Marie Eneman, Jan Ljungberg, Elena Raviola, B. Rolandsson
Emerging technologies with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are laying the foundation for surveillance capabilities of a magnitude never seen before. This article focuses on facial recognition, now rapidly introduced in many police authorities around the world, with expectations of enhanced security but also subject to concerns related to privacy. The article examined a recent case where the Swedish police used the controversial facial recognition application Clearview AI, which led to a supervisory investigation that deemed the police’s use of the technology illegitimate. Following research question guided the study: How do the trade-offs between privacy and security unfold in the police use of facial recognition technology? The study was designed as a qualitative document analysis of the institutional dialogue between the police and two regulatory authorities, theoretically we draw on technological affordance and legitimacy. The results show how the police’s use of facial recognition gives rise to various tensions that force the police as well as policy makers to rethink and further articulate the meaning of privacy. By identifying these tensions, the article contributes with insights into various controversial legitimacy issues that may arise in the area of rules in connection with the availability and use of facial recognition.
{"title":"The sensitive nature of facial recognition: Tensions between the Swedish police and regulatory authorities","authors":"Marie Eneman, Jan Ljungberg, Elena Raviola, B. Rolandsson","doi":"10.3233/ip-211538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-211538","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging technologies with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are laying the foundation for surveillance capabilities of a magnitude never seen before. This article focuses on facial recognition, now rapidly introduced in many police authorities around the world, with expectations of enhanced security but also subject to concerns related to privacy. The article examined a recent case where the Swedish police used the controversial facial recognition application Clearview AI, which led to a supervisory investigation that deemed the police’s use of the technology illegitimate. Following research question guided the study: How do the trade-offs between privacy and security unfold in the police use of facial recognition technology? The study was designed as a qualitative document analysis of the institutional dialogue between the police and two regulatory authorities, theoretically we draw on technological affordance and legitimacy. The results show how the police’s use of facial recognition gives rise to various tensions that force the police as well as policy makers to rethink and further articulate the meaning of privacy. By identifying these tensions, the article contributes with insights into various controversial legitimacy issues that may arise in the area of rules in connection with the availability and use of facial recognition.","PeriodicalId":418875,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Polity","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127123626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid expansion of new Information and Communication Technologies has improved the possibilities for surveillance, rendering modern society a ‘surveillance society’ (Lyon, 2006). Surveillance practices today comprise a myriad of actors. However, relations between different groups of “observers” and “observed” and their respective impact on the extent of surveillance are not yet sufficiently considered. Furthermore, methodologies are missing “to look beyond abstract theory” (Galič et al., 2017, p. 34). This paper proposes theoretical considerations as well as a methodological framework by taking a meso-level perspective and by incorporating the examination of power relations in surveillance systems. It is argued that contemporary surveillance structures encompass hierarchies, albeit not in a traditional unidirectional manner. Furthermore, a first attempt is made to provide a methodological framework that helps to analyse the power relationships between diverse actors that emerge due to differences in capabilities to observe and hide. Based on a number of specified indicators, the framework aims to assist in understanding how power is distributed and in how far actors and their position within the hierarchy determine the extent and the impact that surveillance can take.
新信息和通信技术的迅速发展提高了监视的可能性，使现代社会成为“监视社会”(Lyon, 2006)。如今的监视行为包括无数的参与者。然而，不同群体的“观察者”和“被观察者”之间的关系及其各自对监视程度的影响尚未得到充分考虑。此外，方法论缺失了“超越抽象理论”(galistet al.， 2017, p. 34)。本文通过采取中观视角并将对监视系统中的权力关系的考察纳入其中，提出了理论考虑和方法框架。有人认为，当代监视结构包含等级制度，尽管不是以传统的单向方式。此外，本文还首次尝试提供一种方法框架，以帮助分析由于观察和隐藏能力的差异而出现的不同行动者之间的权力关系。该框架以若干指定指标为基础，旨在帮助理解权力是如何分配的，以及行为者及其在等级制度中的地位在多大程度上决定了监督的范围和影响。
{"title":"Power in the modern 'surveillance society': From theory to methodology","authors":"Catharina Rudschies","doi":"10.3233/ip-211536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-211536","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of new Information and Communication Technologies has improved the possibilities for surveillance, rendering modern society a ‘surveillance society’ (Lyon, 2006). Surveillance practices today comprise a myriad of actors. However, relations between different groups of “observers” and “observed” and their respective impact on the extent of surveillance are not yet sufficiently considered. Furthermore, methodologies are missing “to look beyond abstract theory” (Galič et al., 2017, p. 34). This paper proposes theoretical considerations as well as a methodological framework by taking a meso-level perspective and by incorporating the examination of power relations in surveillance systems. It is argued that contemporary surveillance structures encompass hierarchies, albeit not in a traditional unidirectional manner. Furthermore, a first attempt is made to provide a methodological framework that helps to analyse the power relationships between diverse actors that emerge due to differences in capabilities to observe and hide. Based on a number of specified indicators, the framework aims to assist in understanding how power is distributed and in how far actors and their position within the hierarchy determine the extent and the impact that surveillance can take.","PeriodicalId":418875,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Polity","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124980413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most significant of the information and communications technologies being applied to surveillance. AI’s proponents argue that its promise is great, and that successes have been achieved, whereas its detractors draw attention to the many threats embodied in it, some of which are much more problematic than those arising from earlier data analytical tools. This article considers the full gamut of regulatory mechanisms. The scope extends from natural and infrastructural regulatory mechanisms, via self-regulation, including the recently-popular field of ‘ethical principles’, to co-regulatory and formal approaches. An evaluation is provided of the adequacy or otherwise of the world’s first proposal for formal regulation of AI practices and systems, by the European Commission. To lay the groundwork for the analysis, an overview is provided of the nature of AI. The conclusion reached is that, despite the threats inherent in the deployment of AI, the current safeguards are seriously inadequate, and the prospects for near-future improvement are far from good. To avoid undue harm from AI applications to surveillance, it is necessary to rapidly enhance existing, already-inadequate safeguards and establish additional protections.
{"title":"Responsible application of artificial intelligence to surveillance: What prospects?","authors":"R. Clarke","doi":"10.3233/ip-211532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-211532","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most significant of the information and communications technologies being applied to surveillance. AI’s proponents argue that its promise is great, and that successes have been achieved, whereas its detractors draw attention to the many threats embodied in it, some of which are much more problematic than those arising from earlier data analytical tools. This article considers the full gamut of regulatory mechanisms. The scope extends from natural and infrastructural regulatory mechanisms, via self-regulation, including the recently-popular field of ‘ethical principles’, to co-regulatory and formal approaches. An evaluation is provided of the adequacy or otherwise of the world’s first proposal for formal regulation of AI practices and systems, by the European Commission. To lay the groundwork for the analysis, an overview is provided of the nature of AI. The conclusion reached is that, despite the threats inherent in the deployment of AI, the current safeguards are seriously inadequate, and the prospects for near-future improvement are far from good. To avoid undue harm from AI applications to surveillance, it is necessary to rapidly enhance existing, already-inadequate safeguards and establish additional protections.","PeriodicalId":418875,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Polity","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121691503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European Commission has presented a draft for an Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA). This article deals with legal and ethical questions of the datafication of human emotions. In particular, it raises the question of how emotions are to be legally classified. In particular, the concept of “emotion recognition systems” in the sense of the draft Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) published by the European Commission is addressed. As it turns out, the fundamental right to freedom of thought as well as the question of the common good and human dignity become relevant in this context, especially when such systems are combined with others, such as scoring models.
{"title":"Emotional AI: Legal and ethical challenges","authors":"Thomas Gremsl, Elisabeth Hödl","doi":"10.3233/ip-211529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-211529","url":null,"abstract":"The European Commission has presented a draft for an Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA). This article deals with legal and ethical questions of the datafication of human emotions. In particular, it raises the question of how emotions are to be legally classified. In particular, the concept of “emotion recognition systems” in the sense of the draft Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) published by the European Commission is addressed. As it turns out, the fundamental right to freedom of thought as well as the question of the common good and human dignity become relevant in this context, especially when such systems are combined with others, such as scoring models.","PeriodicalId":418875,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Polity","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128779173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study conducts a systematic literature review on several aspects regarding the success of initiatives of digital transformation in the public sector (DTPS), focusing on case studies, processes, and success factors of the DTPS projects. The research was carried out using several scientific databases and indexers (such as ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, and ISI Web of Science). The literature review process enabled the identification of a total of 38 case studies, four processes, and 51 success factors, all of which are presented and discussed, contributing both to theory and practice, to minimizing risks and improving the success of DTPS projects. The review process also enabled the identification of new research avenues.
{"title":"Digital transformation success in the public sector: A systematic literature review of cases, processes, and success factors","authors":"Fernando Escobar, W. H. C. Almeida, J. Varajão","doi":"10.3233/ip-211518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-211518","url":null,"abstract":"This study conducts a systematic literature review on several aspects regarding the success of initiatives of digital transformation in the public sector (DTPS), focusing on case studies, processes, and success factors of the DTPS projects. The research was carried out using several scientific databases and indexers (such as ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, and ISI Web of Science). The literature review process enabled the identification of a total of 38 case studies, four processes, and 51 success factors, all of which are presented and discussed, contributing both to theory and practice, to minimizing risks and improving the success of DTPS projects. The review process also enabled the identification of new research avenues.","PeriodicalId":418875,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Polity","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121754363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Public organisations are starting to show an interest in automated decision-making (ADM). So far, existing research focuses on the governmental perspective on this phenomenon. Less attention is paid to citizens’ views on ADM. The aim of this study is to provide empirical insights into citizen awareness of and beliefs about ADM in public-sector services. To this end, we participated in an annual national survey in Sweden carried out by the SOM Institute at Gothenburg University concluding that a minority of the citizens know about the use of ADM in public-sector services. Furthermore, when computers instead of civil servants make decisions in the public-sector, citizens expect decisions by computers to become less legally secure but more impartial. They also expect ADM to take personal circumstances into account to a lesser degree and become less transparent. Finally, we found that citizens with that awareness expect decisions by computers to become more reliable and impartial. Based on our empirical findings in relation to previous research, we suggest four hypotheses on citizen’s awareness and beliefs about public-sector ADM.
{"title":"Citizens' attitudes towards automated decision-making","authors":"T. Denk, Karin Hedström, F. Karlsson","doi":"10.3233/ip-211516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-211516","url":null,"abstract":"Public organisations are starting to show an interest in automated decision-making (ADM). So far, existing research focuses on the governmental perspective on this phenomenon. Less attention is paid to citizens’ views on ADM. The aim of this study is to provide empirical insights into citizen awareness of and beliefs about ADM in public-sector services. To this end, we participated in an annual national survey in Sweden carried out by the SOM Institute at Gothenburg University concluding that a minority of the citizens know about the use of ADM in public-sector services. Furthermore, when computers instead of civil servants make decisions in the public-sector, citizens expect decisions by computers to become less legally secure but more impartial. They also expect ADM to take personal circumstances into account to a lesser degree and become less transparent. Finally, we found that citizens with that awareness expect decisions by computers to become more reliable and impartial. Based on our empirical findings in relation to previous research, we suggest four hypotheses on citizen’s awareness and beliefs about public-sector ADM.","PeriodicalId":418875,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Polity","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126442707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
European General Data Protection Regulation requires organisations to request the data subject’s consent for personal data processing. Data controllers must be able to demonstrate valid consent was obtained (‘transparency’). Media often struggle to meet GDPR requirements in practice. We identified several issues with existing consent procedures amongst which a need for trustworthy approaches to record and track consent. In this article, we evaluate a specific transparency initiative: a Personal Data Receipt (PDR) for news personalisation. We investigated how European media users and media professionals evaluated the PDR. We conducted qualitative surveys and interviews to explore and describe individuals’ viewpoints on/responses to the PDR. The main strengths highlighted in this study are: GDPR compliance and improved data processing transparency which leads to more control and user trust. PDR weaknesses are mainly related to users not reading the receipt, lack/overload of information, and design issues. Based on our findings, we identified missing elements and formulated recommendations for PDR improvement to optimise consent strategies. By examining how individuals responded to this specific transparency tool, and rhetorical tactics connected to it (placation, diversion, jargon, and misnaming), our study provides informed suggestions for ways out of digital resignation (Draper & Turow, 2019).
{"title":"Media users' and professionals' responses to personal data receipts: A mixed methods study","authors":"Natasja Van Buggenhout, W. V. D. Broeck","doi":"10.3233/ip-211500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-211500","url":null,"abstract":"European General Data Protection Regulation requires organisations to request the data subject’s consent for personal data processing. Data controllers must be able to demonstrate valid consent was obtained (‘transparency’). Media often struggle to meet GDPR requirements in practice. We identified several issues with existing consent procedures amongst which a need for trustworthy approaches to record and track consent. In this article, we evaluate a specific transparency initiative: a Personal Data Receipt (PDR) for news personalisation. We investigated how European media users and media professionals evaluated the PDR. We conducted qualitative surveys and interviews to explore and describe individuals’ viewpoints on/responses to the PDR. The main strengths highlighted in this study are: GDPR compliance and improved data processing transparency which leads to more control and user trust. PDR weaknesses are mainly related to users not reading the receipt, lack/overload of information, and design issues. Based on our findings, we identified missing elements and formulated recommendations for PDR improvement to optimise consent strategies. By examining how individuals responded to this specific transparency tool, and rhetorical tactics connected to it (placation, diversion, jargon, and misnaming), our study provides informed suggestions for ways out of digital resignation (Draper & Turow, 2019).","PeriodicalId":418875,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Polity","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123940931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article contributes to the debate on the effect of social media usage on political attitudes. Our research question is: Does the use of social media affect citizens’ political trust? We test this research question using Egypt’s Arab Barometer Wave V country data (2018–2019). We expect social media usage to increase political distrust among citizens through the three mediating variables: corruption perceptions, perceptions of poor government performance, and perceptions of missing guaranteed freedoms. Our quantitative study results confirm these mediating relationships; that is, social media usage significantly increases political distrust among Egyptian citizens by increasing corruption perception, perceptions of poor government performance, and perceptions of a lack of guaranteed freedoms.
{"title":"The (indirect) effect of social media consumption on political distrust in Egypt","authors":"H. Masoudnia, M. Ghorbani, Daniel Stockemer","doi":"10.3233/ip-210006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-210006","url":null,"abstract":"This article contributes to the debate on the effect of social media usage on political attitudes. Our research question is: Does the use of social media affect citizens’ political trust? We test this research question using Egypt’s Arab Barometer Wave V country data (2018–2019). We expect social media usage to increase political distrust among citizens through the three mediating variables: corruption perceptions, perceptions of poor government performance, and perceptions of missing guaranteed freedoms. Our quantitative study results confirm these mediating relationships; that is, social media usage significantly increases political distrust among Egyptian citizens by increasing corruption perception, perceptions of poor government performance, and perceptions of a lack of guaranteed freedoms.","PeriodicalId":418875,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Polity","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114235579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The broad and continued success of Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) has helped to spread its ideology to many other domains, including Open Government Data (OGD), which has recently gained prominence due to its potential for feeding algorithms. Despite the anti-market and anti-corporation values around free sharing, citizen participation, and unrestricted transparency propagated in particular by a highly idealized academic discourse on OGD, our case study of the development of Switzerland’s national OGD portal suggests that the altruistic and philanthropic notion that is often associated with OGD needs to be reconsidered. We show that low use, on one side, and the practical necessity towards cost-recovery behaviors, on the other side, have led to a compromise of the altruistic ideological beginnings of OGD and paved the way for a pragmatic shift towards a more utilitarian, partly even protectionist, view on liberating and sharing data.
{"title":"Is altruism dead? A critical case study on the paradigm shift in Open Government Data","authors":"Tobias Mettler, Gianluca Miscione","doi":"10.3233/ip-220048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-220048","url":null,"abstract":"The broad and continued success of Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) has helped to spread its ideology to many other domains, including Open Government Data (OGD), which has recently gained prominence due to its potential for feeding algorithms. Despite the anti-market and anti-corporation values around free sharing, citizen participation, and unrestricted transparency propagated in particular by a highly idealized academic discourse on OGD, our case study of the development of Switzerland’s national OGD portal suggests that the altruistic and philanthropic notion that is often associated with OGD needs to be reconsidered. We show that low use, on one side, and the practical necessity towards cost-recovery behaviors, on the other side, have led to a compromise of the altruistic ideological beginnings of OGD and paved the way for a pragmatic shift towards a more utilitarian, partly even protectionist, view on liberating and sharing data.","PeriodicalId":418875,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Polity","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116550218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pricing of public goods is particularly challenging for public services that are strongly rights-based in character. Such is the case of freedom of information requesting procedures. Costs have implications for how citizens will treat requesting procedures as well as how their views and attitudes towards procedures will be affected. This study examines these causes and consequences using an online experiment with 925 citizens. The findings show that even low costs can have an influence on how willing citizens are to submit requests as well as their satisfaction with the procedure and perception of fairness. Public service motivation and political orientation moderate these effects, but only to a small degree. These findings have implications for citizen participation policies given that citizen attitudes to the right to information depends strongly on trade-offs between the value of information and financial costs of requesting.
{"title":"Citizen requests and the price of public information: An experimental test","authors":"Alex Ingrams, Wesley Kaufmann, D. Jacobs","doi":"10.3233/ip-220054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-220054","url":null,"abstract":"Pricing of public goods is particularly challenging for public services that are strongly rights-based in character. Such is the case of freedom of information requesting procedures. Costs have implications for how citizens will treat requesting procedures as well as how their views and attitudes towards procedures will be affected. This study examines these causes and consequences using an online experiment with 925 citizens. The findings show that even low costs can have an influence on how willing citizens are to submit requests as well as their satisfaction with the procedure and perception of fairness. Public service motivation and political orientation moderate these effects, but only to a small degree. These findings have implications for citizen participation policies given that citizen attitudes to the right to information depends strongly on trade-offs between the value of information and financial costs of requesting.","PeriodicalId":418875,"journal":{"name":"Inf. Polity","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124836284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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