The coinciding development of 5G wireless technology, autonomous vehicles, and smart city applications is creating commercial demand for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) systems. In theory, roadside V2I systems and sensors could provide real-time services, such as supplementary mapping information to autonomous vehicles, traffic detection, and congestion pricing. Although federal funding of V2I systems has ramped up in recent years, federal regulators have largely retreated from their top-down design of V2I services and devices. These trends — undirected government funding and private construction of V2I applications and devices — leave state and local transportation officials with powerful discretion over the construction and design of V2I systems. We describe and anticipate the tradeoffs that lawmakers, regulators, and state authorities will face as they budget for and fund V2I roadside networks. We find that public-private partnerships likely will have greater prominence in the construction of roadside V2I networks. Finally, we apply the “policy-induced competition model” to inform when public intervention into V2I funding and design is effective. We propose regulator adoption of an open access model for long-lasting roadside assets. This “dumb infrastructure” model promotes competition and innovation in V2I while minimizing use of regulator resources and public funding of networks.
{"title":"Smart Cities, Dumb Infrastructure: Policy-Induced Competition in Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Systems","authors":"Korok Ray, B. Skorup","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3487084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3487084","url":null,"abstract":"The coinciding development of 5G wireless technology, autonomous vehicles, and smart city applications is creating commercial demand for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) systems. In theory, roadside V2I systems and sensors could provide real-time services, such as supplementary mapping information to autonomous vehicles, traffic detection, and congestion pricing. Although federal funding of V2I systems has ramped up in recent years, federal regulators have largely retreated from their top-down design of V2I services and devices. These trends — undirected government funding and private construction of V2I applications and devices — leave state and local transportation officials with powerful discretion over the construction and design of V2I systems. We describe and anticipate the tradeoffs that lawmakers, regulators, and state authorities will face as they budget for and fund V2I roadside networks. We find that public-private partnerships likely will have greater prominence in the construction of roadside V2I networks. Finally, we apply the “policy-induced competition model” to inform when public intervention into V2I funding and design is effective. We propose regulator adoption of an open access model for long-lasting roadside assets. This “dumb infrastructure” model promotes competition and innovation in V2I while minimizing use of regulator resources and public funding of networks.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125225076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.5089/9781513513782.001
Remi Jedwab, Prakash Loungani, A. Yezer
It is obvious that holding city population constant, differences in cities across the world are enormous. Urban giants in poor countries are not large using measures such as land area, interior space or value of output. These differences are easily reconciled mathematically as population is the product of land area, structure space per unit land (i.e., heights), and population per unit interior space (i.e., crowding). The first two are far larger in the cities of developed countries while the latter is larger for the cities of developing countries. In order to study sources of diversity among cities with similar population, we construct a version of the standard urban model (SUM) that yields the prediction that the elasticity of city size with respect to income could be similar within both developing countries and developed countries. However, differences in income and urban technology can explain the physical differences between the cities of developed countries and developing countries. Second, using a variety of newly merged data sets, the predictions of the SUM for similarities and differences of cities in developed and developing countries are tested. The findings suggest that population is a sufficient statistic to characterize city differences among cities within the same country, not across countries.
{"title":"How Should We Measure City Size? Theory and Evidence within and Across Rich and Poor Countries","authors":"Remi Jedwab, Prakash Loungani, A. Yezer","doi":"10.5089/9781513513782.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513513782.001","url":null,"abstract":"It is obvious that holding city population constant, differences in cities across the world are\u0000enormous. Urban giants in poor countries are not large using measures such as land area,\u0000interior space or value of output. These differences are easily reconciled mathematically as\u0000population is the product of land area, structure space per unit land (i.e., heights), and\u0000population per unit interior space (i.e., crowding). The first two are far larger in the cities of\u0000developed countries while the latter is larger for the cities of developing countries. In order to\u0000study sources of diversity among cities with similar population, we construct a version of the\u0000standard urban model (SUM) that yields the prediction that the elasticity of city size with\u0000respect to income could be similar within both developing countries and developed countries.\u0000However, differences in income and urban technology can explain the physical differences\u0000between the cities of developed countries and developing countries. Second, using a variety\u0000of newly merged data sets, the predictions of the SUM for similarities and differences of\u0000cities in developed and developing countries are tested. The findings suggest that population\u0000is a sufficient statistic to characterize city differences among cities within the same country,\u0000not across countries.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114654908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teleworking may increase the willingness to accept a longer commute. This paper presents new evidence of the effect of teleworking on the length of commutes. We use novel panel data from the Netherlands, for the years 2008-2018, and find stronger effects compared to studies that use older data. Between 2008 and 2018 however, the effect was remarkably stable: workers that started teleworking increased their commutes by 12 percent on average. We analyse heterogeneity in the effect of teleworking on commuting across different levels of urbanization and across occupations. This study stresses the effects of teleworking on the geographical scale of labour markets, and provides important inputs for policymakers that aim to promote teleworking.
{"title":"Working from Home and Commuting: Heterogeneity Over Time, Space, and Occupations","authors":"Duco de Vos, M. van Ham, E. Meijers","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3449572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3449572","url":null,"abstract":"Teleworking may increase the willingness to accept a longer commute. This paper presents new evidence of the effect of teleworking on the length of commutes. We use novel panel data from the Netherlands, for the years 2008-2018, and find stronger effects compared to studies that use older data. Between 2008 and 2018 however, the effect was remarkably stable: workers that started teleworking increased their commutes by 12 percent on average. We analyse heterogeneity in the effect of teleworking on commuting across different levels of urbanization and across occupations. This study stresses the effects of teleworking on the geographical scale of labour markets, and provides important inputs for policymakers that aim to promote teleworking.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126356520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we empirically assess the impact of the deployment of Uber on the incidence of drunk-driving fatal traffic accidents and fatalities in Chile. Based on observational data about accidents and the fact that Uber entered first the Metropolitan Region (Santiago), we are able to exploit differences in entry dates and availability of the service across municipalities to identify the effects of Uber’s entry by using a difference-in-differences approach. We contribute to the literature by assessing whether there is a differentiated effect between male and female fatalities and according to their role in the accident (i.e., driver or passenger). In particular, the presence of a mobility bias against women in the traditional transport sector may imply that Uber brings greater benefits for them. Our results suggest that Uber’s entry has significantly decreased the number of drunk-driving fatal accidents and fatalities, mainly during the nighttime. We show that this effect is mainly driven by a reduction in the number of female passengers’ fatalities and the number of nighttime male drivers’ fatalities in these types of accidents. The results are robust to the inclusion of different sets of controls and exposure measures.
{"title":"Gender-Specific Benefits from Ride-Hailing Apps: Evidence from Uber's Entry in Chile","authors":"V. Lagos, Á. Muñoz, Christine Zulehner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3370411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3370411","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we empirically assess the impact of the deployment of Uber on the incidence of drunk-driving fatal traffic accidents and fatalities in Chile. Based on observational data about accidents and the fact that Uber entered first the Metropolitan Region (Santiago), we are able to exploit differences in entry dates and availability of the service across municipalities to identify the effects of Uber’s entry by using a difference-in-differences approach. We contribute to the literature by assessing whether there is a differentiated effect between male and female fatalities and according to their role in the accident (i.e., driver or passenger). In particular, the presence of a mobility bias against women in the traditional transport sector may imply that Uber brings greater benefits for them. Our results suggest that Uber’s entry has significantly decreased the number of drunk-driving fatal accidents and fatalities, mainly during the nighttime. We show that this effect is mainly driven by a reduction in the number of female passengers’ fatalities and the number of nighttime male drivers’ fatalities in these types of accidents. The results are robust to the inclusion of different sets of controls and exposure measures.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126321697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) has been designed to improve traffic safety applications by enabling vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. In VANET, each and every vehicle exchanges the information among them, therefore, a high density of vehicles lead to the problem of congestion. In this context, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols have been designed to improve the real-time communication between vehicles and roadside components with minimal transmission collision. Due to the VANET characteristics, maintaining communication at the MAC layer are the key challenges in collision control scheme. Therefore, it results in end-to-end delay and packet loss during communication. Towards the solution of these critical challenges, Decentralized Congestion control (DCC) mechanism has been innovated by the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI). This paper describes the various key challenges involved in congestion control. Also, the available solutions are described in details along with their limitations. This paper focuses on controlling of the channel load measured by DCC mechanism using different transmission parameters such as data transmission, rate transmission, power transmission and sensitive transmission.
{"title":"A Review on Congestion Control in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network at MAC Layer","authors":"Kanchan Nahar, Swati Sharma, M. Chahal, S. Harit","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3356206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3356206","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) has been designed to improve traffic safety applications by enabling vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. In VANET, each and every vehicle exchanges the information among them, therefore, a high density of vehicles lead to the problem of congestion. In this context, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols have been designed to improve the real-time communication between vehicles and roadside components with minimal transmission collision. Due to the VANET characteristics, maintaining communication at the MAC layer are the key challenges in collision control scheme. Therefore, it results in end-to-end delay and packet loss during communication. Towards the solution of these critical challenges, Decentralized Congestion control (DCC) mechanism has been innovated by the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI). This paper describes the various key challenges involved in congestion control. Also, the available solutions are described in details along with their limitations. This paper focuses on controlling of the channel load measured by DCC mechanism using different transmission parameters such as data transmission, rate transmission, power transmission and sensitive transmission.<br>","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127727147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As one of world's fastest growing cities, Dhaka faces acute challenges in housing its growing population and developing a more productive economy. Central to this is the scarcity of high-quality urban land. Yet a vast tract of land near the heart of the city, East Dhaka, currently remains predominantly agricultural and undeveloped as a consequence of flooding. This paper uses a computable spatial general equilibrium model that captures the economic geography of the city, to estimate the economic returns of coordinated action to develop this land. The model captures different productive sectors, household skill levels, and types of housing. Firms and residents choose their location within the city given the transport network and land availability, generating a pattern of commercial and residential land-use. The paper estimates the incremental impacts on income, employment and population of an embankment and other flood protection measures to protect this land, as well as from improvement in transport infrastructure and targeted support for economic development in East Dhaka.
{"title":"Growing a Developing City: A Computable Spatial General Equilibrium Model Applied to Dhaka","authors":"J. Bird, A. Venables","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8762","url":null,"abstract":"As one of world's fastest growing cities, Dhaka faces acute challenges in housing its growing population and developing a more productive economy. Central to this is the scarcity of high-quality urban land. Yet a vast tract of land near the heart of the city, East Dhaka, currently remains predominantly agricultural and undeveloped as a consequence of flooding. This paper uses a computable spatial general equilibrium model that captures the economic geography of the city, to estimate the economic returns of coordinated action to develop this land. The model captures different productive sectors, household skill levels, and types of housing. Firms and residents choose their location within the city given the transport network and land availability, generating a pattern of commercial and residential land-use. The paper estimates the incremental impacts on income, employment and population of an embankment and other flood protection measures to protect this land, as well as from improvement in transport infrastructure and targeted support for economic development in East Dhaka.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126587899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper represents an obstacle detection system by using LIDAR for autonomous electric vehicle. This system control a speed of autonomous vehicle and apply emergency braking if necessary also change direction of vehicle if necessary. This autonomous vehicle is fully automatic and operated by using PIC 18F4520. This vehicle is used to reduce accidents on road and also reduce a human efforts. The main aim of obstacle detection system is used for reduce accident also it is mostly used in home applications, cleaning/general robot localization and navigation, smart toys, environment scanning and 3D re-modelling etc.
{"title":"Design of Obstacle Detection System for an Autonomous Electric Vehicle","authors":"Pratiksha B. Patil, A. Kakade","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3356272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3356272","url":null,"abstract":"The paper represents an obstacle detection system by using LIDAR for autonomous electric vehicle. This system control a speed of autonomous vehicle and apply emergency braking if necessary also change direction of vehicle if necessary. This autonomous vehicle is fully automatic and operated by using PIC 18F4520. This vehicle is used to reduce accidents on road and also reduce a human efforts. The main aim of obstacle detection system is used for reduce accident also it is mostly used in home applications, cleaning/general robot localization and navigation, smart toys, environment scanning and 3D re-modelling etc.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126053426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew E. Kahn, Nancy Lozano Gracia, Maria Edisa Soppelsa
This paper surveys the recent literature exploring the causes of urban pollution in the developing world and the implications of such pollution for a city's competitiveness. Within a system of cities, cities compete for jobs and people. Those cities that specialize in heavy industrial activity will gain from a manufacturing boom but are more likely to be polluted than a city that specializes in the service economy and one that makes investments in regulations to reduce the social costs of power generation, transportation, and household services. The paper explores three main questions. First, why does pollution inhibit urban competitiveness? Second, why is this effect likely to grow in importance over time? Third, why have cities been slow to adopt cost-effective regulatory strategies?
{"title":"Does Pollution Hinder Urban Competitiveness?","authors":"Matthew E. Kahn, Nancy Lozano Gracia, Maria Edisa Soppelsa","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8739","url":null,"abstract":"This paper surveys the recent literature exploring the causes of urban pollution in the developing world and the implications of such pollution for a city's competitiveness. Within a system of cities, cities compete for jobs and people. Those cities that specialize in heavy industrial activity will gain from a manufacturing boom but are more likely to be polluted than a city that specializes in the service economy and one that makes investments in regulations to reduce the social costs of power generation, transportation, and household services. The paper explores three main questions. First, why does pollution inhibit urban competitiveness? Second, why is this effect likely to grow in importance over time? Third, why have cities been slow to adopt cost-effective regulatory strategies?","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"6 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116449739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oct. 25, 2018 – Cities across Canada have the greatest effect of any level of government on the daily lives of Canadians, yet city councils seem hamstrung by the problems they face. There are solutions, according to a new book from former C.D. Howe Institute Associate Director, Research, Benjamin Dachis. In “A Roadmap to Municipal Reform: Improving Life in Canadian Cities,” Dachis addresses the greatest issues all cities face, from traffic congestion to housing affordability, and offers compelling policy solutions. Written from the point of view of a typical city resident, getting to work through traffic congestion, paying her utility bills, trying to understand why her city council always seems short of money, or trying to buy an affordable house, the book recommends fixes to these problems. The problems facing Canada’s cities are well-known. The solutions aren’t. And residents are the ones suffering the consequences. Dachis’s book, written while he was at the C.D. Howe Institute, contains policy recommendations that, if adopted, would make the lives of ordinary residents easier and more affordable. Dachis covers three big themes on how cities can do better. Part One looks at the way cities finance themselves and, through their budget plans, lay out the broad directions for their policies and administration. Part Two covers how cities spend the money they collect, both on day-to-day operations and on infrastructure. Part Three looks specifically at housing policies – at the way municipal governments are making homes more expensive to own and rent, and how they can fix that problem. Excerpts: On Fixing Municipal Finances “The common misperception that cities are broke stems from the way they set their budgets. Cities do not need additional tax powers beyond their traditional tax base of residential property taxes and user fees…. if we use the same financial accounting language for municipalities as the federal and provincial governments use, our understanding of municipal finances will change dramatically. Simply by adopting this more accurate language, a major misconception will have been removed.” On Getting Better Municipal Services “The core driver of municipal expenses is labour costs – they are already high and are increasing quickly. Contracting services on a competitive basis can dramatically reduce costs while simultaneously increasing service reliability and quality, as seen in Toronto’s waste collection services.” On the Costs and Causes of High Housing Prices: “Aside from Toronto and Vancouver, house prices in Canada have not historically gotten out of control. Even during its economic boom, house prices in Calgary barely budged. In Montreal and Ottawa, two cities that have seen recent solid economic growth, house prices were flat from 2007 through 2016. I look at the local-policy-driven causes of high house prices in Toronto and Vancouver and what to do about it.” On Better Water and Wastewater Servic
{"title":"A Roadmap to Municipal Reform: Improving Life in Canadian Cities","authors":"Benjamin Dachis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3273008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3273008","url":null,"abstract":"Oct. 25, 2018 – Cities across Canada have the greatest effect of any level of government on the daily lives of Canadians, yet city councils seem hamstrung by the problems they face. There are solutions, according to a new book from former C.D. Howe Institute Associate Director, Research, Benjamin Dachis. In “A Roadmap to Municipal Reform: Improving Life in Canadian Cities,” Dachis addresses the greatest issues all cities face, from traffic congestion to housing affordability, and offers compelling policy solutions. \u0000 \u0000Written from the point of view of a typical city resident, getting to work through traffic congestion, paying her utility bills, trying to understand why her city council always seems short of money, or trying to buy an affordable house, the book recommends fixes to these problems. \u0000 \u0000The problems facing Canada’s cities are well-known. The solutions aren’t. And residents are the ones suffering the consequences. Dachis’s book, written while he was at the C.D. Howe Institute, contains policy recommendations that, if adopted, would make the lives of ordinary residents easier and more affordable. \u0000 \u0000Dachis covers three big themes on how cities can do better. Part One looks at the way cities finance themselves and, through their budget plans, lay out the broad directions for their policies and administration. Part Two covers how cities spend the money they collect, both on day-to-day operations and on infrastructure. Part Three looks specifically at housing policies – at the way municipal governments are making homes more expensive to own and rent, and how they can fix that problem. \u0000 \u0000Excerpts: \u0000 \u0000On Fixing Municipal Finances \u0000 \u0000“The common misperception that cities are broke stems from the way they set their budgets. Cities do not need additional tax powers beyond their traditional tax base of residential property taxes and user fees…. if we use the same financial accounting language for municipalities as the federal and provincial governments use, our understanding of municipal finances will change dramatically. Simply by adopting this more accurate language, a major misconception will have been removed.” \u0000 \u0000On Getting Better Municipal Services \u0000 \u0000“The core driver of municipal expenses is labour costs – they are already high and are increasing quickly. Contracting services on a competitive basis can dramatically reduce costs while simultaneously increasing service reliability and quality, as seen in Toronto’s waste collection services.” \u0000 \u0000On the Costs and Causes of High Housing Prices: \u0000 \u0000“Aside from Toronto and Vancouver, house prices in Canada have not historically gotten out of control. Even during its economic boom, house prices in Calgary barely budged. In Montreal and Ottawa, two cities that have seen recent solid economic growth, house prices were flat from 2007 through 2016. I look at the local-policy-driven causes of high house prices in Toronto and Vancouver and what to do about it.” \u0000 \u0000On Better Water and Wastewater Servic","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132171311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. A simple model of the development of technology is presented. This model, in a broad analogy with evolutionary ecology of parasites, within a theoretical framework of Generalized Darwinism, can explain vital characteristics of technological advances and technological evolution. In particular, the evolution of technology is modelled here in terms of morphological changes between a host technology and a main subsystem of technology. The coefficient of evolutionary growth of this simple model here indicates the grade and type of the evolution of technology. This coefficient is quantified in real cases study using historical data of farm tractor, freight locomotive and electricity generation technology in steam-powered plants and internal-combustion plants. The approach of measurement and assessment of technological evolution proposed here seems to be appropriate in grasping the dynamics of technological evolution to predict which technologies are likeliest to evolve rapidly. Keywords. Measurement of technology, Technometrics, Technological evolution, Technological change, Technological forecasting, Technology assessment, Technological progress, Innovation, Technology studies, Public decision making. JEL. O30, O31, O32, O33, O38.
{"title":"Measurement and Assessment of the Evolution of Technology with a Simple Biological Model","authors":"M. Coccia","doi":"10.1453/TER.V5I3.1747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/TER.V5I3.1747","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. A simple model of the development of technology is presented. This model, in a broad analogy with evolutionary ecology of parasites, within a theoretical framework of Generalized Darwinism, can explain vital characteristics of technological advances and technological evolution. In particular, the evolution of technology is modelled here in terms of morphological changes between a host technology and a main subsystem of technology. The coefficient of evolutionary growth of this simple model here indicates the grade and type of the evolution of technology. This coefficient is quantified in real cases study using historical data of farm tractor, freight locomotive and electricity generation technology in steam-powered plants and internal-combustion plants. The approach of measurement and assessment of technological evolution proposed here seems to be appropriate in grasping the dynamics of technological evolution to predict which technologies are likeliest to evolve rapidly. Keywords. Measurement of technology, Technometrics, Technological evolution, Technological change, Technological forecasting, Technology assessment, Technological progress, Innovation, Technology studies, Public decision making. JEL. O30, O31, O32, O33, O38.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122373226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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