Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169420
S. Gheitanchi
In order to enable IoT solution providers to quickly adapt to market dynamics and improve business agility, in this paper we introduce the concept of a decentralized gamified service exchange platform where the solution providers can dynamically offer and request services in an autonomous peer-to-peer fashion. Cost and decision to exchange services are set during operation time based on gamification policies according to business goals. The proposed concept is based on blockchain technology to provide a tokenized economy where the IoT solution providers can implement gamification techniques using smart contracts to maximize profits during service offering and requesting.
{"title":"Gamified service exchange platform on blockchain for IoT business agility","authors":"S. Gheitanchi","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169420","url":null,"abstract":"In order to enable IoT solution providers to quickly adapt to market dynamics and improve business agility, in this paper we introduce the concept of a decentralized gamified service exchange platform where the solution providers can dynamically offer and request services in an autonomous peer-to-peer fashion. Cost and decision to exchange services are set during operation time based on gamification policies according to business goals. The proposed concept is based on blockchain technology to provide a tokenized economy where the IoT solution providers can implement gamification techniques using smart contracts to maximize profits during service offering and requesting.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134255218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169479
F. Franz, Tobias Fertig, Andreas E. Schütz
The blockchain technology gets attention because of its special characteristics: safety, immutability, transparency, and no need for middlemen. However, not only cryptocurrencies are discussed. Smart contracts are considered as promising application implemented with blockchain technology. Nevertheless, smart contracts are very difficult to implement and are even challenging for experienced developers. In order to allow anyone to create smart contracts, users should be able to read and interpret them. Therefore, we created a prototype that allows to generate smart contracts, and therefore, increase the ease of use.
{"title":"Democratization of Smart Contracts: A Prototype for Automated Contract Generation","authors":"F. Franz, Tobias Fertig, Andreas E. Schütz","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169479","url":null,"abstract":"The blockchain technology gets attention because of its special characteristics: safety, immutability, transparency, and no need for middlemen. However, not only cryptocurrencies are discussed. Smart contracts are considered as promising application implemented with blockchain technology. Nevertheless, smart contracts are very difficult to implement and are even challenging for experienced developers. In order to allow anyone to create smart contracts, users should be able to read and interpret them. Therefore, we created a prototype that allows to generate smart contracts, and therefore, increase the ease of use.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123876359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169453
{"title":"ICBC 2020 Cover Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169453","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126407098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169465
Luigi Vigneri, W. Welz
Distributed networks have been widely studied in literature. However, the blockchain paradigm has inspired to revisit some of the results under a different point of view. In this paper, we analyze the "classic" spam protection problem applied to the IOTA Tangle, a distributed ledger technology which addresses Bitcoin’s (monetary and energy) efficiency issues through the absence of mining pools. However, the lack of miners makes the network vulnerable to denial of service attacks. We propose an anti spam mechanism based on the solution of a cryptographic puzzle: When a node wants to generate a new transaction, it dynamically adapts the difficulty of the puzzle depending on its target throughput and on its reputation score. Specifically, the adaptive difficulty property guarantees that any node, even with low hashing power, can achieve similar throughput for a given reputation. In the paper, we prove this claim both analytically and through simulations, and we show that fairness between low- and high-power nodes is indeed reached.
{"title":"On the Fairness of Distributed Ledger Technologies for the Internet of Things","authors":"Luigi Vigneri, W. Welz","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169465","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed networks have been widely studied in literature. However, the blockchain paradigm has inspired to revisit some of the results under a different point of view. In this paper, we analyze the \"classic\" spam protection problem applied to the IOTA Tangle, a distributed ledger technology which addresses Bitcoin’s (monetary and energy) efficiency issues through the absence of mining pools. However, the lack of miners makes the network vulnerable to denial of service attacks. We propose an anti spam mechanism based on the solution of a cryptographic puzzle: When a node wants to generate a new transaction, it dynamically adapts the difficulty of the puzzle depending on its target throughput and on its reputation score. Specifically, the adaptive difficulty property guarantees that any node, even with low hashing power, can achieve similar throughput for a given reputation. In the paper, we prove this claim both analytically and through simulations, and we show that fairness between low- and high-power nodes is indeed reached.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126594533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169402
Avi Mizrahi, Ori Rottenstreich
State sharding is a common solution to the scalability problem in blockchain systems, allowing nodes to hold a partial view of the system state. With such sharding, the processing of a transaction might not be completed locally within a node and require the involvement of multiple shards. Such cross-shards transactions have a high negative impact on system performance and are frequent with traditional state partition solutions which are often based on a simple mapping of data into shards. By locating together parts of the system state accessed by frequent transactions, the amount of cross-shard transactions can be reduced. On the other hand, the representation of such particular mappings can be memory intensive. In this paper, we study traffic-aware sharding that can be described in memoryefficient mappings. We first survey existing mapping schemes in common blockchains. We indicate the tradeoff between the size of the mapping of data to shards and the required transaction processing time and suggest algorithms for finding memory-light sharding of low cross-shard rate. We examine the efficiency of the solutions and the required frequency of sharding recomputation based on real transaction information of the Ethereum network.
{"title":"State Sharding with Space-aware Representations","authors":"Avi Mizrahi, Ori Rottenstreich","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169402","url":null,"abstract":"State sharding is a common solution to the scalability problem in blockchain systems, allowing nodes to hold a partial view of the system state. With such sharding, the processing of a transaction might not be completed locally within a node and require the involvement of multiple shards. Such cross-shards transactions have a high negative impact on system performance and are frequent with traditional state partition solutions which are often based on a simple mapping of data into shards. By locating together parts of the system state accessed by frequent transactions, the amount of cross-shard transactions can be reduced. On the other hand, the representation of such particular mappings can be memory intensive. In this paper, we study traffic-aware sharding that can be described in memoryefficient mappings. We first survey existing mapping schemes in common blockchains. We indicate the tradeoff between the size of the mapping of data to shards and the required transaction processing time and suggest algorithms for finding memory-light sharding of low cross-shard rate. We examine the efficiency of the solutions and the required frequency of sharding recomputation based on real transaction information of the Ethereum network.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123291242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169413
S. Liaskos, Tarun Anand, Nahid Alimohammadi
Blockchain networks have been suggested to have the potential to support some of the most critical functions of modern societies. When used in such capacities, failures of blockchain networks imply catastrophes that extend beyond individuals, organizations and countries. As such, before considered for wide adoption, blockchain network protocols and technologies must undergo the highest standards of analytical and empirical validation subject to key security, reliability and performance qualities. When performing empirical evaluation, however, the sheer size of open-access blockchain networks in their envisioned scale rules out the possibility of exact reproduction and validation in a lab environment. Rather, abstract working models – simulators – of proposed technologies need to be considered. To have value as research instruments, such simulators need to be widely validated for their accuracy by the research community, and also be highly transparent and reusable for allowing quick implementation and comparison of design ideas. We claim that established software engineering paradigms, namely model-driven development and software product lines can help address this need. We outline our own effort to develop a domain meta-model and object-oriented framework for efficient and reliable derivation of specialized blockchain network simulators.
{"title":"Architecting blockchain network simulators: a model-driven perspective","authors":"S. Liaskos, Tarun Anand, Nahid Alimohammadi","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169413","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain networks have been suggested to have the potential to support some of the most critical functions of modern societies. When used in such capacities, failures of blockchain networks imply catastrophes that extend beyond individuals, organizations and countries. As such, before considered for wide adoption, blockchain network protocols and technologies must undergo the highest standards of analytical and empirical validation subject to key security, reliability and performance qualities. When performing empirical evaluation, however, the sheer size of open-access blockchain networks in their envisioned scale rules out the possibility of exact reproduction and validation in a lab environment. Rather, abstract working models – simulators – of proposed technologies need to be considered. To have value as research instruments, such simulators need to be widely validated for their accuracy by the research community, and also be highly transparent and reusable for allowing quick implementation and comparison of design ideas. We claim that established software engineering paradigms, namely model-driven development and software product lines can help address this need. We outline our own effort to develop a domain meta-model and object-oriented framework for efficient and reliable derivation of specialized blockchain network simulators.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126470060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169403
{"title":"ICBC 2020 Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169403","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128692597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169427
C. Roma, M. Hasan
The XRP Ledger is an open-source payment system with a primary focus on providing an efficient cross-border payment network. The advancement of the XRP Ledger relies on the agreement of validator nodes which propose candidate transaction sets to be included in the next ledger through an iterative consensus process. Unlike Bitcoin miners, there is no reward scheme to incentivize volunteers to run an XRP validator node. In this article, the energy consumption of an XRP validator is studied to quantify the cost to run this node. Various parameters in the configuration settings are also modified to study the change in the energy consumed. Using these results, estimated annual electricity costs are compared.
{"title":"Energy Consumption Analysis of XRP Validator","authors":"C. Roma, M. Hasan","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169427","url":null,"abstract":"The XRP Ledger is an open-source payment system with a primary focus on providing an efficient cross-border payment network. The advancement of the XRP Ledger relies on the agreement of validator nodes which propose candidate transaction sets to be included in the next ledger through an iterative consensus process. Unlike Bitcoin miners, there is no reward scheme to incentivize volunteers to run an XRP validator node. In this article, the energy consumption of an XRP validator is studied to quantify the cost to run this node. Various parameters in the configuration settings are also modified to study the change in the energy consumed. Using these results, estimated annual electricity costs are compared.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128424508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169428
Keerthi Nelaturu, Anastasia Mavridou, A. Veneris, Aron Laszka
Smart contracts enable the creation of decentralized applications which often handle assets of large value. These decentralized applications are frequently built on multiple interacting contracts. While the underlying platform ensures the correctness of smart contract execution, today developers continue struggling to create functionally correct contracts, as evidenced by a number of security incidents in the recent past. Even though these incidents often exploit contract interaction, prior work on smart contract verification, vulnerability discovery, and secure development typically considers only individual contracts. This paper proposes an approach for the correct-by-design development and deployment of multiple interacting smart contracts by introducing a graphical notation (called deployment diagrams) for specifying possible interactions between contract types. Based on this notation, it later presents a framework for the automated verification, generation, and deployment of interacting contracts that conform to a deployment diagram. As an added benefit, the proposed framework provides a clear separation of concerns between the internal contract behavior and contract interaction, which allows one to compositionally model and analyze systems of interacting smart contracts efficiently.
{"title":"Verified Development and Deployment of Multiple Interacting Smart Contracts with VeriSolid","authors":"Keerthi Nelaturu, Anastasia Mavridou, A. Veneris, Aron Laszka","doi":"10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC48266.2020.9169428","url":null,"abstract":"Smart contracts enable the creation of decentralized applications which often handle assets of large value. These decentralized applications are frequently built on multiple interacting contracts. While the underlying platform ensures the correctness of smart contract execution, today developers continue struggling to create functionally correct contracts, as evidenced by a number of security incidents in the recent past. Even though these incidents often exploit contract interaction, prior work on smart contract verification, vulnerability discovery, and secure development typically considers only individual contracts. This paper proposes an approach for the correct-by-design development and deployment of multiple interacting smart contracts by introducing a graphical notation (called deployment diagrams) for specifying possible interactions between contract types. Based on this notation, it later presents a framework for the automated verification, generation, and deployment of interacting contracts that conform to a deployment diagram. As an added benefit, the proposed framework provides a clear separation of concerns between the internal contract behavior and contract interaction, which allows one to compositionally model and analyze systems of interacting smart contracts efficiently.","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125602122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169452
{"title":"ICBC 2020 Organizing Committee","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169452","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":420845,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","volume":"255 17","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133390056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：