Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169404
Miguel Pincheira, M. Vecchio, R. Giaffreda, S. Kanhere
We propose a technological framework based on the combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchains aiming at incentivizing and rewarding more sustainable water management practices in agriculture. In this context, current IoT-based precision agriculture deployments prefer energy efficiency, which generally translates into power-and-resource-constrained sensing devices. For this reason, often, system integrators of this sector feel the need to interpose third-party hardware intermediaries (e.g., IoT gateways) between sensing devices and blockchain endpoints, so augmenting infrastructural costs and reducing the trustworthiness of the data acquired from the field. In this paper, we present a software architecture specifically designed for a trustless water management system where constrained IoT devices can directly transact sensed data on a public blockchain network. We deploy the proposed solution on off-the-shelf hardware devices and undertake a thorough benchmarking in terms of memory, program size, communication overheads and power consumption. Our results show that, in general, typical IoT devices can be used to directly interact with a blockchain, without severe burden. More specifically, these devices only incur an additional 6% of the energy consumed for their typical interactions with a gateway.
{"title":"Exploiting constrained IoT devices in a trustless blockchain-based water management system","authors":"Miguel Pincheira, M. Vecchio, R. Giaffreda, S. Kanhere","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169404","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a technological framework based on the combination of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchains aiming at incentivizing and rewarding more sustainable water management practices in agriculture. In this context, current IoT-based precision agriculture deployments prefer energy efficiency, which generally translates into power-and-resource-constrained sensing devices. For this reason, often, system integrators of this sector feel the need to interpose third-party hardware intermediaries (e.g., IoT gateways) between sensing devices and blockchain endpoints, so augmenting infrastructural costs and reducing the trustworthiness of the data acquired from the field. In this paper, we present a software architecture specifically designed for a trustless water management system where constrained IoT devices can directly transact sensed data on a public blockchain network. We deploy the proposed solution on off-the-shelf hardware devices and undertake a thorough benchmarking in terms of memory, program size, communication overheads and power consumption. Our results show that, in general, typical IoT devices can be used to directly interact with a blockchain, without severe burden. More specifically, these devices only incur an additional 6% of the energy consumed for their typical interactions with a gateway.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126064368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169434
Ravi Rahman, Kevin Liu, Lalana Kagal
Complex legal agreements enable many real-world applications, from data sharing systems to financial transactions. However, legal expenses scale with complexity because of the manual processes to draft, revise, and enforce agreements. To reduce such costs, we propose a new framework for lawyers to develop machine readable legal agreements, which are automatically verified and deployed on the Ethereum blockchain. Specifically, our framework introduces domain specific repositories to store human and machine readable legal language, a web interface and Python API to draft legal agreements, correctness checking via formal verification, and a voting system for blockchain based adjudication. Experimental evaluation found that our proposed framework offers an efficient verification system, incurs linear scaling of Ethereum blockchain gas consumption in terms of agreement size, and correctly models 81% of conditions in real-world agreements through the domain specific repositories. These results suggest a practical approach for developing verifiable and blockchain compatible legal agreements.
{"title":"From Legal Agreements to Blockchain Smart Contracts","authors":"Ravi Rahman, Kevin Liu, Lalana Kagal","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169434","url":null,"abstract":"Complex legal agreements enable many real-world applications, from data sharing systems to financial transactions. However, legal expenses scale with complexity because of the manual processes to draft, revise, and enforce agreements. To reduce such costs, we propose a new framework for lawyers to develop machine readable legal agreements, which are automatically verified and deployed on the Ethereum blockchain. Specifically, our framework introduces domain specific repositories to store human and machine readable legal language, a web interface and Python API to draft legal agreements, correctness checking via formal verification, and a voting system for blockchain based adjudication. Experimental evaluation found that our proposed framework offers an efficient verification system, incurs linear scaling of Ethereum blockchain gas consumption in terms of agreement size, and correctly models 81% of conditions in real-world agreements through the domain specific repositories. These results suggest a practical approach for developing verifiable and blockchain compatible legal agreements.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122342507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169472
R. Kawahara
This paper proposes a formal approach for verifying a customizable consensus rule used in a blockchain protocol. Hyperledger Fabric supports an application-specific, customizable consensus rule called endorsement policy to support diverse blockchain applications. However, this makes it difficult to ensure the properties such as Byzantine fault tolerance.The proposed method has the following features: (i) A dedicated model format is defined to enable a user to concisely describe the requirements characteristic to a blockchain network. (ii) The number of states of a model is reduced by (ii-a) eliminating the behavior of the platform from the model, (ii-b) describing the state space constraints in linear arithmetic, and (ii-c) applying an SMT (satisfiability modulo theory) solver. This paper demonstrates that the method supports the modeling of a collusion by nodes governed by a same organization, which is a typical threat when participating organizations do not trust each other. Also, the verification time is measured to find that the method is scalable to approximately 100 nodes.
{"title":"Verification of customizable blockchain consensus rule using a formal method","authors":"R. Kawahara","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169472","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a formal approach for verifying a customizable consensus rule used in a blockchain protocol. Hyperledger Fabric supports an application-specific, customizable consensus rule called endorsement policy to support diverse blockchain applications. However, this makes it difficult to ensure the properties such as Byzantine fault tolerance.The proposed method has the following features: (i) A dedicated model format is defined to enable a user to concisely describe the requirements characteristic to a blockchain network. (ii) The number of states of a model is reduced by (ii-a) eliminating the behavior of the platform from the model, (ii-b) describing the state space constraints in linear arithmetic, and (ii-c) applying an SMT (satisfiability modulo theory) solver. This paper demonstrates that the method supports the modeling of a collusion by nodes governed by a same organization, which is a typical threat when participating organizations do not trust each other. Also, the verification time is measured to find that the method is scalable to approximately 100 nodes.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122480230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169433
Ross C. Phillips, Heidi Wilder
Over the past few years, there has been a growth in activity, public knowledge, and awareness of cryptocurrencies and related blockchain technology. As the industry has grown, there has also been an increase in scams looking to steal unsuspecting individuals' cryptocurrency. Many of the scams operate on visually similar but seemingly unconnected websites, advertised by malicious social media accounts, which either attempt an advance-fee scam or operate as phishing websites. This paper analyses public online and blockchain-based data to provide a deeper understanding of these cryptocurrency scams. The clustering technique DBSCAN is applied to the content of scam websites to discover a typology of advance-fee and phishing scams. It is found that the same entities are running multiple instances of similar scams, revealed by their online infrastructure and blockchain activity. The entities also manufacture public blockchain activity to create the appearance that their scams are genuine. Through source and destination of funds analysis, it is observed that victims usually send funds from fiat-accepting exchanges. The entities running these scams cash-out or launder their proceeds using a variety of avenues including exchanges, gambling sites, and mixers.
{"title":"Tracing Cryptocurrency Scams: Clustering Replicated Advance-Fee and Phishing Websites","authors":"Ross C. Phillips, Heidi Wilder","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169433","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few years, there has been a growth in activity, public knowledge, and awareness of cryptocurrencies and related blockchain technology. As the industry has grown, there has also been an increase in scams looking to steal unsuspecting individuals' cryptocurrency. Many of the scams operate on visually similar but seemingly unconnected websites, advertised by malicious social media accounts, which either attempt an advance-fee scam or operate as phishing websites. This paper analyses public online and blockchain-based data to provide a deeper understanding of these cryptocurrency scams. The clustering technique DBSCAN is applied to the content of scam websites to discover a typology of advance-fee and phishing scams. It is found that the same entities are running multiple instances of similar scams, revealed by their online infrastructure and blockchain activity. The entities also manufacture public blockchain activity to create the appearance that their scams are genuine. Through source and destination of funds analysis, it is observed that victims usually send funds from fiat-accepting exchanges. The entities running these scams cash-out or launder their proceeds using a variety of avenues including exchanges, gambling sites, and mixers.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123025812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169476
Yu-Tse Lee, Jhan-Jia Lin, Jane Yung-jen Hsu, Ja-Ling Wu
This paper designs and realizes a Blockchain-based Time Bank system on the basis of Hyperledger Fabric framework which is one of the permissioned blockchain networks. All of the services provided by existing Time Bank systems were recorded and conducted manually in the past. Also, jobs for matching these services were also managed by people. This way of running Time Bank costs lots of time and human resources and lacks security. This paper proposes a Time Bank system enabling all the services being executed and recorded on the blockchain. The matching tasks can directly be done through autonomous smart contracts. In addition, building a Time Bank system on blockchain benefits the transaction of" Time Credit" which plays the role of digital currencies on the system. Our Time Bank also retains a grading system allowing its members to give each other a grade for reflecting their degree of satisfaction about the results provided the system. This grading system can incentivize the members to provide a better quality of service and adopt a nicer attitude for receiving a service, which may positively endorse the development of a worldwide Time Bank system.
{"title":"A Time Bank System Design on the Basis of Hyperledger Fabric Framework","authors":"Yu-Tse Lee, Jhan-Jia Lin, Jane Yung-jen Hsu, Ja-Ling Wu","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169476","url":null,"abstract":"This paper designs and realizes a Blockchain-based Time Bank system on the basis of Hyperledger Fabric framework which is one of the permissioned blockchain networks. All of the services provided by existing Time Bank systems were recorded and conducted manually in the past. Also, jobs for matching these services were also managed by people. This way of running Time Bank costs lots of time and human resources and lacks security. This paper proposes a Time Bank system enabling all the services being executed and recorded on the blockchain. The matching tasks can directly be done through autonomous smart contracts. In addition, building a Time Bank system on blockchain benefits the transaction of\" Time Credit\" which plays the role of digital currencies on the system. Our Time Bank also retains a grading system allowing its members to give each other a grade for reflecting their degree of satisfaction about the results provided the system. This grading system can incentivize the members to provide a better quality of service and adopt a nicer attitude for receiving a service, which may positively endorse the development of a worldwide Time Bank system.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116600574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169450
Nelson Bore, Andrew Kinai, Peninah Waweru, Isaac Wambugu, Juliet Mutahi, Everlyne Kemunto, R. Bryant, Komminist Weldemariam
Farm records hold the static, temporal, and longitudinal details of the farms. For small-scale farming, the ability to accurately capture these records plays a critical role in formalizing and digitizing the agriculture industry. A trusted exchange of these records could unlock critical insights to different stakeholders across the value chain. Recently, there has been increasing attention on digitizing small scale farming with the goal of increasing farm-level transparency and visibility, access to credit, etc. using these farm records. However, most solutions proposed so far have the shortcoming of providing granular and trusted small-scale farm digitization. To address these challenges, we present a system, called AG-Wallet System(AGWS), which leverages blockchain to formalize the interactions and data flow in small-scale farming ecosystem. Utilizing instrumentation of farm tractors, we demonstrate the ability to utilize farm activities to create trusted electronic field records (EFR). Using AGWS, we processed over one hundred thousand small-scale farm-level activity events for which we also performed automated farm boundary detection of several farms.
{"title":"AGWS: Blockchain-enabled Small-scale Farm Digitization","authors":"Nelson Bore, Andrew Kinai, Peninah Waweru, Isaac Wambugu, Juliet Mutahi, Everlyne Kemunto, R. Bryant, Komminist Weldemariam","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169450","url":null,"abstract":"Farm records hold the static, temporal, and longitudinal details of the farms. For small-scale farming, the ability to accurately capture these records plays a critical role in formalizing and digitizing the agriculture industry. A trusted exchange of these records could unlock critical insights to different stakeholders across the value chain. Recently, there has been increasing attention on digitizing small scale farming with the goal of increasing farm-level transparency and visibility, access to credit, etc. using these farm records. However, most solutions proposed so far have the shortcoming of providing granular and trusted small-scale farm digitization. To address these challenges, we present a system, called AG-Wallet System(AGWS), which leverages blockchain to formalize the interactions and data flow in small-scale farming ecosystem. Utilizing instrumentation of farm tractors, we demonstrate the ability to utilize farm activities to create trusted electronic field records (EFR). Using AGWS, we processed over one hundred thousand small-scale farm-level activity events for which we also performed automated farm boundary detection of several farms.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126881307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169480
Patrícia Vilain, J. Mylopoulos, H. Jacobsen
In this work, we address the following question: "Which acceptance testing techniques are being used for representing business requirements of smart contracts?" To answer this question we performed a systematic mapping to determine whether acceptance tests for smart contracts and blockchain are being utilized to represent requirements and which acceptance testing techniques are being applied. This systematic mapping shows that, in fact, acceptance testing techniques are still not commonly used to represent the business requirements of smart contracts. We only found two studies using acceptance testing techniques with smart contracts. Moreover, only one of them uses an acceptance testing technique, the BDD (Behavior-Driven Development) notation, to represent the business requirements. In order to confirm that it is possible to represent business requirements of smart contracts, we developed an example that uses the BDD notation to represent requirements of a smart contract deployed in the Hyperledger blockchain. Preliminary results show that it is possible to use acceptance tests to represent business requirements.
{"title":"A preliminary study on using acceptance tests for representing business requirements of smart contracts","authors":"Patrícia Vilain, J. Mylopoulos, H. Jacobsen","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169480","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we address the following question: \"Which acceptance testing techniques are being used for representing business requirements of smart contracts?\" To answer this question we performed a systematic mapping to determine whether acceptance tests for smart contracts and blockchain are being utilized to represent requirements and which acceptance testing techniques are being applied. This systematic mapping shows that, in fact, acceptance testing techniques are still not commonly used to represent the business requirements of smart contracts. We only found two studies using acceptance testing techniques with smart contracts. Moreover, only one of them uses an acceptance testing technique, the BDD (Behavior-Driven Development) notation, to represent the business requirements. In order to confirm that it is possible to represent business requirements of smart contracts, we developed an example that uses the BDD notation to represent requirements of a smart contract deployed in the Hyperledger blockchain. Preliminary results show that it is possible to use acceptance tests to represent business requirements.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125741959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169454
T. Nakaike, Qi Zhang, Yohei Ueda, T. Inagaki, Moriyoshi Ohara
Hyperledger Fabric is an implementation that enables permissioned blockchains, which provide a general blockchain framework with identifiable participants for a variety of business applications. Although many performance issues of Hyperledger Fabric have been alleviated to some extent, its performance is still limited - e.g. 2.2k transactions per second in our experiment that executes two reads and two writes in a transaction. A major performance bottleneck is incurred by accesses to the databases that store the latest key-value pairs in the ledger data, indexes to transactions, and the update history. In this paper, we characterize the performance of database systems used in Hyperledger Fabric to identify optimization opportunities by running a Hyperledger Fabric GoLevelDB (HLF-GLDB) benchmark. We developed HLF-GLDB as a standalone benchmark to simulate database accesses in Hyperledger Fabric. Results of the performance characterization revealed that: (1) the data compression of GoLevelDB is a major performance bottleneck in Hyperledger Fabric, and disabling the compression improved the performance by 54%; (2) the size of a database affects the performance significantly. For example, when the size increased by four times, the performance degraded by 25%; (3) To reduce the database access overhead in chaincode, it is better to combine small values so that they can be represented by a single key.
{"title":"Hyperledger Fabric Performance Characterization and Optimization Using GoLevelDB Benchmark","authors":"T. Nakaike, Qi Zhang, Yohei Ueda, T. Inagaki, Moriyoshi Ohara","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169454","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperledger Fabric is an implementation that enables permissioned blockchains, which provide a general blockchain framework with identifiable participants for a variety of business applications. Although many performance issues of Hyperledger Fabric have been alleviated to some extent, its performance is still limited - e.g. 2.2k transactions per second in our experiment that executes two reads and two writes in a transaction. A major performance bottleneck is incurred by accesses to the databases that store the latest key-value pairs in the ledger data, indexes to transactions, and the update history. In this paper, we characterize the performance of database systems used in Hyperledger Fabric to identify optimization opportunities by running a Hyperledger Fabric GoLevelDB (HLF-GLDB) benchmark. We developed HLF-GLDB as a standalone benchmark to simulate database accesses in Hyperledger Fabric. Results of the performance characterization revealed that: (1) the data compression of GoLevelDB is a major performance bottleneck in Hyperledger Fabric, and disabling the compression improved the performance by 54%; (2) the size of a database affects the performance significantly. For example, when the size increased by four times, the performance degraded by 25%; (3) To reduce the database access overhead in chaincode, it is better to combine small values so that they can be represented by a single key.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131453921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169466
Henry C. Nunes, R. C. Lunardi, A. Zorzo, Regio A. Michelin, S. Kanhere
Currently, blockchain proposals are being adopted to solve security issues, such as data integrity, resilience, and non-repudiation. To improve certain aspects, e.g., energy consumption and latency, of traditional blockchains, different architectures, algorithms, and data management methods have been recently proposed. For example, appendable-block blockchain uses a different data structure designed to reduce latency in block and transaction insertion. It is especially applicable in domains such as Internet of Things (IoT), where both latency and energy are key concerns. However, the lack of some features available to other blockchains, such as Smart Contracts, limits the application of this model. To solve this, in this work, we propose the use of Smart Contracts in appendable-block blockchain through a new model called context-based appendable-block blockchain. This model also allows the execution of multiple smart contracts in parallel, featuring high performance in parallel computing scenarios. Furthermore, we present an implementation for the context-based appendable-block blockchain using an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Finally, we execute this implementation in four different testbed. The results demonstrated a performance improvement for parallel processing of smart contracts when using the proposed model.
{"title":"Context-based Smart Contracts For Appendable-block Blockchains","authors":"Henry C. Nunes, R. C. Lunardi, A. Zorzo, Regio A. Michelin, S. Kanhere","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169466","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, blockchain proposals are being adopted to solve security issues, such as data integrity, resilience, and non-repudiation. To improve certain aspects, e.g., energy consumption and latency, of traditional blockchains, different architectures, algorithms, and data management methods have been recently proposed. For example, appendable-block blockchain uses a different data structure designed to reduce latency in block and transaction insertion. It is especially applicable in domains such as Internet of Things (IoT), where both latency and energy are key concerns. However, the lack of some features available to other blockchains, such as Smart Contracts, limits the application of this model. To solve this, in this work, we propose the use of Smart Contracts in appendable-block blockchain through a new model called context-based appendable-block blockchain. This model also allows the execution of multiple smart contracts in parallel, featuring high performance in parallel computing scenarios. Furthermore, we present an implementation for the context-based appendable-block blockchain using an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Finally, we execute this implementation in four different testbed. The results demonstrated a performance improvement for parallel processing of smart contracts when using the proposed model.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"664 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134389630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169406
Imran Makhdoom, F. Tofigh, Ian Zhou, M. Abolhasan, J. Lipman
Exhibition of malicious behavior during blockchain consensus, threats against reputation systems, and high TX latency are significant issues for blockchain-based IoT systems. Hence, to mitigate such challenges we propose "Pledge", a unique Proof-of-Honesty based consensus protocol. Initial experimentation shows that Pledge is economical with low computations and communications complexity and low latency in transaction confirmation.
{"title":"PLEDGE: A Proof-of-Honesty based Consensus Protocol for Blockchain-based IoT Systems","authors":"Imran Makhdoom, F. Tofigh, Ian Zhou, M. Abolhasan, J. Lipman","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169406","url":null,"abstract":"Exhibition of malicious behavior during blockchain consensus, threats against reputation systems, and high TX latency are significant issues for blockchain-based IoT systems. Hence, to mitigate such challenges we propose \"Pledge\", a unique Proof-of-Honesty based consensus protocol. Initial experimentation shows that Pledge is economical with low computations and communications complexity and low latency in transaction confirmation.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131260117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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