This paper studies the Rawlsian first-best allocation in a monocentric city model using a unifying framework of land ownership. We show that a Rawlsian planner would not choose the market outcome, except for the extreme case of public land ownership in which all the differential rent is transferred in lump-sum fashion to residents. In any other case, there is an outcome with equal utility for all city residents that brings higher welfare than the market outcome. In particular, it holds in the traditional textbook formulation with an absentee landlord that owns the land. We also show that the first-best scenario can be decentralized with a revenue-neutral combination of location-specific taxes and subsidies. This instrument may produce a Rawlsian first-best city that is more extended than the market city. Thus, depending on the structure of land ownership, in the absence of externalities, the market equilibrium city may be inefficiently compact. Then, when externalities are present, policies aimed to restrict urban sprawl should take this effect into consideration. To study the relevance of our results, we assess welfare-maximizing transport pricing policies in the absence of location-specific taxes. For public transport, we show that the fare that decentralizes the first-best scenario is below marginal cost, and thus the system should be subsidized, even in the absence of externalities. In the case of car congestion pricing, we show that the welfare-maximizing toll may be non-monotonic, yielding a city that is more extended and with more aggregated mileage than the unpriced city.
{"title":"Welfare Analysis of Cities: Urban Sprawl, Transportation Pricing, and the Optimal Rawlsian Town","authors":"L. Basso, Raúl Pezoa, Hugo E. Silva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3869913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3869913","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the Rawlsian first-best allocation in a monocentric city model using a unifying framework of land ownership. We show that a Rawlsian planner would not choose the market outcome, except for the extreme case of public land ownership in which all the differential rent is transferred in lump-sum fashion to residents. In any other case, there is an outcome with equal utility for all city residents that brings higher welfare than the market outcome. In particular, it holds in the traditional textbook formulation with an absentee landlord that owns the land. We also show that the first-best scenario can be decentralized with a revenue-neutral combination of location-specific taxes and subsidies. This instrument may produce a Rawlsian first-best city that is more extended than the market city. Thus, depending on the structure of land ownership, in the absence of externalities, the market equilibrium city may be inefficiently compact. Then, when externalities are present, policies aimed to restrict urban sprawl should take this effect into consideration. To study the relevance of our results, we assess welfare-maximizing transport pricing policies in the absence of location-specific taxes. For public transport, we show that the fare that decentralizes the first-best scenario is below marginal cost, and thus the system should be subsidized, even in the absence of externalities. In the case of car congestion pricing, we show that the welfare-maximizing toll may be non-monotonic, yielding a city that is more extended and with more aggregated mileage than the unpriced city.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127619428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A machine learning-based approach is proposed and actualized to measure cyber deceptive defenses with negligible human inclusion. This dodges obstructions related to deceptive examination on humans, amplifying robotized assessment's adequacy before human subject’s research must be attempted. Utilizing ongoing advances in profound learning, the methodology synthesizes realistic, interactive, and adaptive traffic for utilization by target web services. A contextual analysis applies how to assess an interruption identification framework furnished with application layer embedded deceptive reactions to attacks. Results exhibit that blending adaptive web traffic bound with hesitant attacks controlled by outfit learning, online adaptive metric learning, and novel class discovery to recreate able enemies comprises a forceful and challenging test of cyber deceptive defenses.
{"title":"Evaluation of Cyber Deception Using Deep Learning Algorithms","authors":"Binayak Parashar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3732881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3732881","url":null,"abstract":"A machine learning-based approach is proposed and actualized to measure cyber deceptive defenses with negligible human inclusion. This dodges obstructions related to deceptive examination on humans, amplifying robotized assessment's adequacy before human subject’s research must be attempted. Utilizing ongoing advances in profound learning, the methodology synthesizes realistic, interactive, and adaptive traffic for utilization by target web services. A contextual analysis applies how to assess an interruption identification framework furnished with application layer embedded deceptive reactions to attacks. Results exhibit that blending adaptive web traffic bound with hesitant attacks controlled by outfit learning, online adaptive metric learning, and novel class discovery to recreate able enemies comprises a forceful and challenging test of cyber deceptive defenses.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130050214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2007 the share of urban population exceeded the share of rural and the trend for urbanization remains. The city is defined as the center of inequality and segregation, and population density is highest. In this article we give a brief overview of the main works on urbanization.
{"title":"Urban Inequality: A Brief Introduction","authors":"A. Zamnius, N. Nikitina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3681272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3681272","url":null,"abstract":"In 2007 the share of urban population exceeded the share of rural and the trend for urbanization remains. The city is defined as the center of inequality and segregation, and population density is highest. In this article we give a brief overview of the main works on urbanization.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117102952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article considers the evolution of images of the future — the "flying cars" of mid-century and the promises of freedom, empowerment and uplift for all more recently identified with the Internet, virtual reality and the Singularity — and explains the image, and their associated attitudes, in the shift from one economic model to another, namely, from "Keynesian-Fordism" to "Neoliberal-Digitalism."
{"title":"Of Singularitarianism and Flying Cars: Our Changing Images of the Future, and Our Changing Economic Models","authors":"N. Elhefnawy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3679475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3679475","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the evolution of images of the future — the \"flying cars\" of mid-century and the promises of freedom, empowerment and uplift for all more recently identified with the Internet, virtual reality and the Singularity — and explains the image, and their associated attitudes, in the shift from one economic model to another, namely, from \"Keynesian-Fordism\" to \"Neoliberal-Digitalism.\"","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132023046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on damage detection of road surfaces using image processing techniques has been actively conducted achieving considerably high detection accuracies. However, many studies only focus on the detection of the presence or absence of damage. However, in a real-world scenario, when the road managers from a governing body needs to repair such damage, they need to know the type of damage clearly to take effective action. In addition, in many of these previous studies, the researchers acquire their own data using different methods. Hence, there was no uniform road damage data set available openly, leading to the absence of a benchmark for road damage detection. For the first time, road damage detection and classification challenge (one of the IEEE Big-data Cup Challenge) was held in Seattle provided such a big dataset for pavement damage detection and classification. In this study TensorFlow implementation of tiny-YOLOv2, Dark-net Neural Networks YOLOv3, tiny-YOLOv3 and YOLOv4 were used to train a road damage detection model with the data set provided by the IEEE Big-data Cup Challenge, and results were compared in the term of the accuracy and runtime speed with other similar studies using different models
{"title":"Road Damage Detection and Classification Using Deep Neural Networks (YOLOv4) with Smartphone Images","authors":"Masoud Faramarzi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3627382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3627382","url":null,"abstract":"Research on damage detection of road surfaces using image processing techniques has been actively conducted achieving considerably high detection accuracies. However, many studies only focus on the detection of the presence or absence of damage. However, in a real-world scenario, when the road managers from a governing body needs to repair such damage, they need to know the type of damage clearly to take effective action. In addition, in many of these previous studies, the researchers acquire their own data using different methods. Hence, there was no uniform road damage data set available openly, leading to the absence of a benchmark for road damage detection. For the first time, road damage detection and classification challenge (one of the IEEE Big-data Cup Challenge) was held in Seattle provided such a big dataset for pavement damage detection and classification. In this study TensorFlow implementation of tiny-YOLOv2, Dark-net Neural Networks YOLOv3, tiny-YOLOv3 and YOLOv4 were used to train a road damage detection model with the data set provided by the IEEE Big-data Cup Challenge, and results were compared in the term of the accuracy and runtime speed with other similar studies using different models","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"231 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122371529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Road accidents in Ghana are taking out the lives of innocent Ghanaians. The causes of this calamity are always different from one point of view to another. This research has been executed to provide expedient information on contributing factors to road accidents in Ghana. The research has made use of predecessors’ works on the causes of road accidents and their effects. Moreover, the study utilised a mixed/integrated approach to research mainly to produce unbiased information. A good collection of data was done through in-depth interviews and questionnaires. Furthermore, convenience and simple random sampling techniques were used. Genuinely, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyse the gathered information. The study engaged two hundred (200) respondents as a sample size that is 100 road safety stakeholders and 100 road users. Moreover, the major contributing factors to road accidents were identified as follows; poor nature of roads, carelessness of road users, faulty vehicles, stress, unskilled drivers, inadequate road signs, inefficient MTTU personnel, speeding, lack of education, drunkenness, and gross indiscipline. Other findings were; Drivers: rash driving, violation of rules, failure to understand signs, fatigue. Pedestrian: carelessness, illiteracy, crossing at wrong places moving on the carriageway, Jaywalkers. Passengers: Projecting their body outside the vehicle, by talking to drivers. Vehicles: failure of brakes or steering, tyre burst, insufficient headlights, overloading, projecting loads. Road conditions: potholes, damaged road, eroded road merging of rural roads with highways. Weather conditions: Fog, snow, heavy rainfall, wind storms, hail storms. Based on the findings, recommendations were stipulated under the following headings; Education, Provision of road signs, Enforcement of traffic and road safety regulations, Avoidance of attitudes/distractions leading to road accidents, Availability of logistics, Construction of good roads, Maintenance of roads and vehicles and Positive development.
{"title":"Contributing Factors to Road Accidents in Ghana","authors":"Nathaniel Gyimah","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3588627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3588627","url":null,"abstract":"Road accidents in Ghana are taking out the lives of innocent Ghanaians. The causes of this calamity are always different from one point of view to another. This research has been executed to provide expedient information on contributing factors to road accidents in Ghana. The research has made use of predecessors’ works on the causes of road accidents and their effects. Moreover, the study utilised a mixed/integrated approach to research mainly to produce unbiased information. A good collection of data was done through in-depth interviews and questionnaires. Furthermore, convenience and simple random sampling techniques were used. Genuinely, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyse the gathered information. The study engaged two hundred (200) respondents as a sample size that is 100 road safety stakeholders and 100 road users. \u0000 \u0000Moreover, the major contributing factors to road accidents were identified as follows; poor nature of roads, carelessness of road users, faulty vehicles, stress, unskilled drivers, inadequate road signs, inefficient MTTU personnel, speeding, lack of education, drunkenness, and gross indiscipline. Other findings were; Drivers: rash driving, violation of rules, failure to understand signs, fatigue. Pedestrian: carelessness, illiteracy, crossing at wrong places moving on the carriageway, Jaywalkers. Passengers: Projecting their body outside the vehicle, by talking to drivers. Vehicles: failure of brakes or steering, tyre burst, insufficient headlights, overloading, projecting loads. Road conditions: potholes, damaged road, eroded road merging of rural roads with highways. Weather conditions: Fog, snow, heavy rainfall, wind storms, hail storms. Based on the findings, recommendations were stipulated under the following headings; Education, Provision of road signs, Enforcement of traffic and road safety regulations, Avoidance of attitudes/distractions leading to road accidents, Availability of logistics, Construction of good roads, Maintenance of roads and vehicles and Positive development.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124710822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small firms dominated the American economy in the nineteenth century, and still dominate in many developing economies today. This paper tests whether geographic market segmentation due to underdeveloped intracity transportation technology precludes the emergence of large retail/wholesale stores. I exploit the natural experiment of Boston's rapid electrification from its previous horse-drawn streetcar system, which occurred between 1889 and 1896. Analyzing newly digitized data, I and that rail-connected locations experienced a sharp decline in the share of sole proprietorships among food retail/wholesale establishments after the electrification relative to off-rail locations. Changes in market access due to streetcar electrification can explain this effect.
{"title":"The Economics of Speed: The Electrification of the Streetcar System and the Decline of Mom-and-Pop Stores in Boston, 1885-1905","authors":"Wei You","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3634738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3634738","url":null,"abstract":"Small firms dominated the American economy in the nineteenth century, and still dominate in many developing economies today. This paper tests whether geographic market segmentation due to underdeveloped intracity transportation technology precludes the emergence of large retail/wholesale stores. I exploit the natural experiment of Boston's rapid electrification from its previous horse-drawn streetcar system, which occurred between 1889 and 1896. Analyzing newly digitized data, I and that rail-connected locations experienced a sharp decline in the share of sole proprietorships among food retail/wholesale establishments after the electrification relative to off-rail locations. Changes in market access due to streetcar electrification can explain this effect.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"482 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123417087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-31DOI: 10.5121/ijcnc.2020.12104
Khadija Raissi, B. Gouissem
A new concept such as smart city was introduced in the last years where the Intelligent Transportation system (ITS ) plays a critical role to provide road safety and manage Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) traffic. Nevertheless, VANETs have significant constraints like nodes high mobility, intermittent connectivity, variable network density and heterogeneity. However, the different types of traffic, the different Quality of Service requirements, the need to exchange mobile data, multi-services and data diversity leads mainly to load and time constraints in this specific and stringent type of networks. The main characteristic of this kind of networks is the very changing topology that poses supplementary constraints and makes achieving QoS constraints a very challenging task. In VANET network the vehicle generated traffic will be transferred to the data center from road side unit to the base station by using Long Term Evolution (LTE) in an urban area. Despite LTE has a larger system capacity and it provides a higher transmission speed, the network performance is affected by the implemented scheduling algorithm. In this context, we study the efficiency of LTE scheduler algorithms such as Proportional Fairness, Round Robin, Priority Set Scheduler, Maximum Throughput Scheduler and Throughput to Average Scheduler and Blind Equal Throughput mainly at the road side unit using Network Simulator 3(NS3) to determinate the most suitable scheduler for VANET traffic. Results demonstrate that the round robin algorithm is more effective for volumetric VANET traffic in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss rate and fairness.
{"title":"LTE Scheduler Algorithms for VANET Traffic in Smart City","authors":"Khadija Raissi, B. Gouissem","doi":"10.5121/ijcnc.2020.12104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5121/ijcnc.2020.12104","url":null,"abstract":"A new concept such as smart city was introduced in the last years where the Intelligent Transportation system (ITS ) plays a critical role to provide road safety and manage Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) traffic. Nevertheless, VANETs have significant constraints like nodes high mobility, intermittent connectivity, variable network density and heterogeneity. However, the different types of traffic, the different Quality of Service requirements, the need to exchange mobile data, multi-services and data diversity leads mainly to load and time constraints in this specific and stringent type of networks. The main characteristic of this kind of networks is the very changing topology that poses supplementary constraints and makes achieving QoS constraints a very challenging task. In VANET network the vehicle generated traffic will be transferred to the data center from road side unit to the base station by using Long Term Evolution (LTE) in an urban area. Despite LTE has a larger system capacity and it provides a higher transmission speed, the network performance is affected by the implemented scheduling algorithm. In this context, we study the efficiency of LTE scheduler algorithms such as Proportional Fairness, Round Robin, Priority Set Scheduler, Maximum Throughput Scheduler and Throughput to Average Scheduler and Blind Equal Throughput mainly at the road side unit using Network Simulator 3(NS3) to determinate the most suitable scheduler for VANET traffic. Results demonstrate that the round robin algorithm is more effective for volumetric VANET traffic in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss rate and fairness.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126407047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many researchers have invested their time, effort, and energy on the research area of “Vehicular-to-everything” which is also known as V2X in term of security and vulnerabilities. For communications like V2X, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has been engaged in order to formulate quality standards for these types of the methodological communication system. The Wi-Fi protocol 802.11p has no capability to offer any sort of security and privacy of data. However, upon the development that took place in the field of 5G technology, now many companies, as well as researchers, have locked the attention to use this technology so that the V2X communication can serve the people with better security and protect them from the harmful acts. If the 802.11p can be exchanged with the 5G, it will surely bring advancements to the ETSI security mechanisms. Nevertheless, it is possible to have counterattack from the new features that will have been installed. It will be made sure that the attacks can be encountered with efficiency rest assured. This thesis stands for taking a point on the aspects of Statistical in-depth security analysis for Vehicle to everything communication over 5g network and how 5G can put effect on the security of the communication. In this thesis, it has been investigated that it is not impossible to make a transit from the 802.11p to 5G NR in term of security aspects. However, it needs some alteration in the protocol stack. That is why different types of improvements have been proposed in this thesis so that the security mechanisms will get stronger and better. The advancements due to the improvement will eradicate the present certificate mechanism which is needed for the authentication. This will be done only because the prospects and aspects of 5G will provide the communication with so many features that authentication will not be needed in that regard. In the end, the positivity and negativity of the introduction of 5G in V2X communication will be discussed along with further recommendations.
{"title":"Statistical In-depth Security Analysis For Vehicle To Everything Communication Over 5g Network","authors":"Rejwan Bin Sulaiman, Ranjana Lakshmi Patel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3509351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3509351","url":null,"abstract":"Many researchers have invested their time, effort, and energy on the research area of “Vehicular-to-everything” which is also known as V2X in term of security and vulnerabilities. For communications like V2X, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has been engaged in order to formulate quality standards for these types of the methodological communication system. The Wi-Fi protocol 802.11p has no capability to offer any sort of security and privacy of data. However, upon the development that took place in the field of 5G technology, now many companies, as well as researchers, have locked the attention to use this technology so that the V2X communication can serve the people with better security and protect them from the harmful acts. If the 802.11p can be exchanged with the 5G, it will surely bring advancements to the ETSI security mechanisms. Nevertheless, it is possible to have counterattack from the new features that will have been installed. It will be made sure that the attacks can be encountered with efficiency rest assured. This thesis stands for taking a point on the aspects of Statistical in-depth security analysis for Vehicle to everything communication over 5g network and how 5G can put effect on the security of the communication. In this thesis, it has been investigated that it is not impossible to make a transit from the 802.11p to 5G NR in term of security aspects. However, it needs some alteration in the protocol stack. That is why different types of improvements have been proposed in this thesis so that the security mechanisms will get stronger and better. The advancements due to the improvement will eradicate the present certificate mechanism which is needed for the authentication. This will be done only because the prospects and aspects of 5G will provide the communication with so many features that authentication will not be needed in that regard. In the end, the positivity and negativity of the introduction of 5G in V2X communication will be discussed along with further recommendations.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115291480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We study a transportation network company (TNC) that offers on-demand solo and pooling e-hail services in an aggregate mobility service market, while competing with transit for passengers. The market equilibrium is established based on a spatial driver–passenger matching model that determines the passenger wait time for both solo and pooling rides. We prove, under mild conditions, this system always has an equilibrium solution. Built on the market equilibrium, three variants of pricing problems are analyzed and compared, namely, (i) profit maximization, (ii) profit maximization subject to regulatory constraints, and (iii) social welfare maximization subject to a revenue-neutral constraint. A comprehensive case study is constructed using TNC data collected in the city of Chicago. We found pooling is desirable when demand is high but supply is scarce. However, its benefit diminishes quickly as the average en-route detour time (i.e., the difference between the average duration of solo and pooling trips) increases. Without regulations, a mixed strategy—providing both solo and pooling rides—not only achieves the highest profit and trip production in most scenarios, but also gains higher social welfare. The minimum wage policy can improve social welfare in the short term. However, in the long run, the TNC could react by limiting the size of the driver pool, and consequently, render the policy counterproductive, even pushing social welfare below the unregulated level. Moreover, by maintaining the supply and demand of ride-hail at an artificially high level, the minimum wage policy tends to exacerbate traffic congestion by depressing the use of collective modes (transit and pooling). A congestion tax policy that penalizes solo rides promotes pooling, but may harm social welfare. However, it promises to increase both social welfare and pooling ratio when jointly implemented with the minimum wage policy.
{"title":"To Pool or Not to Pool: Equilibrium, Pricing and Regulation","authors":"Kenan Zhang, Marco Nie","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3497808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3497808","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We study a transportation network company (TNC) that offers on-demand solo and pooling e-hail services in an aggregate mobility service market, while competing with transit for passengers. The market equilibrium is established based on a spatial driver–passenger matching model that determines the passenger wait time for both solo and pooling rides. We prove, under mild conditions, this system always has an equilibrium solution. Built on the market equilibrium, three variants of pricing problems are analyzed and compared, namely, (i) profit maximization, (ii) profit maximization subject to regulatory constraints, and (iii) social welfare maximization subject to a revenue-neutral constraint. A comprehensive case study is constructed using TNC data collected in the city of Chicago. We found pooling is desirable when demand is high but supply is scarce. However, its benefit diminishes quickly as the average en-route detour time (i.e., the difference between the average duration of solo and pooling trips) increases. Without regulations, a mixed strategy—providing both solo and pooling rides—not only achieves the highest profit and trip production in most scenarios, but also gains higher social welfare. The minimum wage policy can improve social welfare in the short term. However, in the long run, the TNC could react by limiting the size of the driver pool, and consequently, render the policy counterproductive, even pushing social welfare below the unregulated level. Moreover, by maintaining the supply and demand of ride-hail at an artificially high level, the minimum wage policy tends to exacerbate traffic congestion by depressing the use of collective modes (transit and pooling). A congestion tax policy that penalizes solo rides promotes pooling, but may harm social welfare. However, it promises to increase both social welfare and pooling ratio when jointly implemented with the minimum wage policy.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126136698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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