Pub Date : 2021-03-31DOI: 10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.004
A. Ahmed, Saba Jabbar Neima
Human's relationship with the environment is strong and mutually beneficial, with thedevelopment of this relationship, a person develops and increases his awareness. The urban environment isa natural, physical, social and cultural milieu that a human lives in it, and get from him the life Constituents.As well as it is a product of human interaction with it, so the urban environment represents what has animpact on human behavior. It effects on human physiology and psychology then represented the relationshipconceptually, socially, and physically. the Cultural Constituents of the urban environment plays a criticaland essential role in user behavior, because they are part of the project they must be included in making thedesign decision as well as in treatment of urban spaces. on the other side, the comprehensive behavioralstudies are still few in this field, especially those studies that are based on ecological behavioral trend andthrough observing of behavior in the urban environment .The current study seeks to draw out a theoreticalmodel for developing ecological behavior measures, to evaluate the role of Cultural Constituents indetermining patterns and nature of human behavior through the experimental approach. Through theprevious literature has been identified the main research problem is represented ) There is a lack ofknowledge in the distribution of behavioral patterns in urban environments that have a high aestheticquality, also there are few objective measures that can be used as an indicator to evaluate the aestheticquality of the urban environment before its development and presenting urban designs in urban space andspecial organization (.According to the research problem, the goals and hypothesis of the research weredetermined, and an inductive experimental approach was defined theoretical and practical axes, also theresearch samples were identified (ten urban spaces in University of Babylon) were observing during (2018-2019),furthermore survey questionnaire sent to the experts In architecture, urban design and psychologyfield .Finally, the results were analyzed and the research found that aesthetic quality plays an important andmajor role in determining patterns and nature of behavior.
{"title":"The Cultural Constituents of the urban environment; the impact on the patterns and nature behavior (University space as a model)","authors":"A. Ahmed, Saba Jabbar Neima","doi":"10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"Human's relationship with the environment is strong and mutually beneficial, with thedevelopment of this relationship, a person develops and increases his awareness. The urban environment isa natural, physical, social and cultural milieu that a human lives in it, and get from him the life Constituents.As well as it is a product of human interaction with it, so the urban environment represents what has animpact on human behavior. It effects on human physiology and psychology then represented the relationshipconceptually, socially, and physically. the Cultural Constituents of the urban environment plays a criticaland essential role in user behavior, because they are part of the project they must be included in making thedesign decision as well as in treatment of urban spaces. on the other side, the comprehensive behavioralstudies are still few in this field, especially those studies that are based on ecological behavioral trend andthrough observing of behavior in the urban environment .The current study seeks to draw out a theoreticalmodel for developing ecological behavior measures, to evaluate the role of Cultural Constituents indetermining patterns and nature of human behavior through the experimental approach. Through theprevious literature has been identified the main research problem is represented ) There is a lack ofknowledge in the distribution of behavioral patterns in urban environments that have a high aestheticquality, also there are few objective measures that can be used as an indicator to evaluate the aestheticquality of the urban environment before its development and presenting urban designs in urban space andspecial organization (.According to the research problem, the goals and hypothesis of the research weredetermined, and an inductive experimental approach was defined theoretical and practical axes, also theresearch samples were identified (ten urban spaces in University of Babylon) were observing during (2018-2019),furthermore survey questionnaire sent to the experts In architecture, urban design and psychologyfield .Finally, the results were analyzed and the research found that aesthetic quality plays an important andmajor role in determining patterns and nature of behavior.","PeriodicalId":414074,"journal":{"name":"Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131465157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-31DOI: 10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.003
Nashwan H. Yousif, H. Flayeh
Heavy metals extraction and separation from industrial wastewater has becomes a majorconcern for both environmental and economic reasons. This paper describes a comparetive kinetic study ofthe removal and recovery of nickel ions from aqueous solutions by bulk liquid membrane (BLM) usingcoupled faciletated transport mechenisms and two carriers of diffarent chemical nature: tributyl phosphate(TBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA). Xylene oil was used as the liquid membrane phase.In addition, environmentall friendly materials such as vegetable oils (soybean oil) used as a suitablereplacement for the conventional organic solvents in this work. A comprahensive kinetic study was carriedout and effact of various parameters such as, pH of feed and stripping phase, initial concentration of metalions, concentration of extractant in the membrane phase and stirring speed were studied. The chelatingcharacteristics of EDTA was used as stripping agent as well as precipitating agent to enhance the transportefficiency of the nickel ions. The extraction and recovery efficiency were found as 80.89% and 87.80%respectively for nickel ions, At the optimum process conditions for transport of Ni(II) were found as follows:pH in the feed phase (4), pH in the stripping phase (8), initial concentration of nickel ions (120 ppm), carrierconcentration (12%) (v/v) TBP and stirring speed (125±10 rpm), respectively.
{"title":"Removal of nickel ions from synthetic wastewater by bulk liquid membrane","authors":"Nashwan H. Yousif, H. Flayeh","doi":"10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.003","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals extraction and separation from industrial wastewater has becomes a majorconcern for both environmental and economic reasons. This paper describes a comparetive kinetic study ofthe removal and recovery of nickel ions from aqueous solutions by bulk liquid membrane (BLM) usingcoupled faciletated transport mechenisms and two carriers of diffarent chemical nature: tributyl phosphate(TBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA). Xylene oil was used as the liquid membrane phase.In addition, environmentall friendly materials such as vegetable oils (soybean oil) used as a suitablereplacement for the conventional organic solvents in this work. A comprahensive kinetic study was carriedout and effact of various parameters such as, pH of feed and stripping phase, initial concentration of metalions, concentration of extractant in the membrane phase and stirring speed were studied. The chelatingcharacteristics of EDTA was used as stripping agent as well as precipitating agent to enhance the transportefficiency of the nickel ions. The extraction and recovery efficiency were found as 80.89% and 87.80%respectively for nickel ions, At the optimum process conditions for transport of Ni(II) were found as follows:pH in the feed phase (4), pH in the stripping phase (8), initial concentration of nickel ions (120 ppm), carrierconcentration (12%) (v/v) TBP and stirring speed (125±10 rpm), respectively.","PeriodicalId":414074,"journal":{"name":"Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114573759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-31DOI: 10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.006
Mahmoud Ali Abdullh, F. Suleiman, Bassem Ali, Adel Dib
In the last years, many researchers studied production of warm asphalt concrete by usingorganic, chemical and water-bearing additive )synthetic zeolite). The purpose of this research is to study theeffect of Syrian natural zeolite on the physical and rheological properties of asphalt binder and verify ofusing it to produce warm asphalt concrete (as a binder modifier or as additive to asphalt concrete), in additionto economic benefits by saving on the cost of synthetic zeolite. In this study, natural zeolite characterizationhas been investigated via X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermal Gravimetricanalysis (TGA). Natural zeolite was added to asphalt binder with different percentages (3, 4, 5 and 6%) byweight and to determine the effect of natural zeolite on properties of asphalt binder, penetration at )25(°∁,softening point, ductility, viscosity at (110, 120, 135)°∁ and RTOFT tests were carried out on both modifiedand unmodified aged asphalt binder with natural zeolite. According to the test results, it has been seen thatthe addition of natural zeolite improves properties of the asphalt binder and an increase in its resistance tofatigue, and do not make a substantial difference on the workability of the asphalt binder. So the effect ofthe mixture of natural zeolite additives on the workability could not be predicted on asphalt binder, thereforethe direct effect of additives should be studied on the asphalt mixtures.
{"title":"Studying the Effect of Syrian Natural Zeolite On Properties of Asphalt Binder","authors":"Mahmoud Ali Abdullh, F. Suleiman, Bassem Ali, Adel Dib","doi":"10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.006","url":null,"abstract":"In the last years, many researchers studied production of warm asphalt concrete by usingorganic, chemical and water-bearing additive )synthetic zeolite). The purpose of this research is to study theeffect of Syrian natural zeolite on the physical and rheological properties of asphalt binder and verify ofusing it to produce warm asphalt concrete (as a binder modifier or as additive to asphalt concrete), in additionto economic benefits by saving on the cost of synthetic zeolite. In this study, natural zeolite characterizationhas been investigated via X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermal Gravimetricanalysis (TGA). Natural zeolite was added to asphalt binder with different percentages (3, 4, 5 and 6%) byweight and to determine the effect of natural zeolite on properties of asphalt binder, penetration at )25(°∁,softening point, ductility, viscosity at (110, 120, 135)°∁ and RTOFT tests were carried out on both modifiedand unmodified aged asphalt binder with natural zeolite. According to the test results, it has been seen thatthe addition of natural zeolite improves properties of the asphalt binder and an increase in its resistance tofatigue, and do not make a substantial difference on the workability of the asphalt binder. So the effect ofthe mixture of natural zeolite additives on the workability could not be predicted on asphalt binder, thereforethe direct effect of additives should be studied on the asphalt mixtures.","PeriodicalId":414074,"journal":{"name":"Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126347610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-31DOI: 10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.007
Basim Hasan Hashim Al-majidi, Ahmed Hashmi El-Eqapy, Saja Khalid ALqasi
Reconstruction of archaeological buildings with destroyed or collapsed parts is considered oneof the most important and accurate operations in the field of preserving those buildings, given the continuityof these operations in the continuity of those archaeological buildings with their architectural and technicaldetails, and even their continued performance in their urban environment in many cases. These operationsare concerned with missing parts or the replacement of damaged parts. Many studies emerged that dealtwith this important aspect of reconfiguring and completing the demolished parts in historical and heritagebuildings, whether at the level of the part or all according to specific laws, but no study of the formal andintellectual mechanisms used to rebuild and reconstruct these buildings and their potential for architecturalproductions. Therefore, the research problem that emerged from the lack of clarity of knowledge about themost important formal and intellectual mechanisms for rebuilding in architecture and its cognitive indicatorswithin the outcome emerged, and the research was divided into two parts, the first part represented by thegeneral theoretical presentation that included the reconstruction processes and related determinants andclarification of the mechanism of formalism (similar and its connections) Theory and intellectual mechanism(analogy and its theoretical correlations), previous studies and the second part which represented the appliedside to form the theoretical framework from the above and applied it to groups of architectural productionsand then presented and discussed and analyzed the results of that application up to the presentation ofCrowns and recommendations that were referring to the general vision of the basic concept of researchadopted, the mechanistic aspect of form rather than intellectual.
{"title":"The Effect of a Similar Strategy in The Rebuilding of Valuable Buildings","authors":"Basim Hasan Hashim Al-majidi, Ahmed Hashmi El-Eqapy, Saja Khalid ALqasi","doi":"10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.007","url":null,"abstract":"Reconstruction of archaeological buildings with destroyed or collapsed parts is considered oneof the most important and accurate operations in the field of preserving those buildings, given the continuityof these operations in the continuity of those archaeological buildings with their architectural and technicaldetails, and even their continued performance in their urban environment in many cases. These operationsare concerned with missing parts or the replacement of damaged parts. Many studies emerged that dealtwith this important aspect of reconfiguring and completing the demolished parts in historical and heritagebuildings, whether at the level of the part or all according to specific laws, but no study of the formal andintellectual mechanisms used to rebuild and reconstruct these buildings and their potential for architecturalproductions. Therefore, the research problem that emerged from the lack of clarity of knowledge about themost important formal and intellectual mechanisms for rebuilding in architecture and its cognitive indicatorswithin the outcome emerged, and the research was divided into two parts, the first part represented by thegeneral theoretical presentation that included the reconstruction processes and related determinants andclarification of the mechanism of formalism (similar and its connections) Theory and intellectual mechanism(analogy and its theoretical correlations), previous studies and the second part which represented the appliedside to form the theoretical framework from the above and applied it to groups of architectural productionsand then presented and discussed and analyzed the results of that application up to the presentation ofCrowns and recommendations that were referring to the general vision of the basic concept of researchadopted, the mechanistic aspect of form rather than intellectual.","PeriodicalId":414074,"journal":{"name":"Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133979883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-31DOI: 10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.002
Iman A. Alwan, Riyadh Z. Azzubaidi
Large-scale geometric roughness elements is one of the solutions that is used to protect openchannels from erosion. It is use to change the hydraulic characteristics of the flow. It may be concrete blocksor large stone placed at the bed of the channel to impose more resistance in the bed. The height of theseroughness elements is an important parameter that can affect the hydraulic characteristics of the flow. Usinga series of tests of T-shape roughness elements at three different heights, 3, 4.5, and 6cm, arranged in thefully rough configuration in order to investigate the velocity distributions along the flume. ANSYSParametric Design Language, APDL, and Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD, were used to simulate theflow in an open channel with roughness elements. This simulation helps to find the best height of roughnesselements that can be used to change the hydraulic characteristics of the flow. The results showed that thevelocity values are decreased near the bed by about 61%, 58%, and 64% in case of 3cm, 4.5cm, and 6cmroughness heights consequently compared with the velocity of the control case. The velocity values areincreased near the free surface by about 32% and 19% in case of roughness elements height 6cm comparedwith 3cm and 4.5cm roughness heights respectively. The case of 6cm roughness height is considered to bethe effective case for decreasing the velocity values near the bed of the flume.
{"title":"Investigations on Large-Scale Geometric Roughness Elements in Open Channels with Different Heights","authors":"Iman A. Alwan, Riyadh Z. Azzubaidi","doi":"10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33261/JAARU.2021.28.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale geometric roughness elements is one of the solutions that is used to protect openchannels from erosion. It is use to change the hydraulic characteristics of the flow. It may be concrete blocksor large stone placed at the bed of the channel to impose more resistance in the bed. The height of theseroughness elements is an important parameter that can affect the hydraulic characteristics of the flow. Usinga series of tests of T-shape roughness elements at three different heights, 3, 4.5, and 6cm, arranged in thefully rough configuration in order to investigate the velocity distributions along the flume. ANSYSParametric Design Language, APDL, and Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD, were used to simulate theflow in an open channel with roughness elements. This simulation helps to find the best height of roughnesselements that can be used to change the hydraulic characteristics of the flow. The results showed that thevelocity values are decreased near the bed by about 61%, 58%, and 64% in case of 3cm, 4.5cm, and 6cmroughness heights consequently compared with the velocity of the control case. The velocity values areincreased near the free surface by about 32% and 19% in case of roughness elements height 6cm comparedwith 3cm and 4.5cm roughness heights respectively. The case of 6cm roughness height is considered to bethe effective case for decreasing the velocity values near the bed of the flume.","PeriodicalId":414074,"journal":{"name":"Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133240385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.008
Hasnaa Wasouf, J. Diab
When testing the performance of the model-free sliding mode control algorithm, it was found that it could not maintain good performance when the system was exposed to noise. this research suggests designing a noise-resistant model-free sliding mode control algorithm. The importance of this algorithm is that it takes into account the effect of the noise, where the noise value is implemented in the model-free algorithm. The sliding surface of the controller is designed based on the improved relationship and to ensure the stability of the system in the closed-loop the control signal was derived based on the direct Lyapunov method. To minimize the effects of chattering in the control signal, the control law was reconfigured using a boundary layer. The improved algorithm was implemented to a second-order non-linear system and the simulation results showed the system's ability to track the desired signal in spite of the presence of the noise as well as its ability to maintain the stability of the controlled system
{"title":"Improved Model-Free Sliding Mode Control Algorithm for Control Non-Linear Systems","authors":"Hasnaa Wasouf, J. Diab","doi":"10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.008","url":null,"abstract":"When testing the performance of the model-free sliding mode control algorithm, it was found that it could not maintain good performance when the system was exposed to noise. this research suggests designing a noise-resistant model-free sliding mode control algorithm. The importance of this algorithm is that it takes into account the effect of the noise, where the noise value is implemented in the model-free algorithm. The sliding surface of the controller is designed based on the improved relationship and to ensure the stability of the system in the closed-loop the control signal was derived based on the direct Lyapunov method. To minimize the effects of chattering in the control signal, the control law was reconfigured using a boundary layer. The improved algorithm was implemented to a second-order non-linear system and the simulation results showed the system's ability to track the desired signal in spite of the presence of the noise as well as its ability to maintain the stability of the controlled system","PeriodicalId":414074,"journal":{"name":"Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121426242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.007
Mazen Abdullatif, Mohammed Haji Ali, Rami N. Khal
In this research, the problem of the optical link in different fog cases was solved through the use of the proposed center balance with the RF link, where this center adjusts the power of the laser transmitter according to the damping of the optical link, where the length of the transmitted signal is increased which leads to overcome dispersion. Measurements are carried out by three fog laser sensors located at the beginning, middle and end of the optical link. These sensors generate voltage proportional to the amount of fog and then send these values using radio waves RF to the equilibrium center, which calculates the average damping value and adjusts the power value of the laser transmitter according to the damping coefficient value. Simulated using OPTISYSTE programming environment and MATLAB environment, MIE dispersion was adopted in wireless optical link and transmitted signal wavelength 1550nm where quality coefficient was improved from 3.6% to 44.45% in moderate, light and very light fog
{"title":"Proposed Method For Improving The Performance Of Wireless Optical Link FSO Using The Center Of Balance With a Laser Fog Sensor","authors":"Mazen Abdullatif, Mohammed Haji Ali, Rami N. Khal","doi":"10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.007","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, the problem of the optical link in different fog cases was solved through the use of the proposed center balance with the RF link, where this center adjusts the power of the laser transmitter according to the damping of the optical link, where the length of the transmitted signal is increased which leads to overcome dispersion. Measurements are carried out by three fog laser sensors located at the beginning, middle and end of the optical link. These sensors generate voltage proportional to the amount of fog and then send these values using radio waves RF to the equilibrium center, which calculates the average damping value and adjusts the power value of the laser transmitter according to the damping coefficient value. Simulated using OPTISYSTE programming environment and MATLAB environment, MIE dispersion was adopted in wireless optical link and transmitted signal wavelength 1550nm where quality coefficient was improved from 3.6% to 44.45% in moderate, light and very light fog","PeriodicalId":414074,"journal":{"name":"Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121342866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.012
Safaa Aldeeb, I. Abdallah, A. Mohmmad
This study was conducted in Al-Mazraa/ Homs/ Syria, which is an agricultural area with highpopulation. Most farmers there use Nitrogen as a fertilizer, which leads to pollute the underground waterwith Nitrates, and consequently the wells which are used for drinking. Data of water chemical tests for 10years was gathered and analyzed, the research showed that using Nitrogen fertilizer is the responsible forunderground water pollution. The results confirmed the importance of analyzing the soil before fertilizingand to define the Nitrate in it. The soil in the area is very permeable, as the Nitrate is a quick soluble, so itis not preferable to be used as a fertilizer and other fertilizers must be used. as a result, depending on newirrigation methods are preferable for fertilizing. The research recommends growing crops that do not needNitrogen fertilizers to save the prevent the pollution of underground water.
{"title":"The pollution of GroundWater with Nitrogen Fertilizers in Al-Mazraa/ Homs/ Syria","authors":"Safaa Aldeeb, I. Abdallah, A. Mohmmad","doi":"10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.012","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted in Al-Mazraa/ Homs/ Syria, which is an agricultural area with highpopulation. Most farmers there use Nitrogen as a fertilizer, which leads to pollute the underground waterwith Nitrates, and consequently the wells which are used for drinking. Data of water chemical tests for 10years was gathered and analyzed, the research showed that using Nitrogen fertilizer is the responsible forunderground water pollution. The results confirmed the importance of analyzing the soil before fertilizingand to define the Nitrate in it. The soil in the area is very permeable, as the Nitrate is a quick soluble, so itis not preferable to be used as a fertilizer and other fertilizers must be used. as a result, depending on newirrigation methods are preferable for fertilizing. The research recommends growing crops that do not needNitrogen fertilizers to save the prevent the pollution of underground water.","PeriodicalId":414074,"journal":{"name":"Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126081413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.009
Ahmed Hashim Al-Eqapy, B. H. Al-majidi, Noor Ameer Al-shukri
The architecture and its outputs are one of the most relevant fields of knowledge with human beings and their daily life, and the fact that the architectural product represents the architectural vision that which is trying to deliver to the society through the architectural images of various projects, which should be perceived by the eye and trying to interpret them, so the research aims to study the vision generated by the recipient, whether the vision of the designer himself when he sees his work as an architect, another designer acting as a critic, or those who are outside of architecture field, and how that vision that the designer wants to deliver can be transformed from single vision to a double vision about the architectural product. The problem of research was the lack of clear knowledge about the role of different intellectual visions of architectural schools in the compatibility and differing visions between the designer and the other designer or the designer and the recipient to produce a double vision in architecture. The research deals with the concept of vision in general in order to extraction a set of concepts that link the vision with the architecture, whether single or double, which can be reflected by the following elements: (the concept intended by the designer – the form and its treatments - the architectural reading). In other words, it starts with the designer vision or concept and depends on what he wants to deliver, and this leads the research to study the sources of ideas and architectural images which reflect the vision of the designer, which depends mainly on architectural schools and their role in the formulation of the designer thought, and then this will be applied to elected architectural projects belonging to different schools to reach that there is a strong duplication of vision between the other designer and the product versus a partial duplication of vision between the designer and the product and between the recipient and the product
{"title":"Double Vision in Architecture","authors":"Ahmed Hashim Al-Eqapy, B. H. Al-majidi, Noor Ameer Al-shukri","doi":"10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.009","url":null,"abstract":"The architecture and its outputs are one of the most relevant fields of knowledge with human beings and their daily life, and the fact that the architectural product represents the architectural vision that which is trying to deliver to the society through the architectural images of various projects, which should be perceived by the eye and trying to interpret them, so the research aims to study the vision generated by the recipient, whether the vision of the designer himself when he sees his work as an architect, another designer acting as a critic, or those who are outside of architecture field, and how that vision that the designer wants to deliver can be transformed from single vision to a double vision about the architectural product. The problem of research was the lack of clear knowledge about the role of different intellectual visions of architectural schools in the compatibility and differing visions between the designer and the other designer or the designer and the recipient to produce a double vision in architecture. The research deals with the concept of vision in general in order to extraction a set of concepts that link the vision with the architecture, whether single or double, which can be reflected by the following elements: (the concept intended by the designer – the form and its treatments - the architectural reading). In other words, it starts with the designer vision or concept and depends on what he wants to deliver, and this leads the research to study the sources of ideas and architectural images which reflect the vision of the designer, which depends mainly on architectural schools and their role in the formulation of the designer thought, and then this will be applied to elected architectural projects belonging to different schools to reach that there is a strong duplication of vision between the other designer and the product versus a partial duplication of vision between the designer and the product and between the recipient and the product","PeriodicalId":414074,"journal":{"name":"Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128822205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.2.012
B. Almajidi, T. Hameed
Despite the development of architecture, the courtyard remained one of the most important methods of preserving the privacy and suitability of the environmental and social aspects as well as its role in the process of regulating the spatial relations between the mass and the vacuum, highlighting the importance, especially in light of the increasing seriousness of slums in the design and neglect of its role in the architectural form and reflections of the shape of the courtyard In the form of the composition of the building, thus the problem of the search was (Lack of cognitive perception available on the role of the internal courtyard in the organization of the function of architecture and its implications at the level of bilateral and three-dimensional mass configuration). And the approach of research to clarify the architectural characteristics of the structured internal courtyard and its functions and strategy as well as the patterns of spatial structure through the construction of knowledge framework, and then a comprehensive theoretical framework of the internal courtyard structured derived from the architectural proposals to reflect the final in four main words: The architectural characteristics of the structured inner courtyard, the spatial structure patterns of the structured inner courtyard, the functions of the organized inner courtyard, and the structured interior design strategy. It has been applied to selected projects to clarify the extent to which these indicators are achieved and to reach conclusions, which showed the existence of a relationship between the two (vacuum and mass) on the one hand and between the two (vacuum, and spatial organization of the spaces) on the other hand, and three aspects: Mass formation, function formation, and movement configuration", reflecting the internal courtyard structure in terms of simplicity or complexity.
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