Pub Date : 2023-10-18DOI: 10.3390/histories3040022
Joachim Eibach
In the numerous texts he wrote about his grand voyage to the Americas (1799–1804), the Berlin-born, highly influential, independent scholar Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) considers the people in Spanish America time and time again. While Humboldt was trained as a botanist, geologist, and mining engineer, he was nevertheless fascinated by indigenous actors who employed specific competencies as they operated in their natural environments and their own socio-cultural contexts, which were distinctly different from those in Europe. His perspectives on indigenous people are complex and refer back to various current discourses of his day. Although these texts address very different topics across a range of disciplines, they nevertheless clearly testify to his intense interest in Latin American society and culture. Humboldt repeatedly reconsiders his approaches to these topics; in a characteristically Humboldtian manner, he attempts to understand quite diverse phenomena by means of precise, on-site observation, comparison, and contextualization. In so doing, his argumentation oscillated between the poles established and defined by contemporary discourse, namely ‘savage’ and ‘barbarism’ on one side of the spectrum, and ‘civilization’ on the other.
出生于柏林、极具影响力的独立学者亚历山大·冯·洪堡(Alexander von Humboldt, 1769-1859)在他写的大量关于美洲大航海(1799-1804)的文章中，一次又一次地提到了西班牙美洲的人民。虽然洪堡接受过植物学家、地质学家和采矿工程师的培训，但他仍然对土著演员着迷，因为他们在自然环境和自己的社会文化背景下工作时运用了特定的能力，这与欧洲的演员截然不同。他对土著人民的看法是复杂的，并追溯到他那个时代的各种当前话语。尽管这些文本在一系列学科中涉及非常不同的主题，但它们清楚地证明了他对拉丁美洲社会和文化的浓厚兴趣。洪堡一再重新考虑他对这些话题的处理方法;以洪堡特有的方式，他试图通过精确的现场观察、比较和情境化来理解相当多样的现象。在这样做的过程中，他的论证在当代话语建立和定义的两极之间摇摆，即“野蛮”和“野蛮”在光谱的一边，而“文明”在另一边。
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Pub Date : 2023-10-18DOI: 10.3390/histories3040023
Jon Mathieu
This Special Issue on ‘Images of Nature’ in the longue durée has its origins in a historical conference on ‘Nature’ at the University of Geneva in the summer of 2022 (6th Swiss History Days, 29 June–1 July 2022) [...]
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A review of: Apotsos, Michelle Moore. The Masjid in Contemporary Islamic Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. doi:10.1017/9781108573931. The review offers readers a rare look at the contemporary trends and diversity in building traditions, community usages, and spiritual practices of African Muslims and their masjids. Challenging the conventional notion of the masjid as simply a place for prostration and prayer, she instead gives a novel interpretive approach by analyzing a range of masjids and their multifarious operational and symbolic functions among Muslim congregations in South Africa, Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal and Tanzania.
{"title":"Title Pending 10559","authors":"Nancy Demerdash","doi":"10.16995/ah.10559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16995/ah.10559","url":null,"abstract":"A review of: Apotsos, Michelle Moore. The Masjid in Contemporary Islamic Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. doi:10.1017/9781108573931. The review offers readers a rare look at the contemporary trends and diversity in building traditions, community usages, and spiritual practices of African Muslims and their masjids. Challenging the conventional notion of the masjid as simply a place for prostration and prayer, she instead gives a novel interpretive approach by analyzing a range of masjids and their multifarious operational and symbolic functions among Muslim congregations in South Africa, Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal and Tanzania.","PeriodicalId":41517,"journal":{"name":"Architectural Histories","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136058095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.3390/histories3040021
Arie M. Dubnov
Functioning as “precedent” and “templates” for future transfers, the Greco-Turkish population exchange and the Lausanne Treaty) are undoubtedly events of world-historical significance. But they are also crucial in the genesis of the subfield of historical research we now call “World History”: they provided the backdrop against which Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889–1975) began sketching his magnum opus, A Study of History and developed the foundations of this subfield of history writing. This article revisits the so-called “Toynbee Affair” and places it in its intellectual and political contexts. First, it revisits the British classicist scholarship that provided the backdrop and initial inspiration for Toynbee as it shifted its gaze from ancient Rome to Greece, which was put forward as a better model for foreign and imperial policy. Next, it examines Toynbee’s wartime activities and shows that his attitudes towards the new states of Central Europe were based on principles that often stood in tension with his activities and views connected to the Middle East. During these years, Toynbee was an active participant in a discourse concerning the need to manage “mixed populations,” which moved to the forefront of a new form of internationalism, while also exposed to the writings of authors such as Oswald Spengler and Frederick J. Teggart, who pushed him to advance a new type of historiography. Third, the article looks at the uneven reception of Toynbee’s ideas after 1945, including his views on the US, the “Muslim civilization,” and his controversial views on Jews and the politics of the Middle East. The article concludes by arguing that his views, which rested on a deep suspicion of liminal hybridity or cultural mestizos, failed to transcend the basic logic of separation developed in Lausanne. Entirely on the contrary: Toynbee’s story offers us a case in which we can recognize the making of the interwar “cultural imaginaire” and “reinvention of differences,” which continues shaping our view of “the West’s” supposed borders to this day.
希腊-土耳其人口交换(《洛桑条约》)无疑是具有世界历史意义的事件，是未来人口转移的“先例”和“模板”。但它们对于我们现在称之为“世界史”的历史研究分支领域的起源也至关重要:它们为阿诺德·约瑟夫·汤因比(1889-1975)开始勾画他的巨著《历史研究》提供了背景，并为这一历史写作分支领域奠定了基础。本文重新审视了所谓的“汤因比事件”，并将其置于其知识和政治背景中。首先，它回顾了英国古典主义学术，当汤因比将目光从古罗马转向希腊时，它为汤因比提供了背景和最初的灵感，希腊被提出为外交和帝国政策的更好模式。接下来，它考察了汤因比的战时活动，并表明他对中欧新国家的态度是基于他与中东有关的活动和观点经常处于紧张状态的原则。在这些年里，汤恩比积极参与了一场关于管理“混合人口”的讨论，这场讨论走到了一种新形式的国际主义的前沿，同时也接触到了奥斯瓦尔德·斯宾格勒(Oswald Spengler)和弗雷德里克·j·特加特(Frederick J. Teggart)等作家的著作，他们推动他推进了一种新型的史学。第三，文章着眼于1945年后汤因比思想的不平衡接受，包括他对美国，“穆斯林文明”的看法，以及他对犹太人和中东政治的有争议的观点。文章的结论是，他的观点建立在对界限混杂或文化混血儿的深刻怀疑之上，未能超越洛桑发展起来的分离的基本逻辑。完全相反:汤因比的故事为我们提供了一个案例，我们可以从中认识到两次世界大战之间的“文化想象”和“差异的再创造”的形成，直到今天，这些都在继续塑造着我们对“西方”所谓边界的看法。
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This article describes reading-with, a new collaborative reading method developed as part of the ERC-funded project WoWA (Women Writing Architecture 1700-1900). It offers architectural and other historians a starting point to produce inclusive histories based on the writings of those so far invisible within disciplinary canons. Arguing that historiography can be made more inclusive if the historian’s approach to their sources changes, reading-with introduces a set of precise and timed reading tasks organised in layers to focus the researcher’s attention on different aspects of the narration as well as their response to the text. Based on methods developed in the fields of psychology and feminist oral history, it aims to disrupt learned, canonical reading methods, paying attention to the relationship between reader, text, narrator, and context. Performed by several groups of researchers and master students in Switzerland and Chile in 2022-23, the method has been tested with texts authored by women in the 18th and 19th centuries. It foregrounds their architectural agency and influence on architectural cultures, even if their links to the professional sphere have so far been regarded as marginal. Reading-with is an invitation to read otherwise to centre the experiences and agency of those not yet acknowledged.
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Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.3390/histories3030020
D. Conversi
How far is port cities’ cosmopolitan inclination reflected in the type of nationalism prevailing in the surrounding area or region? How do these relationships change in different timeframes, one determined by nationalist modernization, the other by neoliberal globalization? This article attempts to respond to this question by looking at three Northern Mediterranean port cities (Barcelona, Naples, and Salonica) in two different time settings: the advent of the centralizing nation-state preceding WW1 and the advent of free-market deregulation policies adopted worldwide since the 1980s. It does so by adapting a new critical reading of Hans Kohn’s dichotomy on civic/ethnic nationalism—and extending it to the realm of culture in an age of deep global transformations.
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Pub Date : 2023-09-03DOI: 10.3390/histories3030019
Kelvin Cahya Yap, Tony (Wenyao) Jiao, Francesco Perono Cacciafoco
The Singapore Stone was a large monolith present at the mouth of the Singapore River, clad with a faded inscription that was a point of interest for local and foreign antiquarians and other enthusiasts, as no person—native or otherwise—could decipher the meaning of its tongue. Tragically, the stone was blasted in 1848 by East India Company engineers as part of works to widen the mouth of the river. Only four fragments were saved; these were sent to Calcutta’s Asiatic Society of Bengal and later placed in the custody of the Indian Museum. Today, only one fragment remains, which was returned to Singapore in 1919 and at present is displayed in the National Museum of Singapore. Over the past century and a half, there has been great interest in the fate of the lost fragments and in the mysterious inscription that the fragments hold. There have been various attempts at deciphering the Stone, with a variety of suggested interpretations and languages. This research paper compiles and documents both the physical journey of the fragments and the various attempts at deciphering them, aiming to comprehensively detail the Stone’s origins and journey from its erection to its present residence while providing an analysis of the past attempts at decipherment and the future of this effort.
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Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.3390/histories3030018
I-Shiang Lee, Francesco Perono Cacciafoco
The Singapore Stone, discovered in 1819, was blown up in 1843 and remains an enigma today. Several studies have suggested the script to be Kawi, a Brahmic script used between the 8th and 16th centuries in Java and other parts of Southeast Asia. The language remains unknown but is thought to be Old Javanese, Sanskrit, or Tamil. There is great historical value in finding out what the script says, and it is the aim of this project to offer deeper insight into this undeciphered inscription. In this paper, an in-depth comparison of the Singapore Stone with the Calcutta Stone (1041 CE), a prominent example of a Later Kawi inscription, is performed. Brief comparisons of the Singapore Stone with other inscriptions are also conducted. Numerous characters on the Singapore Stone are matched to those on the Calcutta Stone. However, the Singapore Stone appears to have a much lower frequency of diacritics and clusters. Such a phenomenon is anomalous and could have hindered decryption efforts thus far. Nonetheless, an identification and comparison of such character signs are attempted. Overall, the two inscriptions are shown to share many stylistic similarities, suggesting that the Singapore Stone could be dated to the Later Kawi period.
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Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.3390/histories3030017
G. Müller
Daniel Sennert (1572–1637), professor of medicine and natural philosophy in Wittenberg, defended a highly unusual philosophical system. This paper examines Sennert’s vision of natural philosophy within the context of the rapidly changing environment of the seventeenth century and relates his philosophical innovations to his methodology. The main result is that Sennert’s postulation of corpuscles with substantial forms, though it takes place within the framework of Aristotelian natural philosophy, directly influences his philosophical view of qualities.
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A review of Kaimal, Padma. Opening Kailasanatha: The Temple in Kanchipuram Revealed in Time and Space. Seattle: The University of Washington Press, 2020, 288 pages, 62 b&w illus., 19 color plates, ISBN: 9780295747774. An important contribution to South Asian architectural history, this book is well worth reading for both its content and methodology. Through a complex interweaving of thick description and analysis, Kaimal destabilizes traditional ways of approaching temples and invites readers to encounter the goddess through multiple historical frames.
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