Pub Date : 2019-10-14DOI: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20190503.11
L. Gretchikhin
On the surface of the main crystal, positive ions interact with a negative cloud of free electrons and turn into neutral atoms. Neutral atoms having affinity to the electron other than zero additionally capture the electron and become negative ions. It is shown that under the action of ponderomotive forces the crystal surface is noticeably deformed, and it is experimentally confirmed. Besides, it is experimentally proved that three-atomic molecules possess allotropy in distribution of the built-in electric moments. The analysis of different physical models, which describe the thermo-and auto-electric emission of free electrons, is carried out and their inconsistency is shown. Thermal electron and field emission arise due to the temperature population of negative ions on the crystal surface and cluster vibrations in the near-surface layer. Field emission is thermal electron emission from negative ions and the Fermi level, which is transformed due to the action of the external electric field on the work of the surface by ponderomotive forces.
{"title":"Formation of Negative Ions on the Surface of a Solid Body and Their Influence on the Thermoelectronic and Autoelectronic Emission of Free Electrons","authors":"L. Gretchikhin","doi":"10.11648/j.ajasr.20190503.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20190503.11","url":null,"abstract":"On the surface of the main crystal, positive ions interact with a negative cloud of free electrons and turn into neutral atoms. Neutral atoms having affinity to the electron other than zero additionally capture the electron and become negative ions. It is shown that under the action of ponderomotive forces the crystal surface is noticeably deformed, and it is experimentally confirmed. Besides, it is experimentally proved that three-atomic molecules possess allotropy in distribution of the built-in electric moments. The analysis of different physical models, which describe the thermo-and auto-electric emission of free electrons, is carried out and their inconsistency is shown. Thermal electron and field emission arise due to the temperature population of negative ions on the crystal surface and cluster vibrations in the near-surface layer. Field emission is thermal electron emission from negative ions and the Fermi level, which is transformed due to the action of the external electric field on the work of the surface by ponderomotive forces.","PeriodicalId":414962,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Scientific Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115526447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-02DOI: 10.11648/J.AJASR.20190502.11
Fu Yong, Guo Gong
The scheme is a unified character coding set of Sibe, Manchu, Mongolian and Todo languages, and the letters in the set are arranged in Latin alphabetical order. Compared with the system based on the nominal character encoding, this set does no need free variation selectors in Sibe and Manchu, and greatly reduce the use of the selectors in other languages. Thus, it is more in line with the general user's habits, and improve the information query, search, and transmission.
{"title":"A Multilingual Unified Character Encoding Scheme Based on a Normative Character Set","authors":"Fu Yong, Guo Gong","doi":"10.11648/J.AJASR.20190502.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJASR.20190502.11","url":null,"abstract":"The scheme is a unified character coding set of Sibe, Manchu, Mongolian and Todo languages, and the letters in the set are arranged in Latin alphabetical order. Compared with the system based on the nominal character encoding, this set does no need free variation selectors in Sibe and Manchu, and greatly reduce the use of the selectors in other languages. Thus, it is more in line with the general user's habits, and improve the information query, search, and transmission.","PeriodicalId":414962,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Scientific Research","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123019287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-24DOI: 10.11648/J.AJASR.20190501.15
V. Nahapetyan, Shiela Delos Santos, K. Crocker, Dayana E. Tobar, Dante Nazarian, Hovannes Chirishyan, G. Beltran, Rachel Dubin, Leticia Reque, Prabkiran Singh, Brandie Cardona, Graciel Royce Bachinela, L. Sarkisyan, Gregory C. Zem, S. Oppenheimer
Manual cell counting assays are often considered as a gold standard in some applications because of direct observation of results. Here a manual kinetic cell counting method is used to evaluate the efficacy of reagents to unclump cells in a fixed yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisae ) model. Clumped cells are more dangerous than single cells in many human venues such as cancer spread, thrombocytic blockages and biofilm infectivity. In this study percentage of single cells are analyzed over time in the presence or absence of specific reagents and the number of cell clumps and cells per clump are also assessed. The results show that when the percentage of single cells increases, the number of clumps and cells per clump decrease, helping to validate the assay. These findings suggest that this assay can be a gold standard for evaluating the effects of specific reagents on cell unclumping in a model system that can be used in drug discovery investigations. This study is part of a program that won a U.S. Presidential Award for science mentoring presented by President Obama at the White House. The experiments are easily accomplished by undergraduate students and can be done by research classes without background in complex science methodology.
{"title":"A Manual Kinetic Assay in a Fixed Yeast Model for Drug Discovery","authors":"V. Nahapetyan, Shiela Delos Santos, K. Crocker, Dayana E. Tobar, Dante Nazarian, Hovannes Chirishyan, G. Beltran, Rachel Dubin, Leticia Reque, Prabkiran Singh, Brandie Cardona, Graciel Royce Bachinela, L. Sarkisyan, Gregory C. Zem, S. Oppenheimer","doi":"10.11648/J.AJASR.20190501.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJASR.20190501.15","url":null,"abstract":"Manual cell counting assays are often considered as a gold standard in some applications because of direct observation of results. Here a manual kinetic cell counting method is used to evaluate the efficacy of reagents to unclump cells in a fixed yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisae ) model. Clumped cells are more dangerous than single cells in many human venues such as cancer spread, thrombocytic blockages and biofilm infectivity. In this study percentage of single cells are analyzed over time in the presence or absence of specific reagents and the number of cell clumps and cells per clump are also assessed. The results show that when the percentage of single cells increases, the number of clumps and cells per clump decrease, helping to validate the assay. These findings suggest that this assay can be a gold standard for evaluating the effects of specific reagents on cell unclumping in a model system that can be used in drug discovery investigations. This study is part of a program that won a U.S. Presidential Award for science mentoring presented by President Obama at the White House. The experiments are easily accomplished by undergraduate students and can be done by research classes without background in complex science methodology.","PeriodicalId":414962,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Scientific Research","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117208597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.11648/J.AJASR.20190501.14
Wang Changshuan, Guo Hongzhi, Jiao Guandong, Niu Yuanyuan, Xie Mingzhao
To address the issues of inefficient hydraulic fracturing on perforation clusters in shale gas horizontal wells caused by the inconsistent size of entrance holes on the casing, Stimstream shaped charge providing consistent hole and deep-penetration was introduced and its special performance was analyzed. Surface concrete target test and field test were conducted respectively to compare the performance between this kind of charge and conventional deep penetration charges made in China. In surface concrete target test, the average hole diameter of Stimstream shaped charge in 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° phasing is 9.4mm, 9.3mm, 9.3mm, 8.9mm, the average hole diameter of conventional deep penetration charges in 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° phasing is 9.3mm, 8.6mm, 6.5mm, 7.0mm respectively. The results shown that Stimstream shaped charge can provide uniform and big holes on the casing regardless of different clearance between perforating gun and casing. In three field testings, comparing the field data of S3406D Stimstream charge and domestic SDP35HMX25 shaped charges, it proven that S3406D can reduce the average hydraulic breakdown pressure by 2044.5 psi, 1189psi and 1261.5psi respectively, and reduce the average treatment pressure to pump proppant by 696psi, 652.5psi and 928psi respectively. It has remarkable effectiveness on reducing the breakdown pressure and treatment pressure of shale gas formations during hydraulic fracturing operation.
{"title":"Application of Stimstream Shaped Charge with Consistent Entrance Hole and Deep Penetration in Shale Gas Reservoir","authors":"Wang Changshuan, Guo Hongzhi, Jiao Guandong, Niu Yuanyuan, Xie Mingzhao","doi":"10.11648/J.AJASR.20190501.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJASR.20190501.14","url":null,"abstract":"To address the issues of inefficient hydraulic fracturing on perforation clusters in shale gas horizontal wells caused by the inconsistent size of entrance holes on the casing, Stimstream shaped charge providing consistent hole and deep-penetration was introduced and its special performance was analyzed. Surface concrete target test and field test were conducted respectively to compare the performance between this kind of charge and conventional deep penetration charges made in China. In surface concrete target test, the average hole diameter of Stimstream shaped charge in 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° phasing is 9.4mm, 9.3mm, 9.3mm, 8.9mm, the average hole diameter of conventional deep penetration charges in 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° phasing is 9.3mm, 8.6mm, 6.5mm, 7.0mm respectively. The results shown that Stimstream shaped charge can provide uniform and big holes on the casing regardless of different clearance between perforating gun and casing. In three field testings, comparing the field data of S3406D Stimstream charge and domestic SDP35HMX25 shaped charges, it proven that S3406D can reduce the average hydraulic breakdown pressure by 2044.5 psi, 1189psi and 1261.5psi respectively, and reduce the average treatment pressure to pump proppant by 696psi, 652.5psi and 928psi respectively. It has remarkable effectiveness on reducing the breakdown pressure and treatment pressure of shale gas formations during hydraulic fracturing operation.","PeriodicalId":414962,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Scientific Research","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115072026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-28DOI: 10.11648/J.AJASR.20190501.12
Li Chaokui, Z. Yanan, Xiao Keyan, Chen Jianhui
With the emergence of big data of TB and PB geological and mineral resources, the storage of large geological data has become a worldwide problem puzzling geologists. The traditional storage and service model of geological data is facing a great challenge. For example, when the scale of data increases dramatically, general relational database can not solve the problem of insufficient scalability, stability and efficiency of database system. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes a new method of geological and mineral data storage based on cloud computing environment combined with hadoop. Taking the mineral resources potential evaluation data of Chongqing as the research object, The proposed method in this paper is compared with the traditional Oracle database storage method in data storage experiments: (1) Small file optimization comparative experiment; (2) Hadoop and Oracle comparative experiment. The performance of writing operation, memory occupancy, data import and data export are tested in different way, and the comparison chart of performance is given. The experimental results show that the new storage method proposed in this paper is more efficient than the traditional method. At the same time, it effectively overcomes the problem of small file storage in Hadoop storage. The research results provide a new technical for the storage and management of geological and mineral data all over the country.
{"title":"Innovation Method of Distributed Storage for Huge Data of Geological and Mineral Resources Based on Hadoop","authors":"Li Chaokui, Z. Yanan, Xiao Keyan, Chen Jianhui","doi":"10.11648/J.AJASR.20190501.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJASR.20190501.12","url":null,"abstract":"With the emergence of big data of TB and PB geological and mineral resources, the storage of large geological data has become a worldwide problem puzzling geologists. The traditional storage and service model of geological data is facing a great challenge. For example, when the scale of data increases dramatically, general relational database can not solve the problem of insufficient scalability, stability and efficiency of database system. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes a new method of geological and mineral data storage based on cloud computing environment combined with hadoop. Taking the mineral resources potential evaluation data of Chongqing as the research object, The proposed method in this paper is compared with the traditional Oracle database storage method in data storage experiments: (1) Small file optimization comparative experiment; (2) Hadoop and Oracle comparative experiment. The performance of writing operation, memory occupancy, data import and data export are tested in different way, and the comparison chart of performance is given. The experimental results show that the new storage method proposed in this paper is more efficient than the traditional method. At the same time, it effectively overcomes the problem of small file storage in Hadoop storage. The research results provide a new technical for the storage and management of geological and mineral data all over the country.","PeriodicalId":414962,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Scientific Research","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121962149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-28DOI: 10.11648/J.AJASR.20190501.11
L. Shiqing, Ma Leilei, Liu Yifeng, Li Dan, Chen Zhaojiang
The radial vibration of a thin annular vibrator with multiple radial slots is studied. Based on the electro-mechanical analogy, the equivalent circuit and the frequency equation of the slotting thin annular vibrator in radial vibration are derived. By numerical simulations, the influences of the radius ratio of the thin annular vibrator on its displacement amplitude amplification factor and the first- and the second-order resonance frequency have been investigated. The analysis results manifest that the first-order amplitude amplification factor and the resonance frequency of the ring increase with the increases of the radius ratio, and the situation is the opposite for the relation between the second-order amplitude amplification factor and the radius ratio. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed for the simulation of the radial vibration of the thin annular vibrator. The FEM results are in good agreement with the analytical solution.
{"title":"Study on the Radial Vibration of a Thin Annular Vibrator with Multi-Radial Slots","authors":"L. Shiqing, Ma Leilei, Liu Yifeng, Li Dan, Chen Zhaojiang","doi":"10.11648/J.AJASR.20190501.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJASR.20190501.11","url":null,"abstract":"The radial vibration of a thin annular vibrator with multiple radial slots is studied. Based on the electro-mechanical analogy, the equivalent circuit and the frequency equation of the slotting thin annular vibrator in radial vibration are derived. By numerical simulations, the influences of the radius ratio of the thin annular vibrator on its displacement amplitude amplification factor and the first- and the second-order resonance frequency have been investigated. The analysis results manifest that the first-order amplitude amplification factor and the resonance frequency of the ring increase with the increases of the radius ratio, and the situation is the opposite for the relation between the second-order amplitude amplification factor and the radius ratio. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed for the simulation of the radial vibration of the thin annular vibrator. The FEM results are in good agreement with the analytical solution.","PeriodicalId":414962,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Scientific Research","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121373824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20220802.12
R. Moyen, Saphia Jemylah Empilo Ndjiwa Galekoua, Jean Fabrice Yala, Bokatola Pea Indra Roenate, Tarcisse Baloki Ngoulou
{"title":"Evidence of the Transmission of Resistance of Enterobacteria to Betalactamines Between Mothers and Children in Brazzaville","authors":"R. Moyen, Saphia Jemylah Empilo Ndjiwa Galekoua, Jean Fabrice Yala, Bokatola Pea Indra Roenate, Tarcisse Baloki Ngoulou","doi":"10.11648/j.ajasr.20220802.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20220802.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":414962,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Scientific Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130427847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20220801.11
Carlos Ignacio González Arruti
{"title":"The Precautionary Principle and the Protection of Biological Diversity","authors":"Carlos Ignacio González Arruti","doi":"10.11648/j.ajasr.20220801.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20220801.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":414962,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Scientific Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129634879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20210704.12
Dawud Teha, Liang Jianjun
Adoption of small scale irrigation technology had unprecedented advantage for smallholder farmer to reduce poverty. It increases use of available water sources to get higher income and improves the livelihood of farmers. Improvement of livelihood of smallholder farmers has ample contribution to the development of the country’s economy. With high potential demand to these technologies, still there are number of problems in selection for agricultural production improvements. Therefore, our study with the objective of exploring factors affecting adoption of small scale irrigation technology (SSIT) and existing constraints in the study area had used qualitative and quantitative data analysis. Binary logistic regression model was applied to analyze direct survey of farmers SSIT adoption. Analysis result revealed that six factors were significantly and directionally affects the adoption of small-scale irrigation technology. Age and lack of credit institution are negatively significant whereas awareness, access to water, government promotion, and total income of household affects positively. Qualitative findings show that conflict between members of Farmers Irrigation Water Use Association (FIWUA), unavailability and lack of access to spare parts, topography of the district, irrigation technology technician, and lack of skill were among the constraining factors found to hinder small scale irrigation technology adoption and use. We found the fact that FIWUA act as facilitating medium in adoption and extension of small scale irrigation technology and the presence of association could be taken as opportunities available for small scale irrigation technology adoption enhancement. Overall, our findings revealed that small scale irrigation technologies are highly beneficial, and seen to have impact on the livelihood of farmers, so that the government and partner of the government working on rural livelihood improvement should have to take into account on improving farmers’ awareness and education on SSIT adoption through training and promotion in most parts of Ethiopia.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Adoption of Small Scale Irrigation Technology: Insights from Sire Woreda, Oromiya Region, Ethiopia","authors":"Dawud Teha, Liang Jianjun","doi":"10.11648/j.ajasr.20210704.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20210704.12","url":null,"abstract":"Adoption of small scale irrigation technology had unprecedented advantage for smallholder farmer to reduce poverty. It increases use of available water sources to get higher income and improves the livelihood of farmers. Improvement of livelihood of smallholder farmers has ample contribution to the development of the country’s economy. With high potential demand to these technologies, still there are number of problems in selection for agricultural production improvements. Therefore, our study with the objective of exploring factors affecting adoption of small scale irrigation technology (SSIT) and existing constraints in the study area had used qualitative and quantitative data analysis. Binary logistic regression model was applied to analyze direct survey of farmers SSIT adoption. Analysis result revealed that six factors were significantly and directionally affects the adoption of small-scale irrigation technology. Age and lack of credit institution are negatively significant whereas awareness, access to water, government promotion, and total income of household affects positively. Qualitative findings show that conflict between members of Farmers Irrigation Water Use Association (FIWUA), unavailability and lack of access to spare parts, topography of the district, irrigation technology technician, and lack of skill were among the constraining factors found to hinder small scale irrigation technology adoption and use. We found the fact that FIWUA act as facilitating medium in adoption and extension of small scale irrigation technology and the presence of association could be taken as opportunities available for small scale irrigation technology adoption enhancement. Overall, our findings revealed that small scale irrigation technologies are highly beneficial, and seen to have impact on the livelihood of farmers, so that the government and partner of the government working on rural livelihood improvement should have to take into account on improving farmers’ awareness and education on SSIT adoption through training and promotion in most parts of Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":414962,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Scientific Research","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125263578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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