Timo Brune, K. M. Kraemer, C. Kontermann, M. Oechsner
Rotary components in turbine machinery such as gas turbine blades and discs or turbocharger wheels need to be designed so that high cycle fatigue (HCF) loads are well below the fatigue endurance limit to ensure safe operation. This requires an accurate measurement of the fatigue endurance limit and the related intrinsic fatigue crack growth (FCG) threshold. Furthermore, knowing the FCG threshold is crucial in order to assess the criticality of initial defects (e.g. cavities, carbide nests, etc.). In this study, the influence of the manufacturing route on the FCG threshold and the FCG behaviour at 650 °C in air of the nickel based superalloy IN718 is investigated. For this, a per Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process manufactured version is compared to a conventionally wrought IN718 material state, both in the short and long crack regime. To measure crack growth increments of about 1 μm, an alternative pre-cracking and threshold test procedure is proposed for high temperature testing. To assess the behaviour of both material states in the short crack growth regime, cyclic R-curves have been generated taking the influence of two different R ratios into account. A further comparison of the FCG behaviour of the LPBF and the wrought material state is made on the basis of da/dN-ΔKI plots, with a focus on the Paris regime created from both classical FCG tests as well as continued threshold tests. The results observed are discussed in relation to the initial characterization of the two material states, which includes tensile tests at room temperature and at 650 °C as well as microstructural investigations.
{"title":"Comparison of wrought and additively manufactured IN718 concerning crack growth threshold and fatigue crack growth behaviour","authors":"Timo Brune, K. M. Kraemer, C. Kontermann, M. Oechsner","doi":"10.3233/sfc-228002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sfc-228002","url":null,"abstract":"Rotary components in turbine machinery such as gas turbine blades and discs or turbocharger wheels need to be designed so that high cycle fatigue (HCF) loads are well below the fatigue endurance limit to ensure safe operation. This requires an accurate measurement of the fatigue endurance limit and the related intrinsic fatigue crack growth (FCG) threshold. Furthermore, knowing the FCG threshold is crucial in order to assess the criticality of initial defects (e.g. cavities, carbide nests, etc.). In this study, the influence of the manufacturing route on the FCG threshold and the FCG behaviour at 650 °C in air of the nickel based superalloy IN718 is investigated. For this, a per Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process manufactured version is compared to a conventionally wrought IN718 material state, both in the short and long crack regime. To measure crack growth increments of about 1 μm, an alternative pre-cracking and threshold test procedure is proposed for high temperature testing. To assess the behaviour of both material states in the short crack growth regime, cyclic R-curves have been generated taking the influence of two different R ratios into account. A further comparison of the FCG behaviour of the LPBF and the wrought material state is made on the basis of da/dN-ΔKI plots, with a focus on the Paris regime created from both classical FCG tests as well as continued threshold tests. The results observed are discussed in relation to the initial characterization of the two material states, which includes tensile tests at room temperature and at 650 °C as well as microstructural investigations.","PeriodicalId":41486,"journal":{"name":"Strength Fracture and Complexity","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42203308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the more serious operational problems is thermo-fatigue damage detected on internal surfaces of pressure elements (chambers of steam coolers and superheaters), especially those working under creep conditions. Such damages are practically irreparable, especially during a previously planned overhaul. They require prefabrication of new elements. Using the technology of digital twins, fracture mechanics and remote diagnostics Pro Novum has developed and implemented the methodology of conditional operation (until the element is replaced or the boiler is shut down), which allows supervision of the damage under the control of an appropriate system (software). The system can simultaneously control the possible development of a dozen or so damages and assess the condition of the element in an on-line mode. The elements working the longest in the conditions as above have worked for 2 years now. Control NDT (UT) during operation and destructive tests after the disassembly of the elements confirmed possibility of computational monitoring of crack propagation with the accuracy sufficient for practical purposes.
{"title":"Conditional operation of boiler components working under creep conditions until replacement","authors":"J. Trzeszczyński, Ewa Trzeszczyńska","doi":"10.3233/sfc-228007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sfc-228007","url":null,"abstract":"One of the more serious operational problems is thermo-fatigue damage detected on internal surfaces of pressure elements (chambers of steam coolers and superheaters), especially those working under creep conditions. Such damages are practically irreparable, especially during a previously planned overhaul. They require prefabrication of new elements. Using the technology of digital twins, fracture mechanics and remote diagnostics Pro Novum has developed and implemented the methodology of conditional operation (until the element is replaced or the boiler is shut down), which allows supervision of the damage under the control of an appropriate system (software). The system can simultaneously control the possible development of a dozen or so damages and assess the condition of the element in an on-line mode. The elements working the longest in the conditions as above have worked for 2 years now. Control NDT (UT) during operation and destructive tests after the disassembly of the elements confirmed possibility of computational monitoring of crack propagation with the accuracy sufficient for practical purposes.","PeriodicalId":41486,"journal":{"name":"Strength Fracture and Complexity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48069663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of a simple and efficient methodologies for numerically analyzing the material fracture process is very important in the field of computational mechanics. Damage mechanics approaches are still applied to fracture numerical analyses of many engineering practice problems. This paper focuses on the numerical prediction of crack propagation and fracture behavior by the combination of anisotropic damage model and tracking algorithm. In general, anisotropic damage models may be misunderstood to be used only in the simulations of anisotropic materials. However, it can be used for the anisotropic stiffness matrix induced by the crack plane in damaged isotropic materials. Although it is well known that the anisotropic damage model is superior to the isotropic damage model in fracture simulations, most of studies have combined the isotropic damage model and tracking algorithm, and few studies combine the anisotropic damage model and tracking algorithm. The issues of successfully combining the anisotropic damage model and crack tracking algorithm are addressed in this study. The anisotropic damage model is improved and a local tracking algorithm based on crack surface discretization is also modified. Various crack propagation problems are analyzed numerically to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed approach.
{"title":"An anisotropic damage model combined with a tracking algorithm for modelling crack propagation","authors":"Wiseroad Yun, Kumchol Yun, Kukjin Kim","doi":"10.3233/sfc-210282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sfc-210282","url":null,"abstract":"The development of a simple and efficient methodologies for numerically analyzing the material fracture process is very important in the field of computational mechanics. Damage mechanics approaches are still applied to fracture numerical analyses of many engineering practice problems. This paper focuses on the numerical prediction of crack propagation and fracture behavior by the combination of anisotropic damage model and tracking algorithm. In general, anisotropic damage models may be misunderstood to be used only in the simulations of anisotropic materials. However, it can be used for the anisotropic stiffness matrix induced by the crack plane in damaged isotropic materials. Although it is well known that the anisotropic damage model is superior to the isotropic damage model in fracture simulations, most of studies have combined the isotropic damage model and tracking algorithm, and few studies combine the anisotropic damage model and tracking algorithm. The issues of successfully combining the anisotropic damage model and crack tracking algorithm are addressed in this study. The anisotropic damage model is improved and a local tracking algorithm based on crack surface discretization is also modified. Various crack propagation problems are analyzed numerically to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":41486,"journal":{"name":"Strength Fracture and Complexity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46748809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The stability of bridges in the face of earthquake hazards has always been the focus of construction engineering. At present, a large number of bridge construction has begun to use isolation rubber bearings to increase the seismic capacity of bridges. However, in the face of high-intensity earthquake disasters, the seismic performance of the bridge is gradually unable to meet, the main reason is the lack of relevant research on the seismic performance of the bridge in high seismic intensity area. Therefore, this study will explore the changes of the bridge in the face of high-strength earthquake, and try to use high damping rubber bearings for the isolation design of the bridge. By establishing the finite element model of continuous bridge combined with isolation rubber bearing, the numerical calculation of bridge element is carried out on this basis, and the isolation effect of isolation rubber bearing is analyzed. The results show that the compression resistance and shear resistance of the isolated rubber bearing are strong. Under the influence of different seismic waves, the maximum displacement of the bearing is 0.131 m and the maximum horizontal force is 389.6 kN, which are lower than the allowable value of the bridge, and the overall seismic performance of the bridge has been significantly improved, which can play a good theoretical support in the construction of continuous bridges in high seismic intensity areas.
{"title":"Isolation design and numerical calculation of isolated rubber bearing in continuous beam bridge in high seismic intensity area","authors":"D. Pan, Tao Zhang","doi":"10.3233/sfc-210278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sfc-210278","url":null,"abstract":"The stability of bridges in the face of earthquake hazards has always been the focus of construction engineering. At present, a large number of bridge construction has begun to use isolation rubber bearings to increase the seismic capacity of bridges. However, in the face of high-intensity earthquake disasters, the seismic performance of the bridge is gradually unable to meet, the main reason is the lack of relevant research on the seismic performance of the bridge in high seismic intensity area. Therefore, this study will explore the changes of the bridge in the face of high-strength earthquake, and try to use high damping rubber bearings for the isolation design of the bridge. By establishing the finite element model of continuous bridge combined with isolation rubber bearing, the numerical calculation of bridge element is carried out on this basis, and the isolation effect of isolation rubber bearing is analyzed. The results show that the compression resistance and shear resistance of the isolated rubber bearing are strong. Under the influence of different seismic waves, the maximum displacement of the bearing is 0.131 m and the maximum horizontal force is 389.6 kN, which are lower than the allowable value of the bridge, and the overall seismic performance of the bridge has been significantly improved, which can play a good theoretical support in the construction of continuous bridges in high seismic intensity areas.","PeriodicalId":41486,"journal":{"name":"Strength Fracture and Complexity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45290243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents a complicated case of coalescence of yield zones between two internal cracks out of four collinear straight cracks weakened an infinite isotropic plate. Two solutions are presented for the case of opening and closing of multiple cracks under general yielding conditions. Using these two solutions and the principle of superposition, we found the analytical expressions for load-bearing capacity of the plate using complex variable method. A numerical study has been carried out to investigate the behavior of yield zone length concerning remotely applied stresses at the boundary of the plate and the impact of two outer cracks on the propagation of inner cracks due to coalesced yield zones. Results obtained are reported graphically.
{"title":"Strip yield model for multiple straight cracks with coalesced yield zones: A theoretical study","authors":"S. Hasan, N. Akhtar, S. Shekhar","doi":"10.3233/sfc-210276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sfc-210276","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a complicated case of coalescence of yield zones between two internal cracks out of four collinear straight cracks weakened an infinite isotropic plate. Two solutions are presented for the case of opening and closing of multiple cracks under general yielding conditions. Using these two solutions and the principle of superposition, we found the analytical expressions for load-bearing capacity of the plate using complex variable method. A numerical study has been carried out to investigate the behavior of yield zone length concerning remotely applied stresses at the boundary of the plate and the impact of two outer cracks on the propagation of inner cracks due to coalesced yield zones. Results obtained are reported graphically.","PeriodicalId":41486,"journal":{"name":"Strength Fracture and Complexity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49303245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND: The analysis of seismic stability of structure is important in the field of engineering. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to verify the reliability of numerical simulation in seismic stability of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure. METHODS: Based on the numerical simulation, the material constitutive model of RC frame structure was introduced and then a finite element model was established through ABAQUS to analyze its seismic stability. RESULTS: The simulation results of ABAQUS were similar to the test values, the tangent slope of the skeleton curve of the structure decreased gradually, the interstorey displacement of storey 1 was the largest, the maximum error of the interstorey displacement angle was 0.005, and the ductility coefficient was 4. CONCLUSIONS: The experimental results verify the reliability of the numerical simulation method and provide some theoretical support for its better application in the study of seismic stability.
{"title":"Research on seismic stability of reinforced concrete frame structure based on numerical simulation","authors":"Jinchao Liu","doi":"10.3233/sfc-210272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sfc-210272","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: The analysis of seismic stability of structure is important in the field of engineering. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to verify the reliability of numerical simulation in seismic stability of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure. METHODS: Based on the numerical simulation, the material constitutive model of RC frame structure was introduced and then a finite element model was established through ABAQUS to analyze its seismic stability. RESULTS: The simulation results of ABAQUS were similar to the test values, the tangent slope of the skeleton curve of the structure decreased gradually, the interstorey displacement of storey 1 was the largest, the maximum error of the interstorey displacement angle was 0.005, and the ductility coefficient was 4. CONCLUSIONS: The experimental results verify the reliability of the numerical simulation method and provide some theoretical support for its better application in the study of seismic stability.","PeriodicalId":41486,"journal":{"name":"Strength Fracture and Complexity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43135327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High speed photography by Caustics method using Cranz–Schardin camera was used to study crack propagation and divergence in thermally tempered glass. Tempered 10 mm thick glass plates were used as a specimen. New crack generation by two crack collision was observed. Regarding the presence/absence of new cracks, the dependence of the two cracks on the collision angle was confirmed. Considering that it is based on the synthesis of stress 𝜎CR generated at the crack tip, tensile stress necessary for the generation of new cracks could be created.
{"title":"New crack generation phenomena by crack collision in 10 mm thick tempered glass","authors":"S. Aratani","doi":"10.3233/sfc-210280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sfc-210280","url":null,"abstract":"High speed photography by Caustics method using Cranz–Schardin camera was used to study crack propagation and divergence in thermally tempered glass. Tempered 10 mm thick glass plates were used as a specimen. New crack generation by two crack collision was observed. Regarding the presence/absence of new cracks, the dependence of the two cracks on the collision angle was confirmed. Considering that it is based on the synthesis of stress 𝜎CR generated at the crack tip, tensile stress necessary for the generation of new cracks could be created.","PeriodicalId":41486,"journal":{"name":"Strength Fracture and Complexity","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41680799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of the work is to derive analytical solutions based on the Riemann–Hilbert (R–H) approach for semipermeable strip saturated two unequal collinear cracks in arbitrary polarized piezoelectric media. We particularly consider the influence of far field electromechanical loadings, poling direction and different crack-face boundary conditions. The problem is mathematically formulated into a set of non-homogeneous R–H problems in terms of complex potential functions (related to field components) using complex variable and extended Stroh formalism approach. After solving these equations, explicit solutions are obtained for the involved unknown complex potential functions and hence, the stress and electric displacement components at any point within the domain. Furthermore, after employing standard limiting conditions, explicit expressions for some conventional fracture parameters such as saturated zone lengths (in terms of nonlinear equations), local stress intensity factors and crack opening displacement are obtained. Numerical studies are presented for the PZT-4H material to analyze the effects of prescribed electromechanical loadings, inter-cracks distance, crack-face conditions and poling direction on the defined fracture parameters.
{"title":"Riemann–Hilbert approach-based analytical solutions for strip saturated two unequal collinear cracks in piezoelectric media","authors":"S. Singh, K. Sharma","doi":"10.3233/SFC-200261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SFC-200261","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the work is to derive analytical solutions based on the Riemann–Hilbert (R–H) approach for semipermeable strip saturated two unequal collinear cracks in arbitrary polarized piezoelectric media. We particularly consider the influence of far field electromechanical loadings, poling direction and different crack-face boundary conditions. The problem is mathematically formulated into a set of non-homogeneous R–H problems in terms of complex potential functions (related to field components) using complex variable and extended Stroh formalism approach. After solving these equations, explicit solutions are obtained for the involved unknown complex potential functions and hence, the stress and electric displacement components at any point within the domain. Furthermore, after employing standard limiting conditions, explicit expressions for some conventional fracture parameters such as saturated zone lengths (in terms of nonlinear equations), local stress intensity factors and crack opening displacement are obtained. Numerical studies are presented for the PZT-4H material to analyze the effects of prescribed electromechanical loadings, inter-cracks distance, crack-face conditions and poling direction on the defined fracture parameters.","PeriodicalId":41486,"journal":{"name":"Strength Fracture and Complexity","volume":"13 1","pages":"177-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/SFC-200261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41552051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the component operated at elevated temperatures, the life evaluation should be made in consideration of both creep and fatigue (creep-fatigue) such as the linear damage summation rule. However, the concept of creep-fatigue life evaluation has not spread well in the industry. In order to consider the reason, a series of past creep-fatigue research was surveyed, namely experimental methods, life evaluation procedures and strength design guidelines. As a result, it was revealed that the mechanism of creep-fatigue interaction has not been fully clarified yet, which results in obscuring the necessity of creep-fatigue life evaluation. The necessity of creep-fatigue life evaluation was reviewed and consequently it proved to be necessary in two cases. One is the case where the creep-fatigue interaction is significant for some kinds of material, loading modes and temperatures. The other is one where the amount of creep damage is almost the same as that of fatigue damage even though the creep-fatigue interaction is insignificant.
{"title":"Some issues in creep-fatigue research","authors":"I. Nonaka","doi":"10.3233/SFC-204004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SFC-204004","url":null,"abstract":"In the component operated at elevated temperatures, the life evaluation should be made in consideration of both creep and fatigue (creep-fatigue) such as the linear damage summation rule. However, the concept of creep-fatigue life evaluation has not spread well in the industry. In order to consider the reason, a series of past creep-fatigue research was surveyed, namely experimental methods, life evaluation procedures and strength design guidelines. As a result, it was revealed that the mechanism of creep-fatigue interaction has not been fully clarified yet, which results in obscuring the necessity of creep-fatigue life evaluation. The necessity of creep-fatigue life evaluation was reviewed and consequently it proved to be necessary in two cases. One is the case where the creep-fatigue interaction is significant for some kinds of material, loading modes and temperatures. The other is one where the amount of creep damage is almost the same as that of fatigue damage even though the creep-fatigue interaction is insignificant.","PeriodicalId":41486,"journal":{"name":"Strength Fracture and Complexity","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/SFC-204004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49098138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High speed photography by Caustics method using Cranz-Schardin camera was studied for crack propagation and divergence in thermally tempered glass. Tempered 10 mm thick glass plates were used as a specimen. Two types of bifurcation and branching as the crack divergence could be observed and clarified even in 10 mm thick tempered glass. The difference of the shadow spot sizes between bifurcation type and branching type could be confirmed.
{"title":"Crack propagation and divergence phenomena observed by Caustics method in tempered glass","authors":"S. Aratani","doi":"10.3233/SFC-214005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/SFC-214005","url":null,"abstract":"High speed photography by Caustics method using Cranz-Schardin camera was studied for crack propagation and divergence in thermally tempered glass. Tempered 10 mm thick glass plates were used as a specimen. Two types of bifurcation and branching as the crack divergence could be observed and clarified even in 10 mm thick tempered glass. The difference of the shadow spot sizes between bifurcation type and branching type could be confirmed.","PeriodicalId":41486,"journal":{"name":"Strength Fracture and Complexity","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/SFC-214005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42802160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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