Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.1163/22141332-09040003
Robert Scully
While a great deal has been written about the Reformation(s), the effects of the momentous religious changes of this era on families, especially families divided by faith, is an understudied topic. This essay focuses on the Jesuit Robert Southwell (1561–95) and his pastoral and literary mission to England in the late sixteenth century. The central focus is Southwell’s letter to his father, who, unlike most of his family who remained Catholic recusants, had conformed to the Established Church. At the heart of Southwell’s rhetorical strategy is a juxtaposition of the father/ son relationship, in which the biological son assumes the role of the spiritual father. By means of his literary and theological gifts as a priest, and his love as a son, he eventually wins his father back to the faith—and to the family. Over many decades, Southwell’s writings had a significant impact, not only on his own relatives, but on the wider Catholic and religious culture.
{"title":"“He may be a father to the soul that is a son to the body”: Robert Southwell (1561–95) and Divided Family Loyalties in the English and Catholic Reformations","authors":"Robert Scully","doi":"10.1163/22141332-09040003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-09040003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While a great deal has been written about the Reformation(s), the effects of the momentous religious changes of this era on families, especially families divided by faith, is an understudied topic. This essay focuses on the Jesuit Robert Southwell (1561–95) and his pastoral and literary mission to England in the late sixteenth century. The central focus is Southwell’s letter to his father, who, unlike most of his family who remained Catholic recusants, had conformed to the Established Church. At the heart of Southwell’s rhetorical strategy is a juxtaposition of the father/ son relationship, in which the biological son assumes the role of the spiritual father. By means of his literary and theological gifts as a priest, and his love as a son, he eventually wins his father back to the faith—and to the family. Over many decades, Southwell’s writings had a significant impact, not only on his own relatives, but on the wider Catholic and religious culture.</p>","PeriodicalId":41607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Jesuit Studies","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138543632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.1163/22141332-09040001
Alison P. Weber
The Jesuit charism, which prioritized fealty to a voluntary family, invoked new ways of thinking about the duty, obedience, and love that Jesuits owed to the Society and to biological kin. The tension between family ties and the exigence for total emotional detachment from kin was subject to various degrees of accommodation. Nevertheless, the metaphor of the Society as family continued to exert a powerful influence over actual familial relations as well as attitudes toward discipline and governance.
{"title":"Introduction: Jesuits and the Idea of Family in Early Modern Europe","authors":"Alison P. Weber","doi":"10.1163/22141332-09040001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-09040001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Jesuit charism, which prioritized fealty to a voluntary family, invoked new ways of thinking about the duty, obedience, and love that Jesuits owed to the Society and to biological kin. The tension between family ties and the exigence for total emotional detachment from kin was subject to various degrees of accommodation. Nevertheless, the metaphor of the Society as family continued to exert a powerful influence over actual familial relations as well as attitudes toward discipline and governance.</p>","PeriodicalId":41607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Jesuit Studies","volume":"160 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.1163/22141332-09040004
Alison P. Weber
This essay examines a letter by Luis de la Palma (c.1559–1641), written on the occasion of his father’s death in 1595. I argue that although ostensibly a family letter, it was intended for a broader Jesuit audience. In addition to offering a paean to his father’s lay piety, de la Palma presents an exemplary model of family relations, one that demonstrates the consonance of the Jesuit exigence for detachment from kin and the fulfillment of filial duty. Written just two years after the order adopted a purity of blood requirement, the letter also constitutes an implicit apologia for the Christian virtues of the converso merchant class.
{"title":"Ordinary Holiness: A Converso Jesuit’s Biography of His Merchant Father","authors":"Alison P. Weber","doi":"10.1163/22141332-09040004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-09040004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This essay examines a letter by Luis de la Palma (<em>c.</em>1559–1641), written on the occasion of his father’s death in 1595. I argue that although ostensibly a family letter, it was intended for a broader Jesuit audience. In addition to offering a paean to his father’s lay piety, de la Palma presents an exemplary model of family relations, one that demonstrates the consonance of the Jesuit exigence for detachment from kin and the fulfillment of filial duty. Written just two years after the order adopted a purity of blood requirement, the letter also constitutes an implicit <em>apologia</em> for the Christian virtues of the <em>converso</em> merchant class.</p>","PeriodicalId":41607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Jesuit Studies","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1163/22141332-09030007
Alejandro Cañeque
This article focuses on the violent deaths of the Jesuit missionaries Rodolfo Acquaviva, Marcello Mastrilli, and Diego Luis de San Vítores, who were killed in the course of their evangelical endeavors in India, Japan, and the Mariana Islands, respectively. It elucidates the ways in which the figure of St. Francis Xavier intersected with the Jesuit ideal of martyrdom, while situating the three martyred Jesuits within the history of Iberian imperialism and colonialism. Xavier became the dominant Jesuit image of apostolic sanctity, and he greatly energized the evangelical zeal of many Jesuits, eager to missionize in distant East Asia. At the same time, the Jesuit evangelical impulse in the early modern period became closely intertwined with the desire for martyrdom. In their efforts to create saintly figures of the three slain missionaries, Jesuit authors would establish a special connection between St. Francis Xavier and the martyred Jesuits, Mastrilli and San Vítores being described as almost perfect replicas of the saint, even though Xavier never experienced martyrdom.
{"title":"In the Shadow of Francis Xavier: Martyrdom and Colonialism in the Jesuit Asian Missions","authors":"Alejandro Cañeque","doi":"10.1163/22141332-09030007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-09030007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article focuses on the violent deaths of the Jesuit missionaries Rodolfo Acquaviva, Marcello Mastrilli, and Diego Luis de San Vítores, who were killed in the course of their evangelical endeavors in India, Japan, and the Mariana Islands, respectively. It elucidates the ways in which the figure of St. Francis Xavier intersected with the Jesuit ideal of martyrdom, while situating the three martyred Jesuits within the history of Iberian imperialism and colonialism. Xavier became the dominant Jesuit image of apostolic sanctity, and he greatly energized the evangelical zeal of many Jesuits, eager to missionize in distant East Asia. At the same time, the Jesuit evangelical impulse in the early modern period became closely intertwined with the desire for martyrdom. In their efforts to create saintly figures of the three slain missionaries, Jesuit authors would establish a special connection between St. Francis Xavier and the martyred Jesuits, Mastrilli and San Vítores being described as almost perfect replicas of the saint, even though Xavier never experienced martyrdom.","PeriodicalId":41607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Jesuit Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45281741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1163/22141332-09030008-08
Seth Meehan
{"title":"Roberto Severino, trans., Georgetown’s Second Founder: Fr. Giovanni Grassi’s News on the Present Condition of the Republic of the United States of North America","authors":"Seth Meehan","doi":"10.1163/22141332-09030008-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-09030008-08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Jesuit Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43512625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1163/22141332-09030006
Rachel Miller
In the years leading up to Francis Xavier’s canonization, hagiographers emphasized the unprecedented nature of his mission to Asia by giving him various appellations that specifically identified the places where he had spread the Gospel during his ministry, such as “the first Apostle to Japan.” However, the 1623 canonization bull introduced new titles for Xavier, including the “Apostle of the Indies,” implying both East and West, as well as the “Apostle to the New People” and “the Apostle of All the Christian World.” This more universalizing view of Xavier would have a strong influence on the development of his iconography in the visual arts. This paper will examine one manifestation of this constructed image of Xavier as a global saint, focusing on early modern paintings, prints, and sculptures of Xavier preaching to representatives of the four continents. This analysis will address the question of whether these continental representatives could be considered allegories of the continents and if so, how they fit into the taxonomies and history of such images. I will also examine how these images shaped viewers’ understanding of Xavier as a universal saint working to unite the four continents of the world in Christianity and bring about the ultimate global triumph of the Catholic Church.
{"title":"From “Apostle of Japan” to “Apostle of All the Christian World”: The Iconography of St. Francis Xavier and the Global Catholic Church","authors":"Rachel Miller","doi":"10.1163/22141332-09030006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-09030006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In the years leading up to Francis Xavier’s canonization, hagiographers emphasized the unprecedented nature of his mission to Asia by giving him various appellations that specifically identified the places where he had spread the Gospel during his ministry, such as “the first Apostle to Japan.” However, the 1623 canonization bull introduced new titles for Xavier, including the “Apostle of the Indies,” implying both East and West, as well as the “Apostle to the New People” and “the Apostle of All the Christian World.” This more universalizing view of Xavier would have a strong influence on the development of his iconography in the visual arts. This paper will examine one manifestation of this constructed image of Xavier as a global saint, focusing on early modern paintings, prints, and sculptures of Xavier preaching to representatives of the four continents. This analysis will address the question of whether these continental representatives could be considered allegories of the continents and if so, how they fit into the taxonomies and history of such images. I will also examine how these images shaped viewers’ understanding of Xavier as a universal saint working to unite the four continents of the world in Christianity and bring about the ultimate global triumph of the Catholic Church.","PeriodicalId":41607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Jesuit Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41855499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1163/22141332-09030008-05
Mirosława Hanusiewicz-Lavallee
{"title":"Kristine Steenbergh and Katherine Ibbett, eds., Compassion in Early Modern Literature and Culture: Feeling and Practice","authors":"Mirosława Hanusiewicz-Lavallee","doi":"10.1163/22141332-09030008-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-09030008-05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Jesuit Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44231810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1163/22141332-09030008-06
J. Smith
{"title":"Barbara A. Kaminska, Images of Miraculous Healing in the Early Modern Netherlands","authors":"J. Smith","doi":"10.1163/22141332-09030008-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-09030008-06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Jesuit Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45754553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1163/22141332-09030001
S. Ditchfield
The significance of the two founder saints to the contribution made by Jesuit missionaries, many of whom became martyrs, to the making of Roman Catholicism as a world religion, was made explicit not at the canonization ceremony itself, nor in the celebratory processions made through the streets of Rome, but in events and decorations put up within spaces controlled by the Jesuits themselves at the Gesù, the Collegio Romano, and the novitiate of S. Andrea al Quirinale. This points to the wider phenomenon, pursued in complementary fashion in the six essays that follow: that how one “became” a saint and came to enjoy a cult (then as now) has more to do with particular, local appropriation and interpretation (including Rome itself) than with official papal, universal approbation.
{"title":"Thinking with Jesuit Saints: The Canonization of Ignatius Loyola and Francis Xavier in Context","authors":"S. Ditchfield","doi":"10.1163/22141332-09030001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-09030001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The significance of the two founder saints to the contribution made by Jesuit missionaries, many of whom became martyrs, to the making of Roman Catholicism as a world religion, was made explicit not at the canonization ceremony itself, nor in the celebratory processions made through the streets of Rome, but in events and decorations put up within spaces controlled by the Jesuits themselves at the Gesù, the Collegio Romano, and the novitiate of S. Andrea al Quirinale. This points to the wider phenomenon, pursued in complementary fashion in the six essays that follow: that how one “became” a saint and came to enjoy a cult (then as now) has more to do with particular, local appropriation and interpretation (including Rome itself) than with official papal, universal approbation.","PeriodicalId":41607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Jesuit Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45936047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1163/22141332-09030004
Grace Harpster
Before the Jesuits officially received their first saints, they capitalized on the power of the portrait series to promote their martyrs. The growing ranks of Jesuit martyrs, thought to number over a hundred in the early seventeenth century, allowed the order to participate in contemporary trends of serial portraiture as a means of legitimization. This article focuses on one crucial object in this history, a 1608 print depicting one hundred and two Jesuit martyrs in a repetitive and chronological format, published by Matthäus Greuter and Paul Maupin in Rome. An analysis of Greuter’s print demonstrates how the Jesuits coopted conventions of the portrait series to associate their martyrs with notions of Christian exemplarity and apostolic succession ingrained in the genre. The making of Jesuit identity cannot be disentangled from the discourse of portraiture, a category that includes the reiterative series as well as the naturalistic likeness.
{"title":"Illustrious Jesuits: The Martyrological Portrait Series circa 1600","authors":"Grace Harpster","doi":"10.1163/22141332-09030004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-09030004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Before the Jesuits officially received their first saints, they capitalized on the power of the portrait series to promote their martyrs. The growing ranks of Jesuit martyrs, thought to number over a hundred in the early seventeenth century, allowed the order to participate in contemporary trends of serial portraiture as a means of legitimization. This article focuses on one crucial object in this history, a 1608 print depicting one hundred and two Jesuit martyrs in a repetitive and chronological format, published by Matthäus Greuter and Paul Maupin in Rome. An analysis of Greuter’s print demonstrates how the Jesuits coopted conventions of the portrait series to associate their martyrs with notions of Christian exemplarity and apostolic succession ingrained in the genre. The making of Jesuit identity cannot be disentangled from the discourse of portraiture, a category that includes the reiterative series as well as the naturalistic likeness.","PeriodicalId":41607,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Jesuit Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46012696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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