Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.3.0348
A. Grimalyuk, S. Danylina
The article is devoted to the methodological problems of the political economy of socialism. It provides a categorical distinction between the structural and dynamic dependencies of the political-economic system. On the one hand, structural dependence has an object–subject direction, ascending from productive forces to production relations and from them to state power. On the other hand, the direct opposite, subject–object direction is inherent in dynamic dependence, descending from state power to production relations and the conscious use of their objective laws for the development of productive forces. This subject–object dependence reaches its fullest embodiment under conditions of strong power, the standard of which is the political-economic system of contemporary China.
{"title":"Political Economy of Strong Power","authors":"A. Grimalyuk, S. Danylina","doi":"10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.3.0348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.3.0348","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the methodological problems of the political economy of socialism. It provides a categorical distinction between the structural and dynamic dependencies of the political-economic system. On the one hand, structural dependence has an object–subject direction, ascending from productive forces to production relations and from them to state power. On the other hand, the direct opposite, subject–object direction is inherent in dynamic dependence, descending from state power to production relations and the conscious use of their objective laws for the development of productive forces. This subject–object dependence reaches its fullest embodiment under conditions of strong power, the standard of which is the political-economic system of contemporary China.","PeriodicalId":41482,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Political Economy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42240353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0493
Lefteris Tsoulfidis
This article, by utilizing Ricardo’s numerical examples, derives theoretical statements about the deviations of relative values (prices) from relative labor times. These deviations result from the presence of capital and the distributive variables (rate of profit and wage) and production (turnover) times. Furthermore, Ricardo argued that the intertemporal changes in relative (market) prices were no different from the respective changes in natural (or equilibrium) prices. Both depend primarily on changes in unit labor values and secondarily on capital intensities. The article continues by testing the extent to which Ricardo’s thesis holds by utilizing input-output data from the US and Chinese economies. The derived empirical results lend overwhelming support to Ricardo’s thesis, which is conformable with major aspects of Marx’s theory of value.
{"title":"Ricardo’s Labor Theory of Value Is Alive And Well in Contemporary Capitalism","authors":"Lefteris Tsoulfidis","doi":"10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0493","url":null,"abstract":"This article, by utilizing Ricardo’s numerical examples, derives theoretical statements about the deviations of relative values (prices) from relative labor times. These deviations result from the presence of capital and the distributive variables (rate of profit and wage) and production (turnover) times. Furthermore, Ricardo argued that the intertemporal changes in relative (market) prices were no different from the respective changes in natural (or equilibrium) prices. Both depend primarily on changes in unit labor values and secondarily on capital intensities. The article continues by testing the extent to which Ricardo’s thesis holds by utilizing input-output data from the US and Chinese economies. The derived empirical results lend overwhelming support to Ricardo’s thesis, which is conformable with major aspects of Marx’s theory of value.","PeriodicalId":41482,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Political Economy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43779078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0452
F. Moseley
This article is a response to two other articles in this symposium by Tiago Camarinha Lopes and David Laibman. The article focuses mainly on the important question that both Camarinha Lopes and Laibman address in their articles: what does the labor theory of value do that other theories cannot do? In other words, what important phenomena of capitalist economies can Marx’s theory based on the labor theory of value explain that other theories, especially Sraffian theory, cannot explain? Sections 1 and 2 discuss Camarinha Lopes’ article, Section 3 discusses Laibman’s article, and Section 4 presents my answer to this important question of what does the labor theory of value do.
{"title":"What Does the Labor Theory of Value Do?","authors":"F. Moseley","doi":"10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0452","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a response to two other articles in this symposium by Tiago Camarinha Lopes and David Laibman. The article focuses mainly on the important question that both Camarinha Lopes and Laibman address in their articles: what does the labor theory of value do that other theories cannot do? In other words, what important phenomena of capitalist economies can Marx’s theory based on the labor theory of value explain that other theories, especially Sraffian theory, cannot explain? Sections 1 and 2 discuss Camarinha Lopes’ article, Section 3 discusses Laibman’s article, and Section 4 presents my answer to this important question of what does the labor theory of value do.","PeriodicalId":41482,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Political Economy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41675728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0519
Teppei Shibata
The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of and solutions to the shortage of human resources in Japan’s construction industry from the perspective of the transformation of the capital–labor relations. The findings are as follows. The main reason for the shortage of human resources is the low level of working conditions brought about by the structure of multiple subcontracting and the reproduction of day laborers as a low-wage sector. Therefore, correction of this structure is required. In the 2000s, it became clear that dependent contractors and foreign workers were forming a new low-wage sector. In light of the above, correction of the multi-layered subcontracting structure and improvement of working conditions in the low-wage sector are required to solve the human resource shortage.
{"title":"Capital–Labor Relations in the Japanese Construction Industry","authors":"Teppei Shibata","doi":"10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0519","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of and solutions to the shortage of human resources in Japan’s construction industry from the perspective of the transformation of the capital–labor relations. The findings are as follows. The main reason for the shortage of human resources is the low level of working conditions brought about by the structure of multiple subcontracting and the reproduction of day laborers as a low-wage sector. Therefore, correction of this structure is required. In the 2000s, it became clear that dependent contractors and foreign workers were forming a new low-wage sector. In light of the above, correction of the multi-layered subcontracting structure and improvement of working conditions in the low-wage sector are required to solve the human resource shortage.","PeriodicalId":41482,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Political Economy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66274794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0463
P. Cockshott, David Zachariah
We examine the paradigm shift from that of the transformation model to that of stochastic profit models. Some of the anomalies undermining the transformation model are given graphically. In the last two sections we present volume II of Capital as an alternative starting point for thinking about the relation between value and price.
{"title":"A Shift From the Problematic of “Transformation”","authors":"P. Cockshott, David Zachariah","doi":"10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0463","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the paradigm shift from that of the transformation model to that of stochastic profit models. Some of the anomalies undermining the transformation model are given graphically. In the last two sections we present volume II of Capital as an alternative starting point for thinking about the relation between value and price.","PeriodicalId":41482,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Political Economy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47386228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0472
Xu Wei
Western Marxist scholars take “immaterial labor,” “audience labor” and “prosumer labor” as the core categories to explain the problem of the value creation and profit sources of digital capital in online production and consumption activities in the Web 2.0 era. By analyzing the production process of digital capitalism, they have come to the conclusion that contemporary capitalist production has taken on an overall “novel” character. On the basis of the special cost structure of digital capitalist production, the increasing “fuzziness” of production time and living time, and the disappearance of the boundary between paid labor and unpaid labor under digital capitalism, they draw the conclusion that the law of value has become invalid in the era of “digital production and consumption.” However, once digital labor and its results are placed within Marx’s analytical framework, and are interpreted in terms of such categories as “direct production process of capitalism,” “fixed capital accumulation pattern” and “classification of productive labor and non-productive labor,” it becomes clear that the brilliant achievements of digital capital are best understood as the results of innovative modes of surplus-value possession or distribution, rather than of new methods of surplus-value creation, and that the conclusion that the law of value has failed represents a misreading or misinterpretation of Marx’s labor theory of value. Although the digital capitalist mode of production is serving partially to dissipate the role of the law of value, this law as the general principle regulating global capitalist production remains effective in the contemporary world.
{"title":"Value Production, Measurement, and Distribution under Digital Capitalism","authors":"Xu Wei","doi":"10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0472","url":null,"abstract":"Western Marxist scholars take “immaterial labor,” “audience labor” and “prosumer labor” as the core categories to explain the problem of the value creation and profit sources of digital capital in online production and consumption activities in the Web 2.0 era. By analyzing the production process of digital capitalism, they have come to the conclusion that contemporary capitalist production has taken on an overall “novel” character. On the basis of the special cost structure of digital capitalist production, the increasing “fuzziness” of production time and living time, and the disappearance of the boundary between paid labor and unpaid labor under digital capitalism, they draw the conclusion that the law of value has become invalid in the era of “digital production and consumption.” However, once digital labor and its results are placed within Marx’s analytical framework, and are interpreted in terms of such categories as “direct production process of capitalism,” “fixed capital accumulation pattern” and “classification of productive labor and non-productive labor,” it becomes clear that the brilliant achievements of digital capital are best understood as the results of innovative modes of surplus-value possession or distribution, rather than of new methods of surplus-value creation, and that the conclusion that the law of value has failed represents a misreading or misinterpretation of Marx’s labor theory of value. Although the digital capitalist mode of production is serving partially to dissipate the role of the law of value, this law as the general principle regulating global capitalist production remains effective in the contemporary world.","PeriodicalId":41482,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Political Economy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42449027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.2.0220
A. Stavdas
In this article, it is argued that the Fourth Industrial Revolution (I4.0) is the result of a technology fusion between the following factors that define an economic epoch: (a) The production systems and the type of tools these systems are employing; (b) The communication technologies as well as the means used for information storage, processing, sensing and knowledge creation: the information and communication technologies (ICT); (c) The energy generation and distribution systems used, and (d) The biotechnology. The thesis of this article is that ICT is the predominant factor in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. To justify this claim, the progress of the scientific fields of which this factor consists is elaborated, and its impact on other factors is highlighted with emphasis on the societal impact. It is claimed that the eventual fusion of these factors leads to a single technological continuum. The eventual fusion of all factors is made possible because they all exploit a common material base while we are entering the era where we can regulate and superintend a vast number of heterogeneous technologies via open software. The eventual fusion of these factors will lead to a single technological continuum, and it will redefine the notions of “production” and “work,” as it will allow overcoming the over-fragmentation in specialization, while it will reshape our cities, our personal lives and our relationship with science.
{"title":"Networked Intelligence","authors":"A. Stavdas","doi":"10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.2.0220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.2.0220","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, it is argued that the Fourth Industrial Revolution (I4.0) is the result of a technology fusion between the following factors that define an economic epoch: (a) The production systems and the type of tools these systems are employing; (b) The communication technologies as well as the means used for information storage, processing, sensing and knowledge creation: the information and communication technologies (ICT); (c) The energy generation and distribution systems used, and (d) The biotechnology. The thesis of this article is that ICT is the predominant factor in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. To justify this claim, the progress of the scientific fields of which this factor consists is elaborated, and its impact on other factors is highlighted with emphasis on the societal impact. It is claimed that the eventual fusion of these factors leads to a single technological continuum. The eventual fusion of all factors is made possible because they all exploit a common material base while we are entering the era where we can regulate and superintend a vast number of heterogeneous technologies via open software. The eventual fusion of these factors will lead to a single technological continuum, and it will redefine the notions of “production” and “work,” as it will allow overcoming the over-fragmentation in specialization, while it will reshape our cities, our personal lives and our relationship with science.","PeriodicalId":41482,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Political Economy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46671919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.2.0255
Ishay Wolf
In this paper, we offer an explanation for cyclical reforms to pension systems, based on the experience of countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) over the last three decades. We conclude that in making the transition to funded pension design, governments not only transfer longevity and fiscal risks to the individual but also absorb risks transferred from the public, with each market actor transferring undiversifiable risks to the other. This pathway of hidden risks, which has not previously been discussed in the literature, stems from a public expectation that citizens will enjoy risk premiums and adequate old-age benefits, an expectation that evolves into political pressure. The outcomes of this risk path are realized in financial transfers, such as means-tested social security and minimum pension guarantees. Consequently, funded pension designs converge naturally into a new landscape paradigm of risk-sharing, with intergenerational and intragenerational components. Financial crises such as the one accompanying the recent COVID-19 pandemic foster the convergence process.
{"title":"The Binary Path of Risks in Pension Systems and Political Pressure","authors":"Ishay Wolf","doi":"10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.2.0255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.2.0255","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we offer an explanation for cyclical reforms to pension systems, based on the experience of countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) over the last three decades. We conclude that in making the transition to funded pension design, governments not only transfer longevity and fiscal risks to the individual but also absorb risks transferred from the public, with each market actor transferring undiversifiable risks to the other. This pathway of hidden risks, which has not previously been discussed in the literature, stems from a public expectation that citizens will enjoy risk premiums and adequate old-age benefits, an expectation that evolves into political pressure. The outcomes of this risk path are realized in financial transfers, such as means-tested social security and minimum pension guarantees. Consequently, funded pension designs converge naturally into a new landscape paradigm of risk-sharing, with intergenerational and intragenerational components. Financial crises such as the one accompanying the recent COVID-19 pandemic foster the convergence process.","PeriodicalId":41482,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Political Economy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49220774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.2.0195
M. Markaki, G. Economakis
The aim of this paper is to determine the level of competitiveness of national economies and their resulting hierarchy in the world economy. Based on the assumption that there is a structural relationship between the competitiveness of a national economy and the level of its economic development, we identify the main structural factors of international competitiveness. These factors are the degree of diversification of the productive structure of a national economy and the strength of its domestic sectoral productive linkages—which are both related to the level of industrial and technological development and the technological structure of exports. The Technologically Advanced Domestic Value Added in Exports, which condenses the above structural factors, is proposed as a measure of the level of competitiveness of national economies. This measure is implemented in order to determine the hierarchical position of 43 economies in terms of their international competitiveness. In addition, another measure of international competitiveness, the Economic Complexity Index, is examined and tested. When comparing the examined economies’ hierarchical positions obtained by using the two measures, a high correlation and a strong positive linear relationship between them is revealed.
{"title":"International Structural Competitiveness and the Hierarchy in the World Economy","authors":"M. Markaki, G. Economakis","doi":"10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.2.0195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.2.0195","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to determine the level of competitiveness of national economies and their resulting hierarchy in the world economy. Based on the assumption that there is a structural relationship between the competitiveness of a national economy and the level of its economic development, we identify the main structural factors of international competitiveness. These factors are the degree of diversification of the productive structure of a national economy and the strength of its domestic sectoral productive linkages—which are both related to the level of industrial and technological development and the technological structure of exports. The Technologically Advanced Domestic Value Added in Exports, which condenses the above structural factors, is proposed as a measure of the level of competitiveness of national economies. This measure is implemented in order to determine the hierarchical position of 43 economies in terms of their international competitiveness. In addition, another measure of international competitiveness, the Economic Complexity Index, is examined and tested. When comparing the examined economies’ hierarchical positions obtained by using the two measures, a high correlation and a strong positive linear relationship between them is revealed.","PeriodicalId":41482,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Political Economy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46373488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.2.0276
Aslı Kaykısız, Taner Akpınar
This paper considers student employees in tourism in Antalya, Turkey. The appearance of undergraduate students in the labour market in Turkey has been an observable fact, especially since the beginning of the 2000s. One can see them in many different areas of the labour market. What matters in terms of labour demand is their student status, not their skill, experience, etc. The tourism industry is one of the economic activities in which undergraduate students are densely employed. Undergraduate students are employed informally for casual jobs by agencies functioning like employment agencies, but they are not officially employment agencies. The tourism industry in Antalya has a seasonal nature, and of course employment in this area is seasonal as well. However, in some seasons, there is an instant labour demand, and undergraduate students are viewed as a good labour supply for this demand. Currently, no scientific work has been carried out on this issue. This paper intends to present some preliminary findings on student employment.
{"title":"Student Workers as a Source of Instant and Submissive Labour","authors":"Aslı Kaykısız, Taner Akpınar","doi":"10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.2.0276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.2.0276","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers student employees in tourism in Antalya, Turkey. The appearance of undergraduate students in the labour market in Turkey has been an observable fact, especially since the beginning of the 2000s. One can see them in many different areas of the labour market. What matters in terms of labour demand is their student status, not their skill, experience, etc. The tourism industry is one of the economic activities in which undergraduate students are densely employed. Undergraduate students are employed informally for casual jobs by agencies functioning like employment agencies, but they are not officially employment agencies. The tourism industry in Antalya has a seasonal nature, and of course employment in this area is seasonal as well. However, in some seasons, there is an instant labour demand, and undergraduate students are viewed as a good labour supply for this demand. Currently, no scientific work has been carried out on this issue. This paper intends to present some preliminary findings on student employment.","PeriodicalId":41482,"journal":{"name":"World Review of Political Economy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41649110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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