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Constitutionalization of National Minority Rights in BRICS Countries (Brazil, India and Russia) 金砖国家(巴西、印度、俄罗斯)少数民族权利的法制化
IF 0.4 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-10-26 DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-3-30-66
A. Kumar, V. Rudenko, N. Filippova
On the basis of comparative law, this paper analyzes the issues of national minorities in three BRICS member-states (Brazil, India and Russia), and considers the directions and trends of the constitutionalization of national minority rights in these states. The authors argue that the coordination of the interests of industrial companies, regional communities and national minorities, alongside the establishment of common standards between BRICS are vital in order to ensure the sustainable growth of the economies of its member-states. The main comparison criteria are as follows: the understanding of the term “national minority” in different jurisdictions; the delimitation of powers of federative and regional authorities; a list of national minority rights; and instruments of representation and legal protection of national minorities. In regards to Brazil, this article focuses on the impact of the historic concept of racial democracy on contemporary policy on the issues of national minorities. For India the focus is on case law of the Supreme Court on minority issues, and for Russia the focus is on the protection of indigenous “small-numbered” peoples. The authors conclude that the direction of the constitutionalization of national minority rights differs dramatically in Brazil, India and Russia. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a common understanding of the purpose of such constitutionalization, which is namely, to preserve the identity of such minorities in the process of their gradual involvement in modern economic structures and national processes.
本文在比较法的基础上,分析了金砖国家三个成员国(巴西、印度和俄罗斯)的少数民族问题,并思考了这些国家少数民族权利宪法化的方向和趋势。作者认为,协调工业公司、地区社区和少数民族的利益,以及在金砖国家之间建立共同标准,对于确保其成员国经济的可持续增长至关重要。主要的比较标准如下:不同司法管辖区对“少数民族”一词的理解;联邦和地区当局权力的界定;少数民族权利清单;以及少数民族代表权和法律保护文书。关于巴西,本文侧重于种族民主的历史概念对当代少数民族问题政策的影响。对印度来说,重点是最高法院关于少数民族问题的判例法,而对俄罗斯来说,重点则是保护土著“少数”民族。作者得出的结论是,巴西、印度和俄罗斯的少数民族权利宪法化方向存在巨大差异。因此,有必要对这种宪法化的目的达成共识,即在这些少数群体逐渐参与现代经济结构和国家进程的过程中维护他们的身份。
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引用次数: 1
Renewable Energy in Russia: System Analysis of Barriers 俄罗斯可再生能源:壁垒的系统分析
IF 0.4 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-07-25 DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-2-89-119
A. Ljovkina, M. Brody, E. Karagulyan, A. Zakharova, V. Ljovkin
Considering the current ecological situation in the modern world, the quality of life depends not so much on a stable energy supply as on an environmentally friendly way of producing and consuming energy, which has turned social and research attention to the opportunities of renewable energy systems (RES). In spite of the vital necessity of transitioning to environmentally friendly energy production, the implementation and development of renewable energy technologies face a range of barriers: socio-cultural, technological, economic, institutional and environmental. To overcome these barriers, the authors of this article use the systems approach to gain deeper understanding of RES interconnection and interdependence. They apply STEEP analysis for classification and qualitative analysis of RES development barriers in Russia. The article proposes the analytical methodology, which reveals system specifications of the national RES development barriers and predicts the chain reaction of overcoming particular barriers. Using this methodology, the authors identify the main socio-cultural roots of RES development barriers in Russia: state control of the development of the energy sector, the political stake in hydrocarbons and the lack of consistent policies on RES development. The authors’ suggested analysis methodology is appropriate for identifying the root problems in energy socio-economic systems and for effective decision-making process in the energy sector.
考虑到现代世界当前的生态状况,生活质量与其说取决于稳定的能源供应,不如说取决于一种环保的能源生产和消费方式,这使得社会和研究人员将注意力转向了可再生能源系统(RES)的机会。尽管极有必要向无害环境的能源生产过渡,但可再生能源技术的实施和发展面临一系列障碍:社会文化、技术、经济、体制和环境。为了克服这些障碍,本文的作者使用系统方法来更深入地理解RES的相互联系和相互依存。他们应用STEEP分析对俄罗斯可再生能源发展障碍进行分类和定性分析。本文提出了分析方法,揭示了国家可再生能源发展障碍的系统规范,并预测了克服特定障碍的连锁反应。使用这种方法,作者确定了俄罗斯可再生能源发展障碍的主要社会文化根源:国家对能源部门发展的控制,碳氢化合物的政治利益以及缺乏一致的可再生能源发展政策。作者建议的分析方法适用于查明能源社会经济系统的根本问题和能源部门的有效决策过程。
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引用次数: 2
Sustainable Development in China and Russia: Comparative Legal Research 中国与俄罗斯的可持续发展:比较法学研究
IF 0.4 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-07-25 DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-2-152-167
X. Fangkun, N. Symaniuk
This article examines the specifics of legal regulation of sustainable development in China and Russia. This topic is exceptionally relevant today since legal regulation of this area should create effective frameworks for the relationship between people and nature. The authors draw attention to the fact that sustainable development is better implemented when it is supported both by international standards and, necessarily, by national laws. The approaches then that China and Russia, both member countries of the BRICS bloc, are taking in implementing sustainable development are of importance, and thus described and contrasted in this study. To do so, the authors apply the comparative legal analysis, which makes it possible to distinguish both the advantages of international and national systems and the disadvantages. Based on their methodology, the authors formulate possible recommendations for each nation.
本文考察了中俄两国可持续发展法律规制的具体情况。这一主题在今天尤为重要,因为这一领域的法律规制应该为人与自然之间的关系创造有效的框架。作者提请注意这样一个事实,即当可持续发展得到国际标准和必要的国家法律的支持时,它将得到更好的实施。作为金砖国家集团的成员,中国和俄罗斯在实施可持续发展方面所采取的方法非常重要,因此在本研究中进行了描述和对比。为此,作者运用了比较法分析,这使得区分国际和国家制度的优点和缺点成为可能。根据他们的方法,作者为每个国家制定了可能的建议。
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引用次数: 0
The Interdependence of Labour and Environmental Rights in South Africa 南非劳工与环境权利的相互依存关系
IF 0.4 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-07-25 DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-2-120-151
J. Hall, M. V. Staden
Labour and environmental rights in South Africa both originated in reaction to particular and important societal problems. Labour law has traditionally been concerned with inequalities of bargaining powers, whilst environmental law was historically concerned with protection of the biophysical environment. At first glance the two rights therefore appear to be unrelated. In view of arguments that fundamental human rights cannot be achieved in isolation. This article explores the potential relationship between the two rights. It begins by providing an overview of the intersection between labour and environmentalists during the struggle against Apartheid as a basis for identifying the priorities of both sectors in advocating for the two rights and how the divide between the two narrowed. That overview provides a backdrop for the discussion which follows regarding how the intersection between the rights has played out both within the traditional and expanded conceptualisations of labour law. The study finds that the two rights do have a dependence and that the environmental arena has provided the basis for the continuation of the fight to ensure social justice for both the traditional and extended reconceptualized approach to labour law.
南非的劳工和环境权利都源于对特定和重要社会问题的反应。劳动法历来关注议价能力的不平等,而环境法历来关注生物物理环境的保护。因此,乍一看,这两项权利似乎毫无关联。鉴于不能孤立地实现基本人权的论点。本文探讨了这两种权利之间的潜在关系。它首先概述了在反对种族隔离的斗争中劳工和环保主义者之间的交叉点,以此为基础确定两个部门在倡导这两项权利方面的优先事项,以及两者之间的差距是如何缩小的。这一概述为以下讨论提供了背景,即权利之间的交叉是如何在传统和扩大的劳动法概念中发挥作用的。研究发现,这两项权利确实存在依赖性,环境领域为继续为确保劳动法的传统和扩展的重新概念化方法的社会正义而斗争提供了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Chief Editor’s Note on Collaboration and Research as the Key Contribution to the BRICS Environmental and Sustainable Development Agenda 合作与研究是金砖国家环境与可持续发展议程的重要贡献
IF 0.4 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-07-24 DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-2-4-9
E. Gladun
.
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引用次数: 1
Water Dimension of BRICS Cooperation: National Challenges and Joint Opportunities 金砖国家合作的水维度:国家挑战与共同机遇
IF 0.4 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-07-24 DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-2-41-65
A. Likhacheva, H. Kalachyhin, S. Abdolova, N. Kamenkovich
This article examines the evolution and potential of the water agenda of BRICS. The members of this international association of major countries of South America, Eurasia, Asia and Africa are rich in water resources and population. The development of water resources extends beyond their borders to projects in other countries through the activities of a major development institution, the New Development Bank of BRICS. Such conditions suggest some anticipation of a global and comprehensive view on the part of BRICS on the issues relating to water resources. However, the hypothesis of this article is opposite: despite the unique potential of the BRICS water strategy, it remains non-specific, focused on the lower common denominators for the member countries such as cleanliness, sanitation and water management. To account for this, the authors take the position that the bureaucratic logic of basic common interest downgrades strategic vision. This is reflected in the growing gap between the multifaceted nature of the issues related to water resources in the world and the narrowly specialized approach of BRICS association which perceives water de facto without its resource and global function. To study this, the authors analyze the water portfolios of the BRICS member countries and compare the national water agendas based on an analysis of policy documents. They then systematize water initiatives under the auspices of the BRICS and, finally, calculate virtual water flows and their structure between the BRICS countries using agricultural products trade as an example. The conducted analysis allows the authors to identify a wide gap between the current and potential water agenda of the BRICS. The authors then propose a number of initiatives that can create added value for the BRICS as an association both for its member countries and for developing countries facing water resource challenges. The authors assert that such a new approach, based on a profound understanding of the resource function of water as a commodity with global value, has all the potential to be implemented by BRICS.
本文考察了金砖国家水议程的演变和潜力。这个由南美洲、欧亚大陆、亚洲和非洲主要国家组成的国际协会的成员拥有丰富的水资源和人口。通过金砖国家新开发银行这一主要发展机构的活动,水资源开发已超越国界,延伸到其他国家的项目。这些情况表明,金砖国家在水资源问题上有着全球和全面的看法。然而,这篇文章的假设是相反的:尽管金砖国家的水战略具有独特的潜力,但它仍然是非特异性的,专注于成员国较低的共同点,如清洁、卫生和水管理。为此,作者认为,基本共同利益的官僚逻辑降低了战略眼光。这反映在世界上与水资源有关的问题的多方面性质与金砖国家协会狭隘的专业化方法之间日益扩大的差距上,金砖国家协会认为水实际上没有资源和全球功能。为了研究这一点,作者分析了金砖国家成员国的水资源组合,并在分析政策文件的基础上比较了各国的水资源议程。然后,他们在金砖国家的主持下将水倡议系统化,最后以农产品贸易为例计算金砖国家之间的虚拟水流及其结构。所进行的分析使作者能够确定金砖国家当前和潜在的水议程之间的巨大差距。然后,作者提出了一些倡议,这些倡议可以为金砖国家作为一个联盟,为其成员国和面临水资源挑战的发展中国家创造附加值。作者断言,这种新方法基于对水作为具有全球价值的商品的资源功能的深刻理解,具有金砖国家实施的所有潜力。
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引用次数: 0
The 2020 Reform of the Water and Sanitation Services Sector in Brazil 2020年巴西水和卫生服务部门改革
IF 0.4 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-07-24 DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-2-66-88
C. Nunes, A. A. Anderaos, Cintia Leal Marinho de Araujo
With over 100 million people without access to sewage collection and treatment and over 35 million lacking access to piped drinking water, the water and sanitation services (WSS) sector in Brazil ranks last among all the infrastructure sectors. Despite previous efforts to reach universal coverage, the gap remains wide. In order to reduce this gap, the Brazilian Parliament approved the reform of the WSS sector in July 2020. This paper examines the state of the water and sanitation services in Brazil before 2020 as well as the potential effects of the recently approved reform. It demonstrates that the sector’s primary issues are the fragmented institutional arrangements and regulations, the low levels of investments by the public sector, including those made by State-owned water companies, and the barriers to entry for the private sector. The paper also discusses the new provisions included in the reform designed to remedy those issues. The authors believe that the reform has the potential to promote significant changes in the structure of the WSS towards providing a universal and equitable service in Brazil, but at a slower pace than the reformers anticipated.
巴西有超过1亿人无法获得污水收集和处理,超过3500万人无法获得管道饮用水,水和卫生服务部门在所有基础设施部门中排名最后。尽管以前曾努力实现全民覆盖,但差距仍然很大。为了缩小这一差距,巴西议会于2020年7月批准了WSS部门的改革。本文考察了2020年前巴西的水和卫生服务状况,以及最近批准的改革的潜在影响。报告显示,该部门的主要问题是体制安排和规章不统一,公共部门(包括国有水务公司)的投资水平低,以及私营部门进入的障碍。本文还讨论了为纠正这些问题而纳入改革的新规定。作者认为,改革有可能促进WSS结构的重大变化,以在巴西提供普遍和公平的服务,但速度比改革者预期的要慢。
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引用次数: 1
Biodiversity and the Indian Judiciary: Tracing the Trajectory 生物多样性与印度司法:追踪轨迹
IF 0.4 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-07-24 DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-2-10-40
G. Gill, N. Chowdhury, N. Śrīvāstava
The Covid-19 narrative spotlights the necessity to conserve biological diversity (biodiversity) including ecosystems and wildlife. Biodiversity problems are global, and associated governance issues range beyond geographical and spatial boundaries. The globalisation and internationalisation of biodiversity concerns have resulted in the emergence of biodiversity legal frameworks designed to conserve and sustainably use our planet’s biological resources. As an “organic and evolving discipline,” biodiversity laws are increasingly important and affect the Earth’s natural systems that support human life. The article analyses the judicial space that makes, interprets and enforces laws that conserve and support the sustainable use of biodiversity. The proactive, creative judiciary, acting as amicus environment, has produced a major shift in the Indian environmental landscape. The use of public interest litigation (PIL) in both environmental and biodiversity matters is welcomed by the senior judiciary (Supreme Court and High Courts) and also by the specialised environmental tribunal, National Green Tribunal (NGT). The terminological reach of the popular descriptive words, environment, nature and ecology, on occasions including biodiversity, introduced matters litigated in the courts and tribunal. The combination of legal, scientific, and technical expertise in the three judicial fora recognize and consider conservation and protection of biodiversity as an inextricable part of life. The article follows the chronological path of biodiversity litigation, i.e. pre 1992–2002; then 2002–2010 and finally 2010–2020 and examines significant aspects of the three decades of biodiversity litigation.
Covid-19的叙述强调了保护生物多样性(生物多样性)的必要性,包括生态系统和野生动物。生物多样性问题是全球性的,相关的治理问题超越了地理和空间界限。生物多样性问题的全球化和国际化导致了旨在保护和可持续利用地球生物资源的生物多样性法律框架的出现。作为一门“有机的和不断发展的学科”,生物多样性规律越来越重要,影响着支持人类生命的地球自然系统。本文分析了保护和支持生物多样性可持续利用的法律的制定、解释和执行的司法空间。作为法庭之友的积极的、创造性的司法制度使印度的环境格局发生了重大变化。在环境和生物多样性问题上使用公益诉讼(PIL)受到高级司法机构(最高法院和高等法院)以及专门环境法庭国家绿色法庭(NGT)的欢迎。“环境”、“自然”和“生态”这些流行的描述性词汇的术语范围,在包括生物多样性在内的场合,引入了在法院和法庭上提起诉讼的事项。这三个司法论坛结合了法律、科学和技术专长,承认并认为养护和保护生物多样性是生命不可分割的一部分。本文遵循生物多样性诉讼的时间路径,即1992-2002年之前;然后是2002-2010年,最后是2010-2020年,并研究了三十年生物多样性诉讼的重要方面。
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引用次数: 1
Constitutional Legal Framework of Local Government in Russia and South Africa 俄罗斯和南非地方政府的宪法法律框架
IF 0.4 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-04-11 DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-1-35-62
R. Aliev
The article examines certain issues relating to the constitutional and legal regulation of local self-government in Russia and South Africa in the context of their cooperation within the partnership of the BRICS countries, as well as the constitutional reforms of local self-government carried out in these states. It is noted that, despite the fundamental difference in the historical prerequisites for their implementation, the constitutional and legal approaches to determining the legal nature of local self-government and identifying its status in the general system of public authority in these countries have similar features. This circumstance, according to the author, indicates the potential for a convergence of the systems of legal regulation of these countries and actualizes the need to exchange experience in legal regulation in this area in order to solve similar problems of development of local self-government.
本文探讨了俄罗斯和南非在金砖国家伙伴关系范围内的合作中与地方自治的宪法和法律监管有关的某些问题,以及这些国家对地方自治进行的宪法改革。值得注意的是,尽管这些国家实施地方自治的历史先决条件存在根本差异,但确定地方自治的法律性质和确定其在一般公共权力体系中地位的宪法和法律方法具有相似的特点。根据作者的说法,这种情况表明了这些国家法律监管体系趋同的潜力,并实现了在这一领域交流法律监管经验的必要性,以解决地方自治发展的类似问题。
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引用次数: 0
International Seminar “Labour Relations in the BRICS Countries in the Conditions of Precarization of Employment” “就业不稳定条件下金砖国家的劳资关系”国际研讨会
IF 0.4 Q4 LAW Pub Date : 2021-04-11 DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-1-162-169
T. Anbrekht
.
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引用次数: 1
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BRICS Law Journal
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