Pub Date : 2017-09-18DOI: 10.1007/s00450-017-0388-x
Pascal Hirmer, Michael Behringer, Bernhard Mitschang
Workflows and workflow technologies are an approved means to orchestrate services while supporting parallelism, error handling, and asynchronous messaging. A special case workflow technology is applied to are Data Mashups. In Data Mashups, workflows orchestrate services that specialize on data processing. The workflow model itself specifies the order data is processed in. Due to the fact that Data Mashups aim for usability of domain-experts with limited IT and programming knowledge, they oftentimes offer a layer on top that abstracts from the concrete workflow model and technology. This model is then transformed into an executable workflow model. However, transforming and executing the model as a whole leads to efficiency issues. In this paper, we introduce an approach to execute part of this model during modeling time. More precisely, once a specific part is modeled, it is transformed into an executable workflow fragment and executed in the backend. Consequently, once the user created the whole model, the execution time seems to be much shorter for the user because most of the model has already been processed. Furthermore, through our approach, access to intermediate results is enabled at modeling time already.
{"title":"Partial execution of Mashup Plans during modeling time","authors":"Pascal Hirmer, Michael Behringer, Bernhard Mitschang","doi":"10.1007/s00450-017-0388-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-017-0388-x","url":null,"abstract":"Workflows and workflow technologies are an approved means to orchestrate services while supporting parallelism, error handling, and asynchronous messaging. A special case workflow technology is applied to are Data Mashups. In Data Mashups, workflows orchestrate services that specialize on data processing. The workflow model itself specifies the order data is processed in. Due to the fact that Data Mashups aim for usability of domain-experts with limited IT and programming knowledge, they oftentimes offer a layer on top that abstracts from the concrete workflow model and technology. This model is then transformed into an executable workflow model. However, transforming and executing the model as a whole leads to efficiency issues. In this paper, we introduce an approach to execute part of this model during modeling time. More precisely, once a specific part is modeled, it is transformed into an executable workflow fragment and executed in the backend. Consequently, once the user created the whole model, the execution time seems to be much shorter for the user because most of the model has already been processed. Furthermore, through our approach, access to intermediate results is enabled at modeling time already.","PeriodicalId":41265,"journal":{"name":"SICS Software-Intensive Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"312 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-13DOI: 10.1007/s00450-017-0350-y
Lukas Razik, Markus Mirz, Daniel Knibbe, Stefan Lankes, Antonello Monti
The increasing complexity of ICT systems in smart grids requires that all actors improve their interoperability. To this aim, IEC 61970/61968 specify the Common Information Model (CIM) which describes terms in the energy sector and relations between them. One of the key features of CIM is its object-oriented design based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). This makes CIM easy to maintain and extensible by visual UML editors leading to a continuous standardization process keeping up with new developments. But this means that CIM based software must be kept up-to-date as well. Therefore, this paper presents our Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) based approach with which CIM, as specified by a visual UML editor, can be mapped to a compilable C({+}{+}) codebase. Moreover, it shows how this codebase can be used for an automated generation of a C({+}{+}) objects deserializer from CIM based documents following the UML specification. All presented approaches are implemented in an open-source project called CIM({+}{+}) and evaluated on a real-world use case.
{"title":"Automated deserializer generation from CIM ontologies: CIM $${+}{+}$$ + + —an easy-to-use and automated adaptable open-source library for object deserialization in C $${+}{+}$$ + + from documents based on user-specified UML models following the Common Information Model (CIM) standards for the energy sector","authors":"Lukas Razik, Markus Mirz, Daniel Knibbe, Stefan Lankes, Antonello Monti","doi":"10.1007/s00450-017-0350-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-017-0350-y","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing complexity of ICT systems in smart grids requires that all actors improve their interoperability. To this aim, IEC 61970/61968 specify the Common Information Model (CIM) which describes terms in the energy sector and relations between them. One of the key features of CIM is its object-oriented design based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). This makes CIM easy to maintain and extensible by visual UML editors leading to a continuous standardization process keeping up with new developments. But this means that CIM based software must be kept up-to-date as well. Therefore, this paper presents our Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) based approach with which CIM, as specified by a visual UML editor, can be mapped to a compilable C<span>({+}{+})</span> codebase. Moreover, it shows how this codebase can be used for an automated generation of a C<span>({+}{+})</span> objects deserializer from CIM based documents following the UML specification. All presented approaches are implemented in an open-source project called CIM<span>({+}{+})</span> and evaluated on a real-world use case.","PeriodicalId":41265,"journal":{"name":"SICS Software-Intensive Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"312 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-11DOI: 10.1007/s00450-017-0381-4
Paul Zehetbauer, Matthias Stifter, Bharath Varsh Rao
The need for improved operational efficiency planning accuracy leads to a growing number of sensors and other monitoring sources in our power system. New methods for properly dealing with this increasing amount of data are required. This paper presents how clustering can help to drastically reduce the processing time of energy data time series. The developed approach categorizes similar load behavior by means of agglomerative hierarchical clustering based on their correlation coefficient. It includes the determination of the best number of clusters to model different load patterns with respect to the total error given as a key performance indicator. The results are a reduced set of representative three phase load profiles based on the data input and clustering configurations. The accuracy of these representative profiles is validated by resembling the original data set. Dependent on available computational resources a network operator can use this to intelligently compress measurement data while keeping the required accuracy. The method is demonstrated on data from the testbed of Aspern Smart City Research in Seestadt Aspern, Austria.
{"title":"Phase preserving profile generation from measurement data by clustering and performance analysis: a tool for network planning and operation","authors":"Paul Zehetbauer, Matthias Stifter, Bharath Varsh Rao","doi":"10.1007/s00450-017-0381-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-017-0381-4","url":null,"abstract":"The need for improved operational efficiency planning accuracy leads to a growing number of sensors and other monitoring sources in our power system. New methods for properly dealing with this increasing amount of data are required. This paper presents how clustering can help to drastically reduce the processing time of energy data time series. The developed approach categorizes similar load behavior by means of agglomerative hierarchical clustering based on their correlation coefficient. It includes the determination of the best number of clusters to model different load patterns with respect to the total error given as a key performance indicator. The results are a reduced set of representative three phase load profiles based on the data input and clustering configurations. The accuracy of these representative profiles is validated by resembling the original data set. Dependent on available computational resources a network operator can use this to intelligently compress measurement data while keeping the required accuracy. The method is demonstrated on data from the testbed of Aspern Smart City Research in Seestadt Aspern, Austria.","PeriodicalId":41265,"journal":{"name":"SICS Software-Intensive Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"312 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-08DOI: 10.1007/s00450-017-0369-0
Beat Koch, Doris Slezak
Server rooms and data centers consume approximately 3% of the total electricity production in Switzerland. Studies have shown that more than 40% of that energy could be saved if common best practices were implemented by facility and IT operators. In order to raise public awareness of this relevant energy-saving potential, the Swiss Telecommunications Association was asked to set up a campaign. We describe the main elements of the campaign as well as preliminary results of the survey that is part of the campaign.
{"title":"Poster Abstract: Less energy, more efficiency in server rooms and data centers","authors":"Beat Koch, Doris Slezak","doi":"10.1007/s00450-017-0369-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-017-0369-0","url":null,"abstract":"Server rooms and data centers consume approximately 3% of the total electricity production in Switzerland. Studies have shown that more than 40% of that energy could be saved if common best practices were implemented by facility and IT operators. In order to raise public awareness of this relevant energy-saving potential, the Swiss Telecommunications Association was asked to set up a campaign. We describe the main elements of the campaign as well as preliminary results of the survey that is part of the campaign.","PeriodicalId":41265,"journal":{"name":"SICS Software-Intensive Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"313 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-05DOI: 10.1007/s00450-017-0365-4
Gilbert Fridgen, Florian Guggenmos, Christian Regal, Marco Schmidt
Engineering-based energy performance assessments, e.g., required for the award of energy certificates, evoke significant effort and lack accuracy. This paper introduces the idea of building energy performance assessment on Big Data Analytics and information on buildings and occupants while respecting people’s privacy. Using a case study, we investigate whether the proposed method can outperform engineering-based methods in the field of residential buildings in terms of cost and accuracy.
{"title":"Poster abstract: Big Data beats engineering in residential energy performance assessment—a case study","authors":"Gilbert Fridgen, Florian Guggenmos, Christian Regal, Marco Schmidt","doi":"10.1007/s00450-017-0365-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-017-0365-4","url":null,"abstract":"Engineering-based energy performance assessments, e.g., required for the award of energy certificates, evoke significant effort and lack accuracy. This paper introduces the idea of building energy performance assessment on Big Data Analytics and information on buildings and occupants while respecting people’s privacy. Using a case study, we investigate whether the proposed method can outperform engineering-based methods in the field of residential buildings in terms of cost and accuracy.","PeriodicalId":41265,"journal":{"name":"SICS Software-Intensive Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"313 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-05DOI: 10.1007/s00450-017-0353-8
Samuel Schöb, Sebastian A. Günther, Karl Regensburger, Thorsten Staake
In Europe and the US, hot water use accounts for 13–18% of the average home’s energy consumption, compared to just 4 and 6% for lighting and cooking, respectively. As water heating mostly relies on oil, gas, and electricity, hot water use has been identified as an important target of many carbon reduction programs. We propose and describe a system that—comparable to non-intrusive load monitoring for electricity—disaggregates water extractions from a central metering device. The system can be used to provide consumption feedback, feed information into energy management systems, and can help to identify excessive water and energy use. The system relies on event-detection techniques and adapted Random Forest classifiers. We have tested and validated the system in two households over four months. The system was able to detect 85% of the extraction events which we then classify (“Dishwasher”, “Shower”, “Tap”, “Toilet”, and “Washing machine”). Random Forest achieves an F-measure between 71 and 91%. The area under the curve is above 0.9 for each appliance. We conclude that appliances are predicted reliably.
{"title":"NIWM: non-intrusive water monitoring to uncover heat energy use in households","authors":"Samuel Schöb, Sebastian A. Günther, Karl Regensburger, Thorsten Staake","doi":"10.1007/s00450-017-0353-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-017-0353-8","url":null,"abstract":"In Europe and the US, hot water use accounts for 13–18% of the average home’s energy consumption, compared to just 4 and 6% for lighting and cooking, respectively. As water heating mostly relies on oil, gas, and electricity, hot water use has been identified as an important target of many carbon reduction programs. We propose and describe a system that—comparable to non-intrusive load monitoring for electricity—disaggregates water extractions from a central metering device. The system can be used to provide consumption feedback, feed information into energy management systems, and can help to identify excessive water and energy use. The system relies on event-detection techniques and adapted Random Forest classifiers. We have tested and validated the system in two households over four months. The system was able to detect 85% of the extraction events which we then classify (“Dishwasher”, “Shower”, “Tap”, “Toilet”, and “Washing machine”). Random Forest achieves an F-measure between 71 and 91%. The area under the curve is above 0.9 for each appliance. We conclude that appliances are predicted reliably.","PeriodicalId":41265,"journal":{"name":"SICS Software-Intensive Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"313 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-05DOI: 10.1007/s00450-017-0346-7
Lukas Exel, Georg Frey
The transformation of the energy system requires new methods for its modeling and simulation, as established methods are facing problems in representing the increasing complexity and flexibility. We present the modeling and simulation framework MOCES that is based on the modeling language Modelica. The novelty of MOCES is the explicit modeling of the processes that ensure the balancing of production and consumption and which link the physical system with the energy markets. In this contribution, we show how MOCES can be used to model and simulate the German power system with detailed spatial representation by adapting and extending the ELMOD-DE model. The adapted model is modified to investigate the effect of local storage systems that aim at minimizing the exchange of electricity with the upstream grid. We provide findings on their effect to the grid usage, the grid stability, and the economic performance of the storage systems. In addition, we examine the influence of an increasing number of local storage systems on their economic performance.
{"title":"Modeling and simulation of local flexibilities and their effect to the entire power system","authors":"Lukas Exel, Georg Frey","doi":"10.1007/s00450-017-0346-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-017-0346-7","url":null,"abstract":"The transformation of the energy system requires new methods for its modeling and simulation, as established methods are facing problems in representing the increasing complexity and flexibility. We present the modeling and simulation framework MOCES that is based on the modeling language <span>Modelica</span>. The novelty of MOCES is the explicit modeling of the processes that ensure the balancing of production and consumption and which link the physical system with the energy markets. In this contribution, we show how MOCES can be used to model and simulate the German power system with detailed spatial representation by adapting and extending the ELMOD-DE model. The adapted model is modified to investigate the effect of local storage systems that aim at minimizing the exchange of electricity with the upstream grid. We provide findings on their effect to the grid usage, the grid stability, and the economic performance of the storage systems. In addition, we examine the influence of an increasing number of local storage systems on their economic performance.","PeriodicalId":41265,"journal":{"name":"SICS Software-Intensive Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"313 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s00450-017-0379-y
C. Steinbrink, A. A. van der Meer, M. Cvetkovic, D. Babazadeh, S. Rohjans, P. Palensky, S. Lehnhoff
Evaluating new technological developments for energy systems is becoming more and more complex. The overall application environment is a continuously growing and interconnected cyber-physical system so that analytical assessment is practically impossible to realize. Consequently, new solutions must be evaluated in simulation studies. Due to the interdisciplinarity of the simulation scenarios, various heterogeneous tools must be connected. This approach is known as co-simulation. During the last years, different approaches have been developed or adapted for applications in energy systems. In this paper, two co-simulation approaches are compared that follow generic, versatile concepts. The tool mosaik, which has been explicitly developed for the purpose of co-simulation in complex energy systems, is compared to the High Level Architecture (HLA), which possesses a domain-independent scope but is often employed in the energy domain. The comparison is twofold, considering the tools’ conceptual architectures as well as results from the simulation of representative test cases. It suggests that mosaik may be the better choice for entry-level, prototypical co-simulation while HLA is more suited for complex and extensive studies.
{"title":"Smart grid co-simulation with MOSAIK and HLA: a comparison study","authors":"C. Steinbrink, A. A. van der Meer, M. Cvetkovic, D. Babazadeh, S. Rohjans, P. Palensky, S. Lehnhoff","doi":"10.1007/s00450-017-0379-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-017-0379-y","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating new technological developments for energy systems is becoming more and more complex. The overall application environment is a continuously growing and interconnected cyber-physical system so that analytical assessment is practically impossible to realize. Consequently, new solutions must be evaluated in simulation studies. Due to the interdisciplinarity of the simulation scenarios, various heterogeneous tools must be connected. This approach is known as co-simulation. During the last years, different approaches have been developed or adapted for applications in energy systems. In this paper, two co-simulation approaches are compared that follow generic, versatile concepts. The tool <span>mosaik</span>, which has been explicitly developed for the purpose of co-simulation in complex energy systems, is compared to the High Level Architecture (HLA), which possesses a domain-independent scope but is often employed in the energy domain. The comparison is twofold, considering the tools’ conceptual architectures as well as results from the simulation of representative test cases. It suggests that <span>mosaik</span> may be the better choice for entry-level, prototypical co-simulation while HLA is more suited for complex and extensive studies.","PeriodicalId":41265,"journal":{"name":"SICS Software-Intensive Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"313 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s00450-017-0345-8
René Buffat, Dominik Bucher, Martin Raubal
Mobility in Switzerland currently consumes about 35% of the total energy demand. While internal combustion engines still generate most of it, the increasing number of electric vehicles changes the landscape by decoupling energy production from consumption. This allows using more sustainable energy sources, such as photovoltaics (PV), hydroelectric power plants or wind turbines. In the past years, the number of PV installations has grown rapidly in Switzerland. It is expected that PV has the highest growth potential of all renewable energy sources. Solar panels are especially interesting, as they can be installed on most buildings, which distributes the electricity production. However, due to frequent fluctuations in production, PV poses a challenge for the existing power grid. It is unclear to what extent PV production can be increased without the need for extensions of the power grid, such as additional transmission lines or storage capabilities. Electric vehicles could be used to consume fluctuating electricity production. In this paper, we study the effects of using locally produced photovoltaic power to recharge electric vehicles of commuters in individual Swiss municipalities. Such an analysis not only gives us indications of the potentials and limits of using photovoltaics to satisfy mobility energy demands, but can also be used to better direct subsidies and plan the electrical grid.
{"title":"Using locally produced photovoltaic energy to charge electric vehicles","authors":"René Buffat, Dominik Bucher, Martin Raubal","doi":"10.1007/s00450-017-0345-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-017-0345-8","url":null,"abstract":"Mobility in Switzerland currently consumes about 35% of the total energy demand. While internal combustion engines still generate most of it, the increasing number of electric vehicles changes the landscape by decoupling energy production from consumption. This allows using more sustainable energy sources, such as photovoltaics (PV), hydroelectric power plants or wind turbines. In the past years, the number of PV installations has grown rapidly in Switzerland. It is expected that PV has the highest growth potential of all renewable energy sources. Solar panels are especially interesting, as they can be installed on most buildings, which distributes the electricity production. However, due to frequent fluctuations in production, PV poses a challenge for the existing power grid. It is unclear to what extent PV production can be increased without the need for extensions of the power grid, such as additional transmission lines or storage capabilities. Electric vehicles could be used to consume fluctuating electricity production. In this paper, we study the effects of using locally produced photovoltaic power to recharge electric vehicles of commuters in individual Swiss municipalities. Such an analysis not only gives us indications of the potentials and limits of using photovoltaics to satisfy mobility energy demands, but can also be used to better direct subsidies and plan the electrical grid.","PeriodicalId":41265,"journal":{"name":"SICS Software-Intensive Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"313 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138495238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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