Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1680/jenhh.2023.176.1.1
Jack Heath, J. Murgatroyd
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"Jack Heath, J. Murgatroyd","doi":"10.1680/jenhh.2023.176.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenhh.2023.176.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42072,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering History and Heritage","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43086908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1680/jenhh.2023.176.1.36
{"title":"<i>Engineering History and Heritage</i>: Referees 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1680/jenhh.2023.176.1.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenhh.2023.176.1.36","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42072,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering History and Heritage","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134942345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1680/jenhh.2023.176.1.35
{"title":"Award-winning papers in 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.1680/jenhh.2023.176.1.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenhh.2023.176.1.35","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42072,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering History and Heritage","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134941979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We tend to categorize building structure in discussion using criteria similar to those we use for new buildings: as a steel-frame building, as a masonry bearing-wall, and so on. Structural categories were different in the past because building technology was different, and the categories were generally broader and had more overlap than those in use today, so by categorizing we may be miscategorising. For example, a building may have been intended by its designers to have a skeleton frame carrying non-structural curtain walls, but the walls were constructed as 406 or 508 mm of solid brick without expansion joints. In such a case the walls will function as bearing walls whether intended to be so or not. In broad terms, that is a description of this case study, except that the building in question, Building G at Bush Terminal, has a frame that blurs the boundary between skeletons and bearing walls. While it appears that the designers of the building thought of it as having a concrete frame, modern analysis shows it to be a hybrid of frame and bearing wall.
{"title":"Understanding accidental hybrid structure: appraisal of an early concrete warehouse","authors":"D. Friedman","doi":"10.1680/jenhh.22.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenhh.22.00013","url":null,"abstract":"We tend to categorize building structure in discussion using criteria similar to those we use for new buildings: as a steel-frame building, as a masonry bearing-wall, and so on. Structural categories were different in the past because building technology was different, and the categories were generally broader and had more overlap than those in use today, so by categorizing we may be miscategorising. For example, a building may have been intended by its designers to have a skeleton frame carrying non-structural curtain walls, but the walls were constructed as 406 or 508 mm of solid brick without expansion joints. In such a case the walls will function as bearing walls whether intended to be so or not. In broad terms, that is a description of this case study, except that the building in question, Building G at Bush Terminal, has a frame that blurs the boundary between skeletons and bearing walls. While it appears that the designers of the building thought of it as having a concrete frame, modern analysis shows it to be a hybrid of frame and bearing wall.","PeriodicalId":42072,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering History and Heritage","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43462512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents “Image2DEM”, a framework for the semi-automated structural analysis of arches. Numerical models of arch specimens are semi-automatically developed from Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, by employing image processing techniques (IPTs) to bypass laborious CAD-based processes. Then, the numerical models of the proposed framework are assessed by comparison to a conventional CAD-based framework in terms of: a) geometrical agreement (i.e., joint and block properties); and b) structural capacity agreement (i.e., stiffness, load multipliers and normal forces between joints at each hinge formation). Results firstly demonstrated SfM photogrammetry as an effective avenue of structural surveying for numerical modelling. After, the numerical models developed from the proposed and conventional framework were demonstrated to have a good agreement in terms of geometry. Furthermore, good agreement was also found in the predicted structural capacity, with differences in structural capacity of less than 7% Although only the potential to capture both the geometry and structural capacity of small-scale arch structures was demonstrated here, this study lays the foundation for automated geometry acquisition for arches for their structural analysis.
{"title":"Semi-automated discrete element modelling of arch structures incorporating SfM photogrammetry","authors":"N. Kassotakis, V. Sarhosis, M. Peppa, J. Mills","doi":"10.1680/jenhh.21.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenhh.21.00007","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents “Image2DEM”, a framework for the semi-automated structural analysis of arches. Numerical models of arch specimens are semi-automatically developed from Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, by employing image processing techniques (IPTs) to bypass laborious CAD-based processes. Then, the numerical models of the proposed framework are assessed by comparison to a conventional CAD-based framework in terms of: a) geometrical agreement (i.e., joint and block properties); and b) structural capacity agreement (i.e., stiffness, load multipliers and normal forces between joints at each hinge formation). Results firstly demonstrated SfM photogrammetry as an effective avenue of structural surveying for numerical modelling. After, the numerical models developed from the proposed and conventional framework were demonstrated to have a good agreement in terms of geometry. Furthermore, good agreement was also found in the predicted structural capacity, with differences in structural capacity of less than 7% Although only the potential to capture both the geometry and structural capacity of small-scale arch structures was demonstrated here, this study lays the foundation for automated geometry acquisition for arches for their structural analysis.","PeriodicalId":42072,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering History and Heritage","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47188334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-01DOI: 10.1680/jenhh.2022.175.3.71
Wen-Shao Chang
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"Wen-Shao Chang","doi":"10.1680/jenhh.2022.175.3.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenhh.2022.175.3.71","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42072,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering History and Heritage","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47225304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cone penetration test was developed in the Netherlands in the early 1930’s as a deep sounding apparatus which measured cone resistance and was used to assess the distribution of alluvial soils and peat. It was developed further by increasing the push-down force to provide a method of designing piles. During the 1940’s improvements were made by increasing push-down force, also improving probe geometry and test procedure. One of the most important developments of the CPT was made in Indonesia by Dutch engineers in the 1950’s, who added the friction sleeve used to measure local friction. The data from this device was used in an empirical design method to determine the bearing capacity of friction piles. The device became known as the “mechanical CPT” and has now been superseded by probes with the same basic dimensions, but with loads and pressures measured locally using transducers. The modern “electric CPT” offers significant advantages, however there are still places where the mechanical CPT is used widely, such as in Indonesia. It should be appreciated that there can be significant differences in the measured parameters, such that awareness of the type of probe being used is important, as are the methods of interpretation.
{"title":"Early development of the Dutch cone penetrometer test (CPT)","authors":"L. Wesley, M. Dobie","doi":"10.1680/jenhh.22.00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenhh.22.00001","url":null,"abstract":"The cone penetration test was developed in the Netherlands in the early 1930’s as a deep sounding apparatus which measured cone resistance and was used to assess the distribution of alluvial soils and peat. It was developed further by increasing the push-down force to provide a method of designing piles. During the 1940’s improvements were made by increasing push-down force, also improving probe geometry and test procedure. One of the most important developments of the CPT was made in Indonesia by Dutch engineers in the 1950’s, who added the friction sleeve used to measure local friction. The data from this device was used in an empirical design method to determine the bearing capacity of friction piles. The device became known as the “mechanical CPT” and has now been superseded by probes with the same basic dimensions, but with loads and pressures measured locally using transducers. The modern “electric CPT” offers significant advantages, however there are still places where the mechanical CPT is used widely, such as in Indonesia. It should be appreciated that there can be significant differences in the measured parameters, such that awareness of the type of probe being used is important, as are the methods of interpretation.","PeriodicalId":42072,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering History and Heritage","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43894923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1680/jenhh.2022.175.2.39
R. Nicholl
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"R. Nicholl","doi":"10.1680/jenhh.2022.175.2.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenhh.2022.175.2.39","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42072,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering History and Heritage","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47351325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Heritage Building Information Model (HBIM) has been used to permanently record the tangible and intangible aspects of a heritage structure, Kasthamandap, situated in Kathmandu, Nepal. Kasthamandap dates back to 600 CE and is a building integral to Nepal’s heritage. It collapsed as a result of the Gorkha Earthquake in 2015 and the reconstruction began in May 2018. The HBIM created was capable of achieving traditional BIM functionality to display the structural components (timber and masonry). In addition, a method of presenting intangible information was achieved, by modelling generic objects in Revit to represent artefacts and ‘spaces’ and using webpages linked to the objects to display photographs and other archaeological data. The HBIM of Kasthamandap was created using Autodesk Viewer to display a 3D Revit model online, allowing access to the model at no expense to users. This paper demonstrates the variety of ways an HBIM can be used to represent both engineering data and intangible heritage data, with the possibility of involving the public in the heritage documentation process.
{"title":"Heritage Building Information Modelling – a case study of Kasthamandap, Nepal","authors":"Henry William Perry Paremain, D. Toll","doi":"10.1680/jenhh.21.00103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenhh.21.00103","url":null,"abstract":"A Heritage Building Information Model (HBIM) has been used to permanently record the tangible and intangible aspects of a heritage structure, Kasthamandap, situated in Kathmandu, Nepal. Kasthamandap dates back to 600 CE and is a building integral to Nepal’s heritage. It collapsed as a result of the Gorkha Earthquake in 2015 and the reconstruction began in May 2018. The HBIM created was capable of achieving traditional BIM functionality to display the structural components (timber and masonry). In addition, a method of presenting intangible information was achieved, by modelling generic objects in Revit to represent artefacts and ‘spaces’ and using webpages linked to the objects to display photographs and other archaeological data. The HBIM of Kasthamandap was created using Autodesk Viewer to display a 3D Revit model online, allowing access to the model at no expense to users. This paper demonstrates the variety of ways an HBIM can be used to represent both engineering data and intangible heritage data, with the possibility of involving the public in the heritage documentation process.","PeriodicalId":42072,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering History and Heritage","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48781089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a reconstruction of two ancient water intake facilities at the Jadro spring in Croatia. The Jadro spring was the water source for Salona, the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia, and Emperor Diocletian’s palace. The water supply system of Salona functioned from the 1st century BC to the 7th century AD, while Diocletian’s operated from the 4th–7th centuries AD. The engineering approach of the abstraction facilities is reconstructed based on analysis of the spring’s physical characteristics and Roman engineering practices. The simple, flexible, and robust water intake solutions that were applied functioned in a satisfactory way over a long period that included significant climate changes. This confirms the reliability and resilience of water abstraction from karst springs. A solution similar to the Tyrolean weir, a bottom intake system was integrated into the physical system, enabling the sustainability of the water supply. This solution is a fine example of a water intake structure at a karst spring that could be applied today to solve the problems caused by development and post-industrial climate change.
{"title":"Sustainable abstraction of karst water spring for two Roman cities","authors":"J. Margeta","doi":"10.1680/jenhh.21.00104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jenhh.21.00104","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a reconstruction of two ancient water intake facilities at the Jadro spring in Croatia. The Jadro spring was the water source for Salona, the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia, and Emperor Diocletian’s palace. The water supply system of Salona functioned from the 1st century BC to the 7th century AD, while Diocletian’s operated from the 4th–7th centuries AD. The engineering approach of the abstraction facilities is reconstructed based on analysis of the spring’s physical characteristics and Roman engineering practices. The simple, flexible, and robust water intake solutions that were applied functioned in a satisfactory way over a long period that included significant climate changes. This confirms the reliability and resilience of water abstraction from karst springs. A solution similar to the Tyrolean weir, a bottom intake system was integrated into the physical system, enabling the sustainability of the water supply. This solution is a fine example of a water intake structure at a karst spring that could be applied today to solve the problems caused by development and post-industrial climate change.","PeriodicalId":42072,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering History and Heritage","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42277372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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