These two articles, both by early career scholars, explore how people experienced space and place in middle-period China. In examining epitaphs written during the Liao dynasty (907–1125) about the emperor’s moving court, Lance Pursey, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Birmingham, U.K. who is working with Naomi Standen as his supervisor, draws on the concept of counter-mapping to suggest an alternative view of space, one that does not divide the world into prefectures and their subdivisions. In contrast, Lee Tsonghan, an associate professor at National Taiwan Normal University, focuses on a single individual who wrote about one of those subdivisions—the township (zhen 鎮)—where he lived during the final decades of the Southern Song. Featuring close readings of primary sources, both articles propose far-reaching conclusions. The first article tackles a particularly difficult subject. All readers of this journal know just how limited the source base for the Liao dynasty (907–1125) is. One could, of course, check Tang, Five Dynasties, and Song sources, especially since so much of Liao territory came under Chinese rule at one point or another, and the “Dili zhi” 地理志 (best not translated as “Geography Monograph,” as Pursey explains) of the dynastic history of the Liao (Liao shi 遼史) is certainly an obvious place to start. But it, too, sheds minimal light on indigenous views of geographic knowledge because it was compiled centuries after the fall of the Liao and mostly on the basis of Song sources. No one source reveals how the people living under Liao-dynasty rule, a mixed population of descended from Kitan, Chinese, Bohai, and Uighur ancestors (and other groups as well), might have thought about the spaces they inhabited.1 Lance Pursey realized that Liao-dynasty epitaphs written in Chinese offer
{"title":"Introduction: New Sources of Geographic Knowledge","authors":"Valerie Hansen","doi":"10.1353/sys.2019.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sys.2019.0003","url":null,"abstract":"These two articles, both by early career scholars, explore how people experienced space and place in middle-period China. In examining epitaphs written during the Liao dynasty (907–1125) about the emperor’s moving court, Lance Pursey, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Birmingham, U.K. who is working with Naomi Standen as his supervisor, draws on the concept of counter-mapping to suggest an alternative view of space, one that does not divide the world into prefectures and their subdivisions. In contrast, Lee Tsonghan, an associate professor at National Taiwan Normal University, focuses on a single individual who wrote about one of those subdivisions—the township (zhen 鎮)—where he lived during the final decades of the Southern Song. Featuring close readings of primary sources, both articles propose far-reaching conclusions. The first article tackles a particularly difficult subject. All readers of this journal know just how limited the source base for the Liao dynasty (907–1125) is. One could, of course, check Tang, Five Dynasties, and Song sources, especially since so much of Liao territory came under Chinese rule at one point or another, and the “Dili zhi” 地理志 (best not translated as “Geography Monograph,” as Pursey explains) of the dynastic history of the Liao (Liao shi 遼史) is certainly an obvious place to start. But it, too, sheds minimal light on indigenous views of geographic knowledge because it was compiled centuries after the fall of the Liao and mostly on the basis of Song sources. No one source reveals how the people living under Liao-dynasty rule, a mixed population of descended from Kitan, Chinese, Bohai, and Uighur ancestors (and other groups as well), might have thought about the spaces they inhabited.1 Lance Pursey realized that Liao-dynasty epitaphs written in Chinese offer","PeriodicalId":41503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Song-Yuan Studies","volume":"48 1","pages":"173 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/sys.2019.0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47532700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Shadow of Prosperity: Fake Goods and Anxiety in Song Urban Space","authors":"Fan Lin","doi":"10.1353/sys.2019.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sys.2019.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Song-Yuan Studies","volume":"48 1","pages":"269 - 299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/sys.2019.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49062111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The late thirteenth-century literatus Zhou Mi 周密 (1232–1298) once recounted a story about a man named Mister Shen (Shen guanren 沈官人) who “sold position vacancies” (maique 賣闕) to those who were waiting for government appointments. According to Zhou, Shen was capable of knowing all of the personnel information across the entire country, and his data were even more detailed and comprehensive than those assembled by government clerks. Zhou explained the reason for Shen’s success:
{"title":"Confronting the Job Shortage: The Commercialization of Personnel Information in Song China","authors":"Tung Yung-chang","doi":"10.1353/sys.2019.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sys.2019.0016","url":null,"abstract":"The late thirteenth-century literatus Zhou Mi 周密 (1232–1298) once recounted a story about a man named Mister Shen (Shen guanren 沈官人) who “sold position vacancies” (maique 賣闕) to those who were waiting for government appointments. According to Zhou, Shen was capable of knowing all of the personnel information across the entire country, and his data were even more detailed and comprehensive than those assembled by government clerks. Zhou explained the reason for Shen’s success:","PeriodicalId":41503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Song-Yuan Studies","volume":"48 1","pages":"57 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/sys.2019.0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48758252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Historians of the Song dynasty have long recognized that the paucity of positions in both local and central government forced many literati to remain in their hometowns. This phenomenon of localization was more acute in the Southern Song than in the Northern Song. For example, Liu Kezhuang 劉克 莊 (1187–1269), one of the most famous scholar-officials of the late Southern Song, spent more than half of his life in his native place of Xinghua commandery 興化軍 in Fujian circuit 福建路, otherwise known as Puyang 莆陽, except when he served four tours at court and several times as a local official.1 Given this shortage of available positions, an identification with locality had greater significance for Southern Song than for Northern Song literati; yet, when offered official positions, they still accepted the appointments and left their hometowns. How, then, did these stronger local connections affect the political behavior of literati during the Southern Song? Literati localism has been a focus of scholarly research in Song social history for the past three decades. Robert Hartwell and Robert Hymes pointed
{"title":"Interplay between Official Careers and Local Identity among Puyang Literati during the Late Southern Song","authors":"Chang Weiling","doi":"10.1353/sys.2019.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sys.2019.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Historians of the Song dynasty have long recognized that the paucity of positions in both local and central government forced many literati to remain in their hometowns. This phenomenon of localization was more acute in the Southern Song than in the Northern Song. For example, Liu Kezhuang 劉克 莊 (1187–1269), one of the most famous scholar-officials of the late Southern Song, spent more than half of his life in his native place of Xinghua commandery 興化軍 in Fujian circuit 福建路, otherwise known as Puyang 莆陽, except when he served four tours at court and several times as a local official.1 Given this shortage of available positions, an identification with locality had greater significance for Southern Song than for Northern Song literati; yet, when offered official positions, they still accepted the appointments and left their hometowns. How, then, did these stronger local connections affect the political behavior of literati during the Southern Song? Literati localism has been a focus of scholarly research in Song social history for the past three decades. Robert Hartwell and Robert Hymes pointed","PeriodicalId":41503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Song-Yuan Studies","volume":"48 1","pages":"103 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/sys.2019.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45491482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Describing the desperate situation of the poet Zhang Cheng 張澄 (b. 1196), Yuan Haowen 元好問 (1190–1257) listed Zhang’s needs, which included assistance from an “interested person” together with more ordinary resources like salary and land. The implication is that informal, voluntary material aid was a normal part of literati life. But who would play the role of “interested person” and how would one get him interested in providing help when it was needed? On a small scale, informal assistance in the form of individual mutual aid regularly existed within circles of relatives and associates. Giving was based on personal relationships, with the backing of the cultural concepts or moral principles that were associated with those relationships. However, in
{"title":"When Literati Beg: Informal, Voluntary, and Collective Support in Song and Yuan Presentation Prefaces","authors":"Wenyi Chen","doi":"10.1353/sys.2019.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sys.2019.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Describing the desperate situation of the poet Zhang Cheng 張澄 (b. 1196), Yuan Haowen 元好問 (1190–1257) listed Zhang’s needs, which included assistance from an “interested person” together with more ordinary resources like salary and land. The implication is that informal, voluntary material aid was a normal part of literati life. But who would play the role of “interested person” and how would one get him interested in providing help when it was needed? On a small scale, informal assistance in the form of individual mutual aid regularly existed within circles of relatives and associates. Giving was based on personal relationships, with the backing of the cultural concepts or moral principles that were associated with those relationships. However, in","PeriodicalId":41503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Song-Yuan Studies","volume":"48 1","pages":"139 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/sys.2019.0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42506745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1232, a local scholar named Chang Tang 常棠 completed the Ganshui Gazetteer (Ganshui zhi 澉水志), a work only nineteen pages long in the modern Zhonghua shuju edition. In 1258, with official support, he managed to have the township gazetteer published. Apparently only one of four township gazetteers written during the Song dynasty, it is also the only township gazetteer from the Song dynasty to survive. The central issue this article seeks to explain is why Chang Tang compiled the Ganshui Gazetteer during the period from the 1230s to the 1250s and how he used the still-evolving format of gazetteers to serve his own objectives and his family’s.1 During the Southern Song, the compilation of prefecture gazetteers was common, but the compilation of county gazetteers, not to mention township gazetteers, was more unusual. Table 1 shows the number of gazetteers for different administrative levels compiled in the Song, based on the meticulous 2010 study of Song gazetteers by Gu Hongyi 顧宏義. After searching through
{"title":"We Are the Literati Here: The Chang Family and the Compilation of the 1258 'Ganshui Gazetteer'","authors":"Lee Tsong-han","doi":"10.1353/sys.2019.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sys.2019.0005","url":null,"abstract":"In 1232, a local scholar named Chang Tang 常棠 completed the Ganshui Gazetteer (Ganshui zhi 澉水志), a work only nineteen pages long in the modern Zhonghua shuju edition. In 1258, with official support, he managed to have the township gazetteer published. Apparently only one of four township gazetteers written during the Song dynasty, it is also the only township gazetteer from the Song dynasty to survive. The central issue this article seeks to explain is why Chang Tang compiled the Ganshui Gazetteer during the period from the 1230s to the 1250s and how he used the still-evolving format of gazetteers to serve his own objectives and his family’s.1 During the Southern Song, the compilation of prefecture gazetteers was common, but the compilation of county gazetteers, not to mention township gazetteers, was more unusual. Table 1 shows the number of gazetteers for different administrative levels compiled in the Song, based on the meticulous 2010 study of Song gazetteers by Gu Hongyi 顧宏義. After searching through","PeriodicalId":41503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Song-Yuan Studies","volume":"48 1","pages":"207 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/sys.2019.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43115305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As base material for the production of cash coins, copper was the most impor tant metal in the Chinese monetary system, and hence for the political economy of China, at least until the dawn of the silver age in the sixteenth century. During the Northern Song period, what Mark Elvin deemed a “med ieval economic revolution” manifested itself in such phenomena as a more diverse division of labor, commercialization, and urbanization, along with the increased use of monetary transactions instead of barter.1 This development was supported by a boom in copper production, which was tightly controlled by the state and employed as coinage to meet the aims of its monetary policy.2 When ore deposits began to be exhausted and production costs increased, the diminishing output of copper developed into a risk for the currency system
{"title":"The Secret Method and the State: Official Attitudes Towards Wet Copper Production in Song China","authors":"Alexander Jost","doi":"10.1353/sys.2019.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sys.2019.0007","url":null,"abstract":"As base material for the production of cash coins, copper was the most impor tant metal in the Chinese monetary system, and hence for the political economy of China, at least until the dawn of the silver age in the sixteenth century. During the Northern Song period, what Mark Elvin deemed a “med ieval economic revolution” manifested itself in such phenomena as a more diverse division of labor, commercialization, and urbanization, along with the increased use of monetary transactions instead of barter.1 This development was supported by a boom in copper production, which was tightly controlled by the state and employed as coinage to meet the aims of its monetary policy.2 When ore deposits began to be exhausted and production costs increased, the diminishing output of copper developed into a risk for the currency system","PeriodicalId":41503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Song-Yuan Studies","volume":"48 1","pages":"241 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/sys.2019.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42996988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the autumn of 1177, Vice Director of the Imperial Library (bishu shaojian 秘書少監) Chen Kui 陳騤 and his colleagues compiled the Records of the Imperial Library in the Southern Song (Nan Song guan’ge lu 南宋館 閣錄) and presented it to Emperor Xiaozong 孝宗 (r. 1162–1194).1 This book contains the comprehensive history of, and organizational information on, the Imperial Library (bishu sheng 秘書省), including two juan of particularly detailed official rosters (guanlian 官聯). The compilation of the Continuing
{"title":"A Reservoir of Talent: An Analysis of the Career Advancement of Imperial Library Officials during the Southern Song","authors":"Xiong Huei-Lan","doi":"10.1353/sys.2019.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sys.2019.0015","url":null,"abstract":"In the autumn of 1177, Vice Director of the Imperial Library (bishu shaojian 秘書少監) Chen Kui 陳騤 and his colleagues compiled the Records of the Imperial Library in the Southern Song (Nan Song guan’ge lu 南宋館 閣錄) and presented it to Emperor Xiaozong 孝宗 (r. 1162–1194).1 This book contains the comprehensive history of, and organizational information on, the Imperial Library (bishu sheng 秘書省), including two juan of particularly detailed official rosters (guanlian 官聯). The compilation of the Continuing","PeriodicalId":41503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Song-Yuan Studies","volume":"48 1","pages":"56 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/sys.2019.0015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44504390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dianjiaoben ershisishi xiudingben by Liao shi (review)","authors":"Pierre Marsone","doi":"10.1353/sys.2019.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sys.2019.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Song-Yuan Studies","volume":"48 1","pages":"301 - 308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/sys.2019.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42015607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tents, Towns and Topography: How Chinese-Language Liao Epitaphs Depicted the Moving Court","authors":"Lance Pursey","doi":"10.1353/sys.2019.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sys.2019.0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Song-Yuan Studies","volume":"48 1","pages":"177 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/sys.2019.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47551131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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