{"title":"Guadalupe Garcia, Beyond the Walled City : Colonial Exclusion in Havana","authors":"Laura Fernández‐González","doi":"10.4000/abe.11680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/abe.11680","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41296,"journal":{"name":"ABE Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42770835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Murray Fraser and I agree about the importance of teaching architecture students a history of architecture that is global in scope. We believe in this as a matter of inclusiveness, as we teach students who come from all over the world, and as a matter of practicality, as we train global citizens, who may work almost anywhere. But above all, we do not believe in the inherent superiority—as both Banister Fletchers certainly did—of a line of descent that extends from the Greek temple to the Amer...
{"title":"Response to Murray Fraser","authors":"Kathleen James-Chakraborty","doi":"10.4000/abe.6954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/abe.6954","url":null,"abstract":"Murray Fraser and I agree about the importance of teaching architecture students a history of architecture that is global in scope. We believe in this as a matter of inclusiveness, as we teach students who come from all over the world, and as a matter of practicality, as we train global citizens, who may work almost anywhere. But above all, we do not believe in the inherent superiority—as both Banister Fletchers certainly did—of a line of descent that extends from the Greek temple to the Amer...","PeriodicalId":41296,"journal":{"name":"ABE Journal","volume":"17 8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82887180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the Ethiopian chapter in the careers of Peter and Ute Baumbach, prominent architects from the German Democratic Republic (gdr), by analyzing their previously (mostly) unpublished plans and drawings as well as oral history. In line with Łukasz Stanek‘s investigation of the architectures of mondialisation, we combine reflections gathered in the course of research on the mobility of East German architects in an effort to broaden the scope of knowledge about the circulation of planning practices between the “Second World” and the “Global South,” embedded in complex Cold War economic and political contexts. While analyzing Baumbachs’ activities, we confront their narrative with the historiography of urban planning in Ethiopia, where we investigate links and disconnections stated by the protagonists themselves or those traceable in the sources. Using first-person accounts as a starting point for an investigation into developments that in many ways escape the conventional historical record, the story of the East German couple’s involvement in Addis also allows us to reflect on the limitations and biases as well as the benefits of oral history approaches, for further research in the history of architecture and planning beyond Europe.
{"title":"“Not the usual way?” On the involvement of an East German couple with the planning of the Ethiopian capital","authors":"Monika Motylińska, Phuong Phan","doi":"10.4000/abe.6997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/abe.6997","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the Ethiopian chapter in the careers of Peter and Ute Baumbach, prominent architects from the German Democratic Republic (gdr), by analyzing their previously (mostly) unpublished plans and drawings as well as oral history. In line with Łukasz Stanek‘s investigation of the architectures of mondialisation, we combine reflections gathered in the course of research on the mobility of East German architects in an effort to broaden the scope of knowledge about the circulation of planning practices between the “Second World” and the “Global South,” embedded in complex Cold War economic and political contexts. While analyzing Baumbachs’ activities, we confront their narrative with the historiography of urban planning in Ethiopia, where we investigate links and disconnections stated by the protagonists themselves or those traceable in the sources. Using first-person accounts as a starting point for an investigation into developments that in many ways escape the conventional historical record, the story of the East German couple’s involvement in Addis also allows us to reflect on the limitations and biases as well as the benefits of oral history approaches, for further research in the history of architecture and planning beyond Europe.","PeriodicalId":41296,"journal":{"name":"ABE Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88148301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The public spaces in Iran’s built environment were gendered sites of domination and subordination, yet also terrains of resistance and emancipation. Tracing the massive western-oriented project of modernization of public spaces issued by the Shah of Iran, Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925-1941), this article contextualizes the gendered language used to advance modernization, and examines examples of women’s experiences in major cities including Tehran, Shiraz, Qazvin, Rasht, and Bushehr. During this period, modern architecture and planning movements in Iran mainly followed the discourse instigated by ciam [International Congresses of Modern Architecture]. Urban street plans with an orthogonal network of roads, streets, and wide boulevards were favored over the vernacular system of narrow, twisting, partly-roofed alleys, based on pedestrian movements. The modern movement also attempted to desegregate and “democratize” public spaces through gender desegregation, arguing that streets needed to be aesthetically-pleasing spaces where both men and women could walk and socialize in mixed-sex gatherings, a phenomenon that was not common in public spaces in the history of Iran. It should be noted that in 1936, Reza Shah promulgated a ban on the use of the chador (the traditional Iranian veil) in public places, in favor of Western women’s fashion, i.e., European hats, coats, and gloves. Due to this ban, some women, particularly those from conservative, religious, lower-class backgrounds, resisted using public spaces and streets. In older neighborhoods, where houses were attached to each other, these women used the rooftops as gathering spaces and as a form of pedestrian pathway. Others, mainly elite, urban, upper-class women, accepted and appreciated the desegregated spatial practices, using them to free themselves from social and cultural taboos. Building on postcolonial and transnational feminist theories, including those of Chandra Talpade Mohanty (1984) and Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan (1994), which critique modernity and modernization and emphasize the diversity of women’s experiences and the importance of contextualizing them, this article addresses how, in a political climate of enormous contradictions, architectures were (re)configured and (re)appropriated as physical tools of resistance against the coloniality of modernization of the built environment and state power for one group of women, yet simultaneously, were (re)envisioned as an apparatus of confrontation with cultural traditionalism and patriarchal ideologies for another group of women.
伊朗建筑环境中的公共空间是统治和从属的性别场所，也是抵抗和解放的领域。本文追溯了伊朗国王礼萨·巴列维(Reza Shah Pahlavi, 1925-1941)发起的大规模以西方为导向的公共空间现代化项目，将用于推进现代化的性别语言置于语境中，并考察了德黑兰、设拉子、加兹温、拉什特和布什尔等主要城市的女性经历。在此期间，伊朗的现代建筑和规划运动主要遵循ciam(国际现代建筑大会)的话语。城市街道规划采用正交的道路、街道和宽阔的林荫大道网络，而不是基于行人运动的狭窄、扭曲、部分屋顶的小巷系统。现代运动还试图通过废除性别隔离来废除种族隔离并使公共空间“民主化”，认为街道需要成为美观的空间，男性和女性都可以在那里散步，并在男女混合的聚会中进行社交，这种现象在伊朗历史上的公共空间中并不常见。值得注意的是，在1936年，礼萨沙颁布了一项禁令，禁止在公共场所使用chador(传统的伊朗面纱)，取而代之的是西方女性的时尚，即欧洲的帽子、外套和手套。由于这一禁令，一些女性，特别是那些来自保守、宗教和下层社会背景的女性，拒绝使用公共空间和街道。在老旧的社区里，房子彼此相连，这些妇女把屋顶用作聚会空间和行人通道。其他人，主要是精英、城市、上层阶级的妇女，接受并欣赏这种废除种族隔离的空间做法，利用它们将自己从社会和文化禁忌中解放出来。基于后殖民主义和跨国女权主义理论，包括钱德拉·塔尔帕德·莫汉蒂(1984)和因德帕尔·格里瓦尔和卡伦·卡普兰(1994)的理论，这些理论批判了现代性和现代化，强调了女性经历的多样性以及将其置于背景下的重要性，本文探讨了在巨大矛盾的政治气候下，对于一群女性来说，建筑被(重新)配置和(重新)挪用为抵抗建筑环境现代化的殖民主义和国家权力的物理工具，但同时，对于另一群女性来说，建筑被(重新)设想为与文化传统主义和父权意识形态对抗的工具。
{"title":"On Contradictions: The Architecture of Women’s Resistance and Emancipation in Early twentieth-Century Iran","authors":"A. Ziaee","doi":"10.4000/abe.7059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/abe.7059","url":null,"abstract":"The public spaces in Iran’s built environment were gendered sites of domination and subordination, yet also terrains of resistance and emancipation. Tracing the massive western-oriented project of modernization of public spaces issued by the Shah of Iran, Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925-1941), this article contextualizes the gendered language used to advance modernization, and examines examples of women’s experiences in major cities including Tehran, Shiraz, Qazvin, Rasht, and Bushehr. During this period, modern architecture and planning movements in Iran mainly followed the discourse instigated by ciam [International Congresses of Modern Architecture]. Urban street plans with an orthogonal network of roads, streets, and wide boulevards were favored over the vernacular system of narrow, twisting, partly-roofed alleys, based on pedestrian movements. The modern movement also attempted to desegregate and “democratize” public spaces through gender desegregation, arguing that streets needed to be aesthetically-pleasing spaces where both men and women could walk and socialize in mixed-sex gatherings, a phenomenon that was not common in public spaces in the history of Iran. It should be noted that in 1936, Reza Shah promulgated a ban on the use of the chador (the traditional Iranian veil) in public places, in favor of Western women’s fashion, i.e., European hats, coats, and gloves. Due to this ban, some women, particularly those from conservative, religious, lower-class backgrounds, resisted using public spaces and streets. In older neighborhoods, where houses were attached to each other, these women used the rooftops as gathering spaces and as a form of pedestrian pathway. Others, mainly elite, urban, upper-class women, accepted and appreciated the desegregated spatial practices, using them to free themselves from social and cultural taboos. Building on postcolonial and transnational feminist theories, including those of Chandra Talpade Mohanty (1984) and Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan (1994), which critique modernity and modernization and emphasize the diversity of women’s experiences and the importance of contextualizing them, this article addresses how, in a political climate of enormous contradictions, architectures were (re)configured and (re)appropriated as physical tools of resistance against the coloniality of modernization of the built environment and state power for one group of women, yet simultaneously, were (re)envisioned as an apparatus of confrontation with cultural traditionalism and patriarchal ideologies for another group of women.","PeriodicalId":41296,"journal":{"name":"ABE Journal","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88183294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Penser le patrimoine guadeloupéen du XXe siècle Sophie Paviol
{"title":"Penser le patrimoine guadeloupéen du XXe siècle","authors":"Sophie Paviol","doi":"10.4000/abe.6989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/abe.6989","url":null,"abstract":"HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Penser le patrimoine guadeloupéen du XXe siècle Sophie Paviol","PeriodicalId":41296,"journal":{"name":"ABE Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41739661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Beyond the Walled City Guadalupe Garcia offers an original and nuanced analysis of social inclusion/exclusion within the urban space of Havana from its settlement in the sixteenth century to the early twentieth century. Garcia rightly brings to the fore a significant gap in scholarship regarding the African presence in the city and its impact on the historic urban morphology of Havana. Drawing on extensive research from a variety of repositories in Cuba, Spain and the United States, Garcia...
{"title":"Guadalupe Garcia, Beyond the Walled City: Colonial Exclusion in Havana","authors":"Laura Fernández‐González","doi":"10.4000/abe.6966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/abe.6966","url":null,"abstract":"In Beyond the Walled City Guadalupe Garcia offers an original and nuanced analysis of social inclusion/exclusion within the urban space of Havana from its settlement in the sixteenth century to the early twentieth century. Garcia rightly brings to the fore a significant gap in scholarship regarding the African presence in the city and its impact on the historic urban morphology of Havana. Drawing on extensive research from a variety of repositories in Cuba, Spain and the United States, Garcia...","PeriodicalId":41296,"journal":{"name":"ABE Journal","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83029596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Life in France at the mid-twentieth century was extremely patriarchal and oppressive towards women. It is against this context that Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) viewed cities as the sites of great personal liberation, where she had the potential to move freely and make unencumbered decisions about her life. Written during the gestation of The Second Sex, her book, America Day by Day [L’Amerique au jour le jour], a fictionalized account of two journeys taken through the United States in 1947...
二十世纪中期的法国生活对妇女是极端的父权和压迫。正是在这种背景下，西蒙娜·德·波伏娃(1908-1986)将城市视为伟大的个人解放之地，在那里她有可能自由行动，对自己的生活做出不受阻碍的决定。写于《第二性》的孕育期间，她的书《美国的一天又一天》(L 'Amerique au jour le jour)虚构地描述了1947年在美国的两次旅行……
{"title":"The gendered user and the generic city: Simone de Beauvoir’s America Day by Day","authors":"Mary Pepchinski","doi":"10.4000/abe.6956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/abe.6956","url":null,"abstract":"Life in France at the mid-twentieth century was extremely patriarchal and oppressive towards women. It is against this context that Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) viewed cities as the sites of great personal liberation, where she had the potential to move freely and make unencumbered decisions about her life. Written during the gestation of The Second Sex, her book, America Day by Day [L’Amerique au jour le jour], a fictionalized account of two journeys taken through the United States in 1947...","PeriodicalId":41296,"journal":{"name":"ABE Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88863064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sibyl Moholy-Nagy (1903-1971), the subject of the first book in a new series edited by Tom Avermaete and Janina Gosseye, aptly fits their brief of expanding our understanding of the modern movement by looking beyond the figures they term “grandmasters,” while retaining a focus on biography. The widow of the Bauhaus master Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, the subject of her first major work of non-fiction, Moholy-Nagy never embraced what became known as postmodernism. As Hilde Heynen demonstrates in Sibyl ...
{"title":"Hilde Heynen, Sibyl Moholy-Nagy: Architecture, Modernism and its Discontents","authors":"Kathleen James-Chakraborty","doi":"10.4000/abe.6964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/abe.6964","url":null,"abstract":"Sibyl Moholy-Nagy (1903-1971), the subject of the first book in a new series edited by Tom Avermaete and Janina Gosseye, aptly fits their brief of expanding our understanding of the modern movement by looking beyond the figures they term “grandmasters,” while retaining a focus on biography. The widow of the Bauhaus master Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, the subject of her first major work of non-fiction, Moholy-Nagy never embraced what became known as postmodernism. As Hilde Heynen demonstrates in Sibyl ...","PeriodicalId":41296,"journal":{"name":"ABE Journal","volume":"161 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77489070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The large-scale appropriation of modernist architectural features in everyday housing projects in postcolonial India is remarkable. This article examines how regional architects adapted their engagement with architectural modernism to the evolving circumstances of architectural production within the context of the developing world. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s “field theory”, it presents a detailed case study of two decades of residential work by Architects United, a medium-scale architectural practice founded in the Indian city of Pune in 1961. While the architects’ earliest projects demonstrated an opportunity and desire for architectural innovation, this approach became increasingly restricted as new patterns for housing provision emerged, resulting in a more subdued and hybrid form of modernist architecture. The paper makes use of the architects’ previously undisclosed archive and oral history to demonstrate that these architectural adaptations were the indirect result of governance practices and societal change, particularly the government’s stimulation of co-operative housing initiatives and the emergence of a postcolonial middle class with distinct housing expectations. As such, this “peripheral” case exposes some of the processes that have been overlooked in the rhetoric of Architectural Modernism as a Western import in India, which is primarily centered around the discussion of exceptional public building commissions by “global experts” or their Indian disciples. The paper further highlights the need to investigate the processes of architectural production, in addition to the built product itself, so that a pluralistic rather than romanticized understanding of architectural practice may emerge.
{"title":"The architectural production of India’s everyday modernism: middle-class housing in Pune, 1960-1980","authors":"Sarah Melsens, I. Bertels, A. Srivastava","doi":"10.4000/abe.7011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/abe.7011","url":null,"abstract":"The large-scale appropriation of modernist architectural features in everyday housing projects in postcolonial India is remarkable. This article examines how regional architects adapted their engagement with architectural modernism to the evolving circumstances of architectural production within the context of the developing world. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s “field theory”, it presents a detailed case study of two decades of residential work by Architects United, a medium-scale architectural practice founded in the Indian city of Pune in 1961. While the architects’ earliest projects demonstrated an opportunity and desire for architectural innovation, this approach became increasingly restricted as new patterns for housing provision emerged, resulting in a more subdued and hybrid form of modernist architecture. The paper makes use of the architects’ previously undisclosed archive and oral history to demonstrate that these architectural adaptations were the indirect result of governance practices and societal change, particularly the government’s stimulation of co-operative housing initiatives and the emergence of a postcolonial middle class with distinct housing expectations. As such, this “peripheral” case exposes some of the processes that have been overlooked in the rhetoric of Architectural Modernism as a Western import in India, which is primarily centered around the discussion of exceptional public building commissions by “global experts” or their Indian disciples. The paper further highlights the need to investigate the processes of architectural production, in addition to the built product itself, so that a pluralistic rather than romanticized understanding of architectural practice may emerge.","PeriodicalId":41296,"journal":{"name":"ABE Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44769103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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