller, Sydney Australia. Corrective Services New South Wales, Stuart D M Thomas, M. Daffern","doi":"10.37576/abuse.2021.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37576/abuse.2021.022","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing change in incarcerated sexual offenders is critical to release decision-making and risk management. This study measured change in a group of treatment completers from a custody-based treatment program. Change was determined through comparison of pre- and post-treatment psychological testing and structured therapist assessment. Data were analysed at the group and individual levels. Multiple complexities were evident when examining the psychometric test results; many participants were considered ‘functional’ (within the normal range) according to extant test norms prior to treatment, and many who were regarded as ‘dysfunctional’ pre-treatment remained in this range post-treatment. Tests measuring constructs from the same risk factor domain often produced inconsistent results and, for most participants, change was only evident on some tests. Psychometric assessment results and therapist ratings were associated. These results highlight the complexities inherent in the evaluation of change. Clinical implications for the measurement of change and test selection are discussed.","PeriodicalId":412545,"journal":{"name":"Abuse: An International Impact Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128125250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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