Fiction presents a version of reality that can affect an audience’s perceptions and beliefs. This effect is amplified in audio-visual media, where the medium helps convince the viewer that what they are watching is real. Scientists consulting on films have used this effect to promote their own agendas, including using what David Kirby has called ‘diegetic prototypes’ – fictional instances of not-yet realized technologies. These operate like a regular prototype, demonstrating the technology’s function, uses, and implications. They can build anticipation for, and acceptance of, emerging technologies, and can even attract funding to construct those technologies in real life. There has, however, been little scholarship to determine what makes an effective diegetic prototype. We used the Iron Man trilogy of science-fiction films to investigate this. Through a survey and focus groups we explored which futuristic technologies viewers remembered from the films, and whether they anticipated and encouraged those technologies’ development. We found that film-making concerns such as a depicted technology’s relationship to the plot or main characters, and its capacity for spectacle, were more important in fixing the prototype in the audience’s mind than the nature of the technology itself. We also found audiences anticipated and encouraged the development of technologies they saw as morally good. We recommend people wanting to use diegetic prototypes design them to have both a significant on-screen presence and to be depicted as being generally benevolent, the upsides outweighing the downsides.
{"title":"Creating a Market for Technology through Film: Diegetic Prototypes in the Iron Man Trilogy","authors":"Rudolf J. Spennemann, Lindy A. Orthia","doi":"10.24053/aaa-2022-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24053/aaa-2022-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Fiction presents a version of reality that can affect an audience’s perceptions and beliefs. This effect is amplified in audio-visual media, where the medium helps convince the viewer that what they are watching is real. Scientists consulting on films have used this effect to promote their own agendas, including using what David Kirby has called ‘diegetic prototypes’ – fictional instances of not-yet realized technologies. These operate like a regular prototype, demonstrating the technology’s function, uses, and implications. They can build anticipation for, and acceptance of, emerging technologies, and can even attract funding to construct those technologies in real life. There has, however, been little scholarship to determine what makes an effective diegetic prototype. We used the Iron Man trilogy of science-fiction films to investigate this. Through a survey and focus groups we explored which futuristic technologies viewers remembered from the films, and whether they anticipated and encouraged those technologies’ development. We found that film-making concerns such as a depicted technology’s relationship to the plot or main characters, and its capacity for spectacle, were more important in fixing the prototype in the audience’s mind than the nature of the technology itself. We also found audiences anticipated and encouraged the development of technologies they saw as morally good. We recommend people wanting to use diegetic prototypes design them to have both a significant on-screen presence and to be depicted as being generally benevolent, the upsides outweighing the downsides.","PeriodicalId":41564,"journal":{"name":"AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42175171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expedition Great White is a docuseries that follows a crew composed of professional fishermen and scientists who conduct studies about great white sharks. This article explores three interrelated dimensions of the series. First, while the series repeatedly suggests that the actions performed in front of the cameras ultimately aim to study and protect great whites and that for both the fishermen and scientists, the well-being of sharks is of the highest priority, this masculine care is not only subjected to the pursuit of new scientific insights about sharks but also embedded in a discourse of competition. Second, this pursuit of new knowledge is coded in masculine terms, as traditional notions of masculinity (i.e., confronting and catching the dangerous animal as well as making scientific progress) become re-negotiated in view of the animals’ well-being and, ultimately, their protection. Finally, while the first two dimensions bespeak the desire for human control of the natural world, the digital lives of tagged sharks challenge this human control.
{"title":"Capturing the Shark. White (Eco-)Masculinity and the Pursuit of Science in the Docuseries Expedition Great White","authors":"Michael Fuchs","doi":"10.24053/aaa-2022-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24053/aaa-2022-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Expedition Great White is a docuseries that follows a crew composed of professional fishermen and scientists who conduct studies about great white sharks. This article explores three interrelated dimensions of the series. First, while the series repeatedly suggests that the actions performed in front of the cameras ultimately aim to study and protect great whites and that for both the fishermen and scientists, the well-being of sharks is of the highest priority, this masculine care is not only subjected to the pursuit of new scientific insights about sharks but also embedded in a discourse of competition. Second, this pursuit of new knowledge is coded in masculine terms, as traditional notions of masculinity (i.e., confronting and catching the dangerous animal as well as making scientific progress) become re-negotiated in view of the animals’ well-being and, ultimately, their protection. Finally, while the first two dimensions bespeak the desire for human control of the natural world, the digital lives of tagged sharks challenge this human control.","PeriodicalId":41564,"journal":{"name":"AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44741992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This contribution explores forms of representing laboratories, scientific practice, and their subjects in the U.S.-American television show Breaking Bad (AMC, 2008–2013). Starting from the idea that scientific practice is always embedded in, and shaped by, specific socio-material constellations and thus needs to be understood as situated, it argues that the series’ laboratories, as sites of science, articulate different conceptualisations of science and scientific practice while contributing to modelling the series’ main characters through their respective set-ups. By analysing this mutual interdependence between the spaces and settings of the laboratories and the ways of both doing science and becoming a scientist, the contribution demonstrates the potential of serial television in the production of, and critical reflection on, notions of scientific practice, its settings, and its subjects.
{"title":"On the Siting of Science: Laboratories, Scientific Practice, and Its Subjects in the U.S.-American Television Show Breaking Bad","authors":"M. Butler","doi":"10.24053/aaa-2022-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24053/aaa-2022-0012","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution explores forms of representing laboratories, scientific practice, and their subjects in the U.S.-American television show Breaking Bad (AMC, 2008–2013). Starting from the idea that scientific practice is always embedded in, and shaped by, specific socio-material constellations and thus needs to be understood as situated, it argues that the series’ laboratories, as sites of science, articulate different conceptualisations of science and scientific practice while contributing to modelling the series’ main characters through their respective set-ups. By analysing this mutual interdependence between the spaces and settings of the laboratories and the ways of both doing science and becoming a scientist, the contribution demonstrates the potential of serial television in the production of, and critical reflection on, notions of scientific practice, its settings, and its subjects.","PeriodicalId":41564,"journal":{"name":"AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42235927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stefan L. Brandt and Michael Fuchs (Eds.). Space Oddities: Difference and Identity in the American City. American Studies in Austria 16. Wien: Lit Verlag, 2018.","authors":"P. Reisner","doi":"10.24053/aaa-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24053/aaa-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41564,"journal":{"name":"AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48976806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Richard Fallon, Reimagining Dinosaurs in Late Victorian and Edwardian Literature: How the ‘Terrible Lizard’ Became a Transatlantic Cultural Icon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.","authors":"Michael Fuchs","doi":"10.24053/aaa-2022-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24053/aaa-2022-0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41564,"journal":{"name":"AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49386499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses the role of the suffix -ation in English, based on data from the OED. The suffix forms deverbal nouns. Its origin can be traced back to Latin, but French had an important part in it, too. For the analysis, nouns in -ation and their corresponding verbs were retrieved from the OED. The purpose of the analysis was to characterize the position of -ation in the mental lexicon of current speakers of English and to assess the role of the word formation rule in the history of the formation of nouns in -ation. For the analysis, Marchand’s classification of nouns in -ation is used, which distinguishes nouns with verbs ending in -ify, -ize, -ate, and other verbs. This classification is combined with the information about first attestation dates provided by the OED. Cases where more than one verb can underlie a particular noun are studied in detail. Particular attention is paid to the issue of backformation, i.e. cases where the noun has been attested earlier than the verb. In the interpretation of these cases, the perspective of individual speakers is highlighted.
{"title":"The Suffix -ation in English","authors":"P. Ten Hacken, Renáta Panocová","doi":"10.24053/aaa-2022-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24053/aaa-2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the role of the suffix -ation in English, based on data from the OED. The suffix forms deverbal nouns. Its origin can be traced back to Latin, but French had an important part in it, too. For the analysis, nouns in -ation and their corresponding verbs were retrieved from the OED. The purpose of the analysis was to characterize the position of -ation in the mental lexicon of current speakers of English and to assess the role of the word formation rule in the history of the formation of nouns in -ation. For the analysis, Marchand’s classification of nouns in -ation is used, which distinguishes nouns with verbs ending in -ify, -ize, -ate, and other verbs. This classification is combined with the information about first attestation dates provided by the OED. Cases where more than one verb can underlie a particular noun are studied in detail. Particular attention is paid to the issue of backformation, i.e. cases where the noun has been attested earlier than the verb. In the interpretation of these cases, the perspective of individual speakers is highlighted.","PeriodicalId":41564,"journal":{"name":"AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42949313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the majority of his long career, Leonard Cohen may have been somewhat underappreciated in the United States of America, but he has achieved considerable renown and commercial success in other parts of the world, for instance in his native Canada and in many European countries. The present paper endeavours to establish the extent to which the latter is also true for Cohen’s status in Slovenia – a small country in Central Europe, which until 1991 formed part of socialist Yugoslavia. After an overview of the artist’s reception in North America and Europe, which provides a frame of reference, the perception of Cohen among Slovenians is comprehensively addressed by means of analysing more than one thousand articles in serial publications and online media about him in Slovenia over half a century, i.e. from 1970 to 2020. Cohen’s reputation as a man of letters is discussed first, followed by an analysis of the reception of his work as a recording artist as well as the responses to his live performances – especially to the two concerts he gave in Slovenia towards the end of his life. Lastly, some of the more notable reactions to Cohen’s death in Slovenian media are discussed.
{"title":"The Perception of Leonard Cohen in Slovenia as a Singer-Songwriter and a Literary Figure","authors":"Janko Trupei","doi":"10.24053/aaa-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24053/aaa-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"For the majority of his long career, Leonard Cohen may have been somewhat underappreciated in the United States of America, but he has achieved considerable renown and commercial success in other parts of the world, for instance in his native Canada and in many European countries. The present paper endeavours to establish the extent to which the latter is also true for Cohen’s status in Slovenia – a small country in Central Europe, which until 1991 formed part of socialist Yugoslavia. After an overview of the artist’s reception in North America and Europe, which provides a frame of reference, the perception of Cohen among Slovenians is comprehensively addressed by means of analysing more than one thousand articles in serial publications and online media about him in Slovenia over half a century, i.e. from 1970 to 2020. Cohen’s reputation as a man of letters is discussed first, followed by an analysis of the reception of his work as a recording artist as well as the responses to his live performances – especially to the two concerts he gave in Slovenia towards the end of his life. Lastly, some of the more notable reactions to Cohen’s death in Slovenian media are discussed.","PeriodicalId":41564,"journal":{"name":"AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41866146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the main problems associated with research on discourse markers concerns their meaning. A large body of rich analyses has been presented, based on a range of different frameworks, such as conversation analysis, relevance theory, cognitive linguistics, or grammaticalization theory, to deal with the complexity of functions that discourse markers exhibit. The goal of the present paper is restricted in scope. Based on a comparative survey of 24 English information units that have been classified as discourse markers, it uses the framework of Discourse Grammar to relate the functions of these markers to the situation of discourse. The findings presented suggest on the one hand that these functions can be reduced essentially to a network of three components, namely the organization of texts, the attitudes of the speaker, and speaker-hearer interaction. On the other hand, they also suggest that it is the planning and structuring of texts that is the primary concern of speakers when they draw on discourse markers. But designing texts does not appear to be a means to an end; rather it serves the interlocutors to achieve their communicative goals in what they conceive to be the best way possible.
{"title":"The Situation of Discourse: Evidence from Discourse Markers","authors":"B. Heine, Gunther Kaltenböck","doi":"10.24053/aaa-2022-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24053/aaa-2022-0001","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main problems associated with research on discourse markers concerns their meaning. A large body of rich analyses has been presented, based on a range of different frameworks, such as conversation analysis, relevance theory, cognitive linguistics, or grammaticalization theory, to deal with the complexity of functions that discourse markers exhibit. The goal of the present paper is restricted in scope. Based on a comparative survey of 24 English information units that have been classified as discourse markers, it uses the framework of Discourse Grammar to relate the functions of these markers to the situation of discourse. The findings presented suggest on the one hand that these functions can be reduced essentially to a network of three components, namely the organization of texts, the attitudes of the speaker, and speaker-hearer interaction. On the other hand, they also suggest that it is the planning and structuring of texts that is the primary concern of speakers when they draw on discourse markers. But designing texts does not appear to be a means to an end; rather it serves the interlocutors to achieve their communicative goals in what they conceive to be the best way possible.","PeriodicalId":41564,"journal":{"name":"AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41417703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wells-Lassagne, Shannon & Fiona McMahon (Eds.). Adapting Margaret Atwood – The Handmaid’s Tale and Beyond. Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.","authors":"Sandra Danneil","doi":"10.24053/aaa-2022-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24053/aaa-2022-0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41564,"journal":{"name":"AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49416396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bearing in mind that teachers often find themselves in a position where they have to produce their own teaching materials for English for Specific Purposes (ESP) classes, vocabulary profiling studies of certain genres may be of help in such situations. English for Science is an ESP field commonly taught around the world; however, despite this, the teaching resources for it are not as plentiful as the ESP teachers would like them to be. With this in mind, in this paper we study the vocabulary profile of science magazines, a genre that is generally written for non-expert audience and includes reports, news and opinions about science. We determine how complex the vocabulary of this genre is, using a corpus of approximately 230,000 running words, and define how many words are needed to reach the minimum reading comprehension level. We also determine how much high-frequency general, academic and scientific vocabulary this genre contains. Based on this, we draw conclusions on the target ESP audience these texts would be most useful for.
{"title":"Selecting ESP reading materials. Vocabulary suitability of science magazines for English for Science teaching and learning","authors":"Milica Vuković-Stamatović, Vesna Bratić","doi":"10.24053/aaa-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24053/aaa-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Bearing in mind that teachers often find themselves in a position where they have to produce their own teaching materials for English for Specific Purposes (ESP) classes, vocabulary profiling studies of certain genres may be of help in such situations. English for Science is an ESP field commonly taught around the world; however, despite this, the teaching resources for it are not as plentiful as the ESP teachers would like them to be. With this in mind, in this paper we study the vocabulary profile of science magazines, a genre that is generally written for non-expert audience and includes reports, news and opinions about science. We determine how complex the vocabulary of this genre is, using a corpus of approximately 230,000 running words, and define how many words are needed to reach the minimum reading comprehension level. We also determine how much high-frequency general, academic and scientific vocabulary this genre contains. Based on this, we draw conclusions on the target ESP audience these texts would be most useful for.","PeriodicalId":41564,"journal":{"name":"AAA-ARBEITEN AUS ANGLISTIK UND AMERIKANISTIK","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43441371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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