Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia最新文献

Introduction

Gynecological carcinosarcoma, also called malignant mixed Müllerian tumor, is a rare, heterogeneous, aggressive, malignant neoplasm. The vagina as a primary site of carcinosarcoma is exceptional.

Main symptoms and/or clinical findings

95-year-old woman who consulted for vaginal bleeding. The gynecological examination revealed a polypoid tumor dependent on the right lateral wall of the vagina.

Main diagnoses, therapeutic interventions and results The CT radiological study identified a tumor measuring 6 × 3,4 × 3,5 cm, which occupied the lower third of the vagina. The polypoid mass was excised in fragments, with resection of its base in the right medial 1/3 of the vagina. The histological study corresponded to a malignant spindle-cell neoplasm with areas of high cell density, intersecting fascicles and multiple edematous areas, with spindle-shaped or stellate-shaped cells with intense nuclear atypia and monstrous bizarre cells. Chondroid-like or myxoid appearance foci, frequent atypical multinucleated giant tumor cells, mitosis and some foci with evident epithelial differentiation in the form of poorly differentiated carcinoma were observed. The diagnosis was carcinosarcoma. Considering the patient's age, it was decided to perform follow-up without further interventions. Currently, one year after diagnosis, the patient has no evidence of recurrence.

Conclusion

Primary malignant neoplasms of the vagina are very rare. Vaginal carcinosarcoma is an extremely rare neoplasm that occurs in elderly women. The prognosis is poor and more studies are needed to better understand this neoplasm.

Objective

The present study investigated the predictors of single-dose (50 mg/m²) methotrexate (MTX) treatment success in ectopic pregnancies.

Method

A retrospective cohort study was conducted using information databases from a single academic tertiary care hospital among 396 participants referred for treatment of ectopic pregnancy (EP). Data were collected on age, history of EP, basal level of β-hCG, features of vaginal ultrasound (left or right), mass size, presence of hematoma around the mass and free pelvic fluid, and demand of subsequent doses of MTX or surgery. The patients were divided into success and failure groups based on whether they were treated with a single-dose of methotrexate (single dose MTX), or required subsequent doses of MTX or surgery.

Results

The success rate of single-dose MTX treatment was approximately 74%. The failure chance was significantly higher in right adnexal masses (OR: 3.45), history of EP (OR: 28.19), presence of hematoma on ultrasound (OR: 26.69), and serum β-hCG > 719 mIu/ml (OR: 5.19). A mass size > 19 mm was associated with a 79% increased chance of failure (p = 0.10). These variables accounted for approximately 45–66% of the failure variance for single-dose MTX treatment. Based on ROC curve analysis, initial β-hCG level of 719 mIu/ml was the best cutoff for patients with EP (with a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 63%).

Conclusion

The treatment outcome of single dose MTX can be successfully predicted based on the previous history of EP, the presence of hematoma on ultrasound, mass location, and measurement of β-hCG levels before treatment.

Introduction

Malaria presents a significant challenge during pregnancy, even in non-endemic environments like Spain. Pregnant women face severe complications due to placental parasite accumulation, leading to conditions such as severe anemia, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and perinatal death. In this article, we present a clinical case illustrating the complexities and successful management strategies of malaria during pregnancy in a non-endemic setting.

Major symptoms and clinical findings

A 37-week pregnant woman from Equatorial Guinea presents with fever and hemoptoic sputum. Laboratory analysis reveals severe thrombocytopenia, anemia, and hyperbilirubinemia, prompting suspicion of malaria.

Major diagnoses, therapeutic interventions and outcomes

P. falciparum antigen is detected in the blood, meeting criteria for severe malaria based on clinical and analytical findings. Treatment with intravenous artesunate results in rapid parasitemia reduction. On the second day, the patient enters labor and undergoes a eutocic delivery, giving birth to a healthy baby girl with negative P. falciparum antigen. Parasites are found in the placental intervillous space upon analysis. Postpartum oral therapy with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine proceeds without incident. Discharge occurs three days later.

Conclusions

Effective management of malaria during pregnancy requires early suspicion, a multidisciplinary approach, and targeted treatment to optimize maternal-fetal outcomes. Vaginal birth at term is recommended to mitigate perinatal complications and promote maternal recovery. Oral dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine therapy emerges as a promising option for postpartum preventive treatment, yielding favorable short- and long-term results.

Introduction

Mosaicism due to duplication of chromosome 1q is recognized as a cytogenetic anomaly, characterized by low frequency and few cases reported in the literature.

Clinical findings

In this case, we present a primigravida patient at 24 weeks of pregnancy, with a fetus displaying abnormal ultrasound findings. These include ventriculomegaly, micrognathia, hypotelorism, and associated diaphragmatic hernia.

Primary diagnoses

Amniocentesis was performed, and karyotype analysis revealed a prenatal diagnosis of mos 46,XY,dup(1)(q23q44)[19]/46,XY[41] mosaicism. Subsequently, the patient experienced preterm delivery with early perinatal demise.

Therapeutic interventions and outcomes

Due to the lack of evidence regarding fetal therapy and the prenatal diagnosis of this condition, postnatal assessment was awaited for appropriate therapeutic management. Subsequently, the patient had preterm delivery with early perinatal death.

Conclusion

Heterogeneity of findings is observed to depend on the size and location of the chromosomal alteration, and factors such as the concurrent development of diaphragmatic hernia are associated with a poorer prognosis and higher rates of mortality due to the degree of pulmonary hypoplasia.

The significant increase in pediatric and adolescent cancer survivors in the last few decades, has highlighted on options to minimize long-term side effects related to treatment. Fertility preservation alternatives in girls after a cancer diagnosis are moving from being considered experimental to becoming an increasingly widespread healthcare practice. On the other hand, the real possibilities in prepubertal boys still have a longer way to improve. Since these are minor and especially vulnerable patients, multidisciplinary work is essential, with homogeneous criteria in patient selection and application of techniques. The following publication summarizes the state of the art on this subject, emphasizing the differentiating features in relation to the adult population.

Background

As sexuality and its related issues are significantly associated with sociocultural settings, addressing the sexual health status of individuals in different societies is of the utmost importance. Women with vaginismus have more stress, anxiety, depression, and they also feel hopeless and have low self-esteem. And this problem can disturb intimacy between couples and women's sexual self-concept. Therefore, the present study was to determine and compare sexual self-concept and intimacy in women presenting with and without vaginismus.

Methods

This case–control study was conducted in 2021–2022 on 240 women with and without vaginismus, referring to selected sexual health clinics based in Iran. The data collection tools recruited were the demographic characteristics’ information, the Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire, and the Sexual Intimacy Scale. To calculate the odds ratio of the studied variables, the logistic regression analysis using the SPSS Statistics software (ver. 25) was also employed.

Results

The mean age of women with and without vaginismus was 27.85 ± 4.62 and 28.51 ± 4.34, respectively. According to the regression results, the variables of sexual intimacy (odds ratio (OR) = 0.864, P < 0.001), sexual awareness (OR = 6.090, P = 0.003), sexual-anxiety (OR = 1.613, P < 0.001), fear of sex (OR = 1.338, P = 0.021) and sexual problem prevention (OR = 0.765, P = 0.016) were significantly associated with vaginismus.

Conclusions

According to these results, sexual intimacy, sexual awareness, sexual-anxiety, fear of sex and sexual problem prevention were significantly associated with vaginismus. Therefore, it is suggested that for the treatment of women with vaginismus, interventions can be designed to improve sexual intimacy, sexual knowledge and positive sexual self-concept and reduce sexual anxiety.

Introduction

Fibroids are common benign gynecological tumors but a rare finding in adolescents. Although infrequent, some symptomatic cases have been described in literature.

Main symptoms and/or clinical findings

A 16-year-old Caucasian patient came to our attention for abdominal pain and dysmenorrhea appeared two months before. Her gynecological history was characterized by regular menstrual cycles, normal in quantity, with dysmenorrhea. Bimanual pelvic examination revealed an anteverted mobile uterus, no adnexal tenderness or masses. Speculum examination showed a normal cervix. No vaginal bleeding or discharge was observed during the visit.

Main diagnoses

Transabdominal/transvaginal ultrasound demonstrated an anteverted uterus of 71 mm × 44 × 48 mm, with a heterogeneous myometrial structure and a hypoechoic subserosal-intramural mass (FIGO leiomyoma subclassification system: O-4) localized in the posterior uterine wall, measuring 26 mm × 19 mm × 16 mm, slightly vascularized at the Color-Doppler (Color Score 2). Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the ultrasound diagnosis.

Therapeutic interventions and outcomes

Considering pelvic mass dimension and the patient age, a “wait and see” approach was chosen and the patient was re-evaluated a month and three months after the first ultrasound. The second and the third transvaginal ultrasound exam showed an unchanged picture.

Conclusion

The management of leiomyoma in young patients should be targeted to dimension and symptoms of the mass. When facing myomas of small dimension, paucisymptomatic or asymptomatic, with no signs of malignity, we suggest an expectant management.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a benign chronic inflammatory disease affecting the breast stroma. Diagnosis is by exclusion and requires histopathological confirmation, as its clinical and radiological presentation may be similar to breast carcinoma. Treatment is mainly medical, complemented by percutaneous drainage and ultimately surgical.

Although it is a benign pathology, it can cause significant impairment of quality of life. Due to its nature, it requires a multidisciplinary approach. It is necessary to protocolise the management of this entity both to establish the diagnosis and to initiate appropriate treatment early and prevent progression to advanced stages.

The aim of this work is to standardise the diagnosis and treatment of IGM from a multidisciplinary approach following medical consensus. The diagnostic algorithm is described, considering risk factors for IGM, typical radiological signs in order to be able to detect suspected cases early and subsequently ensure early treatment, which is described in the following algorithm for treatment. We also describe a specific follow-up circuit.

These multidisciplinary diagnostic-therapeutic algorithms are proposed to raise awareness and standardise the approach to this rare disease, accelerating its diagnosis and optimising its treatment.

ertility preservation is indicated in most cases of oncologic diseases and when gonadotoxic treatments are prescribed. However, in recent years, there has been an increase in preservation cycles carried out for benign diseases and conditions with a risk of developing premature ovarian failure. Premature ovarian insufficiency is related to a genetic disorder in 10% of cases. The most common known conditions are FMR1 premutation and Turner syndrome, and recently, other diseases such as mutations in the BRCA 1/2 genes have been implicated in this pathology.

We conducted a bibliographic review on premature ovarian insufficiency associated with the premutation of the FMR1 gene or Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1, the various pathophysiological theories described, and the difficulty in predicting which women will develop ovarian failure due to the lack of a useful predictive marker. Additionally, we evaluated different recommendations for managing these women and when to indicate the implementation of fertility preservation techniques. This option could prevent the psychological impact women of these women's reproductive health impairment.

Premature or primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by the loss of ovarian function in women under 40 years of age, with a prevalence of 1% of the female population. Women with POI face subfertility and premature symptoms associated with menopause. Currently, reproductive options for these patients are limited, primarily relying on oocyte donation. However, recent advances in the knowledge of the initial phases of folliculogenesis have allowed the proposal of new therapeutic strategies to try to restore ovarian function in these patients. In this paper, the physiological background, preliminary results on POI and DOR (decreased ovarian reserve) patients, as well as future challenges associated with these innovative treatments are addressed. The ovarian reactivation strategies analyzed in this review include surgical procedures (IVA and Drug-Free IVA), the infusion of growth factors from activated platelets (Platelet-Rich Plasma) or the use of stem cells and factors released by them (Stem Cell-Based Therapy), and the use of mitochondrial transfer therapies.