Club goods are ubiquitous: Parks, roads, tunnels, airports, bridges, sports clubs etc. These goods are often provided by governments. A key question is, should a club good be provided or not? To make an efficient provision decision, the government needs access to the private information people hold. Ignoring this information leads to inefficient decisions. This problem has been long known in the literature on mechanism design and allocation mechanism have been proposed which help to make more efficient decisions. However, we rarely see these mechanism being implemented in practice. Regarding private information, a startup faces a similar problem. It does not know whether consumers like a produce the startup wants to develop. Beginning with crowdfunding initiatives, and in recent years initial coin offerings (ICOs) based on the blockchain, startups can receive commitment from potential customers ex ante. This note discusses the possibility to issue tokens for club goods by governments. The purpose of using the blockchain is to improve the decision-making.
{"title":"Blockchain and Ex-Ante Exclusion Mechanisms","authors":"Philipp Zahn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3226765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3226765","url":null,"abstract":"Club goods are ubiquitous: Parks, roads, tunnels, airports, bridges, sports clubs etc. These goods are often provided by governments. A key question is, should a club good be provided or not? To make an efficient provision decision, the government needs access to the private information people hold. Ignoring this information leads to inefficient decisions. This problem has been long known in the literature on mechanism design and allocation mechanism have been proposed which help to make more efficient decisions. However, we rarely see these mechanism being implemented in practice. Regarding private information, a startup faces a similar problem. It does not know whether consumers like a produce the startup wants to develop. Beginning with crowdfunding initiatives, and in recent years initial coin offerings (ICOs) based on the blockchain, startups can receive commitment from potential customers ex ante. This note discusses the possibility to issue tokens for club goods by governments. The purpose of using the blockchain is to improve the decision-making.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114976059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Sang Chang, NeiHei Park, Yoo-Taek Lee, Yoo-Taek Lee
One of the important unresolved questions on the analysis of urban traffic congestion deals with urban congestion penalty versus advantage. This research with examine whether larger cities experience disproportionately greater traffic congestion by using data available from Tom Tom for 164 global cities. Results from a panel data of multivariate regression from 164 cities indicate that larger cities do experience moderately greater congestions level, supporting urban congestion penalty. However, the degree of congestion penalty increases rapidly, as the population size of cities in subgroups increase. Implications from these findings will be discussed.
{"title":"Scaling Relationship between Traffic Congestion versus Population Size of 164 Global Cities","authors":"Yu Sang Chang, NeiHei Park, Yoo-Taek Lee, Yoo-Taek Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3224133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3224133","url":null,"abstract":"One of the important unresolved questions on the analysis of urban traffic congestion deals with urban congestion penalty versus advantage. This research with examine whether larger cities experience disproportionately greater traffic congestion by using data available from Tom Tom for 164 global cities. Results from a panel data of multivariate regression from 164 cities indicate that larger cities do experience moderately greater congestions level, supporting urban congestion penalty. However, the degree of congestion penalty increases rapidly, as the population size of cities in subgroups increase. Implications from these findings will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133121851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies the interaction between dynamic traffic congestion and urban spatial equilibrium, using a model that is a straight unification of the Vickrey (1969) bottleneck congestion model and the Alonso (1964) monocentric city model. In a monocentric city with a bottleneck at the entrance to the CBD, residents choose their commute departure time jointly with residential location and housing consumption. Commuters arrive at the bottleneck in sequence sorted by residential location, so that more distant residents arrive later. The socially optimal toll makes central residents commute earlier in the morning than they would without the toll, which in turn induces a city that is less dense in the center and more dense further out. This is the opposite effect of what is found in models with static congestion.
{"title":"Vickrey Meets Alonso: Commute Scheduling and Congestion in a Monocentric City","authors":"M. Fosgerau, Jinwon Kim, A. Ranjan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3067873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3067873","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the interaction between dynamic traffic congestion and urban spatial equilibrium, using a model that is a straight unification of the Vickrey (1969) bottleneck congestion model and the Alonso (1964) monocentric city model. In a monocentric city with a bottleneck at the entrance to the CBD, residents choose their commute departure time jointly with residential location and housing consumption. Commuters arrive at the bottleneck in sequence sorted by residential location, so that more distant residents arrive later. The socially optimal toll makes central residents commute earlier in the morning than they would without the toll, which in turn induces a city that is less dense in the center and more dense further out. This is the opposite effect of what is found in models with static congestion.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124457685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian cities are traditionally characterized by high levels of public transport ridership, compared to the Western cities. Moreover, the cities were intensively developing during the Soviet era when the private transport was literally absent. Thus, it can be assumed that the spatial structure of Russian cities (as well as the spatial structure of the majority of the former USSR cities) is a perfect illustration of the Transit Oriented Development (TOD). In this paper the spatial development patterns of 13 Russian cities are analyzed to assess the current situation and the prospects for transit oriented development in the Russian Federation. A brief history of urban spatial development during the Soviet period is provided. Fundamental differences between TOD and Soviet Style Development (SSD) are discussed, such as the absence of competition between the private and public transport and the absence of private ownership of land.
{"title":"Spatial Development of the Largest Russian Cities During the Post-Soviet Period: Orienting Towards Transit or Maintaining Soviet Trends","authors":"Elena Koncheva, Nikolay Zalesskiy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2809184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2809184","url":null,"abstract":"Russian cities are traditionally characterized by high levels of public transport ridership, compared to the Western cities. Moreover, the cities were intensively developing during the Soviet era when the private transport was literally absent. Thus, it can be assumed that the spatial structure of Russian cities (as well as the spatial structure of the majority of the former USSR cities) is a perfect illustration of the Transit Oriented Development (TOD). In this paper the spatial development patterns of 13 Russian cities are analyzed to assess the current situation and the prospects for transit oriented development in the Russian Federation. A brief history of urban spatial development during the Soviet period is provided. Fundamental differences between TOD and Soviet Style Development (SSD) are discussed, such as the absence of competition between the private and public transport and the absence of private ownership of land.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116331811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miquel-Àngel Garcia-López, Camille Hémet, Elisabet Viladecans-Marsal
Recent evidence reveals that transportation’s improvements within metropolitan areas have a clear effect on population and job decentralization processes. Yet, very little has been said on how these improvements affect the spatial organization of the economic activity in the suburbs. This paper analyses the effects of transportation’s changes on employment subcenters formation. Using data from metropolitan Paris between 1968 and 2010, we first show that rail network improvements cause the expected job decentralization by attracting jobs to suburban municipalities. Our main contribution is to show that the new rail transit clearly affects the spatial organization of employment through the number and size of the employment subcenters: not only does the presence of a rail station increase the probability of a suburban municipality of belonging to a subcenter by 5 to 10 %, but a 10 % increase in municipality proximity to a suburban station is found to increase its chance to be part of a subcenter by 3 to 5 %.
{"title":"Next Train to the Polycentric City: The Effect of Railroads on Subcenter Formation","authors":"Miquel-Àngel Garcia-López, Camille Hémet, Elisabet Viladecans-Marsal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2793124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2793124","url":null,"abstract":"Recent evidence reveals that transportation’s improvements within metropolitan areas have a clear effect on population and job decentralization processes. Yet, very little has been said on how these improvements affect the spatial organization of the economic activity in the suburbs. This paper analyses the effects of transportation’s changes on employment subcenters formation. Using data from metropolitan Paris between 1968 and 2010, we first show that rail network improvements cause the expected job decentralization by attracting jobs to suburban municipalities. Our main contribution is to show that the new rail transit clearly affects the spatial organization of employment through the number and size of the employment subcenters: not only does the presence of a rail station increase the probability of a suburban municipality of belonging to a subcenter by 5 to 10 %, but a 10 % increase in municipality proximity to a suburban station is found to increase its chance to be part of a subcenter by 3 to 5 %.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125991061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a Wardropian traffic flow model integrated with a search model for paid parking. The occupancy rate influences the probability of finding on-street (curbside) or off-street (garage) parking spaces. We formulate the model as a mixed complementarity problem, which has the advantage that there is no need for a complete enumeration of all possible paths, and the model can be solved using readily available software. We analyze different parking policies in Zurich and find that changing the parking fee structure will lead to high efficiency gains. Incorporating household heterogeneity is not critical for the overall efficiency effects but shows important regressive, distributional effects.
{"title":"A Traffic Equilibrium Model with Paid-Parking Search","authors":"Renger van Nieuwkoop, T. Rutherford, K. Axhausen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2748539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2748539","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a Wardropian traffic flow model integrated with a search model for paid parking. The occupancy rate influences the probability of finding on-street (curbside) or off-street (garage) parking spaces. We formulate the model as a mixed complementarity problem, which has the advantage that there is no need for a complete enumeration of all possible paths, and the model can be solved using readily available software. We analyze different parking policies in Zurich and find that changing the parking fee structure will lead to high efficiency gains. Incorporating household heterogeneity is not critical for the overall efficiency effects but shows important regressive, distributional effects.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128653334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past three decades, urban congestion has become more costly in terms of time, money and fuel. Congestion has generated, for the 101 large U.S urban centers, 4.8 billion hours of travel delay in 2011, up from 1.1 billion hours in 1982. We examine the scaling relationship between the population sizes of urban centers and traffic congestion for the five subgroups of urban centers. We find that the scaling relationships are superlinear in a majority of the subgroups. However, for the subgroup of mega cities with over 3 million populations, the relationship is linear. Several implications from our findings will follow.
{"title":"More Traffic Congestion in Larger Cities? - Scaling Analysis of the Large 101 U.S Urban Centers","authors":"Yu Sang Chang, Yong Joo Lee, S. Choi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2584878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2584878","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past three decades, urban congestion has become more costly in terms of time, money and fuel. Congestion has generated, for the 101 large U.S urban centers, 4.8 billion hours of travel delay in 2011, up from 1.1 billion hours in 1982. We examine the scaling relationship between the population sizes of urban centers and traffic congestion for the five subgroups of urban centers. We find that the scaling relationships are superlinear in a majority of the subgroups. However, for the subgroup of mega cities with over 3 million populations, the relationship is linear. Several implications from our findings will follow.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"202 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123041175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we develop an econometric model to estimate the impacts of Electronic Vehicle Management Systems (EVMS) on the load factor (LF) of heavy trucks using data at the operational level. This technology is supposed to improve capacity utilization by reducing coordination costs between demand and supply. The model is estimated on a subsample of the 1999 National Roadside Survey, covering heavy trucks travelling in the province of Quebec. The LF is explained as a function of truck, trip and carrier characteristics. We show that the use of EVMS results in a 16 percentage points increase of LF on backhaul trips. However, we also find that the LF of equipped trucks is reduced by about 7.6 percentage points on fronthaul movements. This last effect could be explained by a rebound effect: higher expected LF on the returns lead carriers to accept shipments with lower fronthaul LF. Overall, we find that this technology has increased the tonne-kilometers transported of equipped trucks by 6.3% and their fuel efficiency by 5%.
{"title":"Information Technology and Efficiency in Trucking","authors":"Philippe Barla, D. Bolduc, N. Boucher, J. Watters","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1131133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1131133","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we develop an econometric model to estimate the impacts of Electronic Vehicle Management Systems (EVMS) on the load factor (LF) of heavy trucks using data at the operational level. This technology is supposed to improve capacity utilization by reducing coordination costs between demand and supply. The model is estimated on a subsample of the 1999 National Roadside Survey, covering heavy trucks travelling in the province of Quebec. The LF is explained as a function of truck, trip and carrier characteristics. We show that the use of EVMS results in a 16 percentage points increase of LF on backhaul trips. However, we also find that the LF of equipped trucks is reduced by about 7.6 percentage points on fronthaul movements. This last effect could be explained by a rebound effect: higher expected LF on the returns lead carriers to accept shipments with lower fronthaul LF. Overall, we find that this technology has increased the tonne-kilometers transported of equipped trucks by 6.3% and their fuel efficiency by 5%.","PeriodicalId":414708,"journal":{"name":"Urban Transportation eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133332902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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