Pub Date : 1992-03-23DOI: 10.1109/PLANS.1992.185892
J. Rogowski
The application of GPS (Global Positioning System) measurements to photogrammetry is presented. The technology of establishment of a GPS network for aerotriangulation as a base for mapping at scales from 1:1000 has been worked out at the Institute of Geodesy and Geodetical Astronomy of the Warsaw University of Technology. This method consists of the design, measurement, and adjustment of this special network. The results of several pilot projects confirm the possibility of improving the aerotriangulation accuracy. A few-centimeter accuracy has been achieved.<>
{"title":"GPS for large-scale aerotriangulation","authors":"J. Rogowski","doi":"10.1109/PLANS.1992.185892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS.1992.185892","url":null,"abstract":"The application of GPS (Global Positioning System) measurements to photogrammetry is presented. The technology of establishment of a GPS network for aerotriangulation as a base for mapping at scales from 1:1000 has been worked out at the Institute of Geodesy and Geodetical Astronomy of the Warsaw University of Technology. This method consists of the design, measurement, and adjustment of this special network. The results of several pilot projects confirm the possibility of improving the aerotriangulation accuracy. A few-centimeter accuracy has been achieved.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":422101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PLANS 92 Position Location and Navigation Symposium Record","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133528627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-03-23DOI: 10.1109/PLANS.1992.185819
S. Levine, F. Nadeau, R. Miller
Summary form only given. The authors discuss a solid-state stellar angular reference system (STARS) augmented by a low-cost inertial navigator for precision endo exoatmospheric hypervelocity strategic weapon systems and space-based interceptors. Inertial instrument performance, sensor integration, the stellar image, star tracker signal-to-noise ratio, star density, telescope field of view, and physical size constraints that affect overall system performance have been examined. Some of the unique features of this work are miniature holographic optical element telescope, all-silicon micromechanical inertial instruments, hypervelocity plasma effects, and trajectory-induced errors.<>
{"title":"Autonomous stellar angular reference systems (STARS) for hypervelocity strategic systems and space based interceptors","authors":"S. Levine, F. Nadeau, R. Miller","doi":"10.1109/PLANS.1992.185819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS.1992.185819","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. The authors discuss a solid-state stellar angular reference system (STARS) augmented by a low-cost inertial navigator for precision endo exoatmospheric hypervelocity strategic weapon systems and space-based interceptors. Inertial instrument performance, sensor integration, the stellar image, star tracker signal-to-noise ratio, star density, telescope field of view, and physical size constraints that affect overall system performance have been examined. Some of the unique features of this work are miniature holographic optical element telescope, all-silicon micromechanical inertial instruments, hypervelocity plasma effects, and trajectory-induced errors.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":422101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PLANS 92 Position Location and Navigation Symposium Record","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132289995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-03-23DOI: 10.1109/PLANS.1992.185905
K. Byram
Summary form only given. A development and demonstration project has been conducted to increase landing capacity on closely spaced parallel runways. The project developed new equipment and procedures, and demonstrated them in a variety of ways at two different airports. The monitoring equipment consists of radars and displays. The system installed at Raleigh, NC included an electronically scanned antenna capable of half-second update intervals, while the Memphis, TN installation provided a mechanically rotating back-to-back antenna with a 2,4-s update interval. In addition, both sites provided enhanced high-resolution color ATC display systems. Particular attention was given to a decision concerning whether or not the current standard for runway separation at 4300 feet can be reduced when the precision runway monitor equipment is utilized. The author recommends accuracy, update rate, and display requirements for the PRM (precision runway monitor) radar.<>
{"title":"Demonstration of a precision runway monitor system to increase landing capacity of parallel runways","authors":"K. Byram","doi":"10.1109/PLANS.1992.185905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS.1992.185905","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. A development and demonstration project has been conducted to increase landing capacity on closely spaced parallel runways. The project developed new equipment and procedures, and demonstrated them in a variety of ways at two different airports. The monitoring equipment consists of radars and displays. The system installed at Raleigh, NC included an electronically scanned antenna capable of half-second update intervals, while the Memphis, TN installation provided a mechanically rotating back-to-back antenna with a 2,4-s update interval. In addition, both sites provided enhanced high-resolution color ATC display systems. Particular attention was given to a decision concerning whether or not the current standard for runway separation at 4300 feet can be reduced when the precision runway monitor equipment is utilized. The author recommends accuracy, update rate, and display requirements for the PRM (precision runway monitor) radar.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":422101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PLANS 92 Position Location and Navigation Symposium Record","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126584792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-03-23DOI: 10.1109/PLANS.1992.185871
J. Nagle
The author describes an Inmarsat sponsored R&D study investigating the requirements for wide area differential corrections, while minimizing the total transmission data rate and the number of reference stations. Wide area is taken to mean one Inmarsat ocean region (i.e. that part of the Earth's surface illuminated by one geostationary satellite's global coverage beam, approximately +or-70 degrees in latitude and longitude) or significant portions thereof. It is Inmarsat's initial premise that, to achieve this objective, the wide area differential correction system will need to be able to separate the sources of error on the GPS (Global Positioning System)/GLONASS signals received into three fundamental groupings: satellite position (as calculated from the broadcast ephemerides), propagation path deviations (ionospheric and tropospheric delay variations), and satellite clock displacements/deviations. The R&D study will be conducted in two phases: an analysis phase and an experimental phase. The analysis phase of the R&D effort is discussed.<>
{"title":"Wide area differential corrections (WADC) from global beam satellites","authors":"J. Nagle","doi":"10.1109/PLANS.1992.185871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS.1992.185871","url":null,"abstract":"The author describes an Inmarsat sponsored R&D study investigating the requirements for wide area differential corrections, while minimizing the total transmission data rate and the number of reference stations. Wide area is taken to mean one Inmarsat ocean region (i.e. that part of the Earth's surface illuminated by one geostationary satellite's global coverage beam, approximately +or-70 degrees in latitude and longitude) or significant portions thereof. It is Inmarsat's initial premise that, to achieve this objective, the wide area differential correction system will need to be able to separate the sources of error on the GPS (Global Positioning System)/GLONASS signals received into three fundamental groupings: satellite position (as calculated from the broadcast ephemerides), propagation path deviations (ionospheric and tropospheric delay variations), and satellite clock displacements/deviations. The R&D study will be conducted in two phases: an analysis phase and an experimental phase. The analysis phase of the R&D effort is discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":422101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PLANS 92 Position Location and Navigation Symposium Record","volume":"41 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125707669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-01-29DOI: 10.1109/PLANS.1992.185836
P. Massoglia, R. Till
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center is conducting automatic dependent surveillance (ADS) engineering trials over the Pacific Ocean region in cooperation with the governments of Japan and Australia and participating airlines. The objective of the program is to gain early experience with ADS and satellite data link. Test flights began with a United Airlines B-747-400 aircraft in a flight from San Francisco to Singapore in September 1990. The avionics used in the initial testing are designed to a subset of international standards and are expected to evolve as the program matures. One phase of the program will demonstrate whether satellite position reports can replace oceanic HF radio voice progress reports. The data link experience gained with controllers will be used for implementation and future enhancements to the Oceanic Program. Data collected during these tests may be used to certify the satellite link for transmission of Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Safety Services.<>
{"title":"Automatic dependent surveillance (ADS) Pacific engineering trials (PET)","authors":"P. Massoglia, R. Till","doi":"10.1109/PLANS.1992.185836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS.1992.185836","url":null,"abstract":"The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center is conducting automatic dependent surveillance (ADS) engineering trials over the Pacific Ocean region in cooperation with the governments of Japan and Australia and participating airlines. The objective of the program is to gain early experience with ADS and satellite data link. Test flights began with a United Airlines B-747-400 aircraft in a flight from San Francisco to Singapore in September 1990. The avionics used in the initial testing are designed to a subset of international standards and are expected to evolve as the program matures. One phase of the program will demonstrate whether satellite position reports can replace oceanic HF radio voice progress reports. The data link experience gained with controllers will be used for implementation and future enhancements to the Oceanic Program. Data collected during these tests may be used to certify the satellite link for transmission of Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Safety Services.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":422101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PLANS 92 Position Location and Navigation Symposium Record","volume":"30 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113941229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-10-01DOI: 10.1109/PLANS.1992.185820
R. Strachan, J. Evans
The authors present a description, results, and interpretation of comparison testing between the high accuracy inertial navigation system (HAINS) and the KT-70 inertial measurement unit (IMU). The objective of the tests was to demonstrate that the HAINS can replace the KT-70 IMU in the Space Shuttle Orbiter, both singularly and totally. The most significant improvement of performance came in the tuned inertial/extended launch hold tests. The HAINS exceeded the 4-hour specification requirement. The performance of the HAINS demonstrated the transparency of operation with respect to the KT-70 IMU. In addition, an internally compensated INS is compatible with the Orbiter avionics and flight software.<>
{"title":"Testing of the high accuracy inertial navigation system in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory","authors":"R. Strachan, J. Evans","doi":"10.1109/PLANS.1992.185820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS.1992.185820","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present a description, results, and interpretation of comparison testing between the high accuracy inertial navigation system (HAINS) and the KT-70 inertial measurement unit (IMU). The objective of the tests was to demonstrate that the HAINS can replace the KT-70 IMU in the Space Shuttle Orbiter, both singularly and totally. The most significant improvement of performance came in the tuned inertial/extended launch hold tests. The HAINS exceeded the 4-hour specification requirement. The performance of the HAINS demonstrated the transparency of operation with respect to the KT-70 IMU. In addition, an internally compensated INS is compatible with the Orbiter avionics and flight software.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":422101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PLANS 92 Position Location and Navigation Symposium Record","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131977540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-06-12DOI: 10.1109/PLANS.1992.185881
H. J. Agnew, J. Hammer
Summary form only given. Attention is given to a rapidly emerging technology, named Yeoman, which links electronic navigation data with the conventional geographical database of paper charts and maps. The human factors both in using electronic data and inputting geographic instructions into electronic systems have been considered, drawing heavily on experience with installed Yeoman technology products in marine, airborne, and land-based applications.<>
{"title":"The use of electronic navigation data with conventional maps and charts-the Yeoman technology","authors":"H. J. Agnew, J. Hammer","doi":"10.1109/PLANS.1992.185881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS.1992.185881","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. Attention is given to a rapidly emerging technology, named Yeoman, which links electronic navigation data with the conventional geographical database of paper charts and maps. The human factors both in using electronic data and inputting geographic instructions into electronic systems have been considered, drawing heavily on experience with installed Yeoman technology products in marine, airborne, and land-based applications.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":422101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PLANS 92 Position Location and Navigation Symposium Record","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128187076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-06-12DOI: 10.1109/PLANS.1992.185906
H. Euler, G. Hein, H. Landau
Summary form only given. The authors introduce a system based on six-channel low-cost C/A code receivers reaching accuracies in the decimeter range in real-time and in the centimeter range for postemission. The receivers are controlled by separate processors which are communicating via a radio link in the VHF band. The controllers are IBM-compatible and are communicating with the receivers via serial interfaces. The system allows update rates of 1 Hz, and the delay for the position fix is less than 2 s. In order to prove the accuracy and the performance of the system, several experiments were performed using the system in different environments.<>
{"title":"A system for precise real-time differential GPS positioning in the decimeter range","authors":"H. Euler, G. Hein, H. Landau","doi":"10.1109/PLANS.1992.185906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS.1992.185906","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. The authors introduce a system based on six-channel low-cost C/A code receivers reaching accuracies in the decimeter range in real-time and in the centimeter range for postemission. The receivers are controlled by separate processors which are communicating via a radio link in the VHF band. The controllers are IBM-compatible and are communicating with the receivers via serial interfaces. The system allows update rates of 1 Hz, and the delay for the position fix is less than 2 s. In order to prove the accuracy and the performance of the system, several experiments were performed using the system in different environments.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":422101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PLANS 92 Position Location and Navigation Symposium Record","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115805719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1991-06-12DOI: 10.1109/PLANS.1992.185897
M. Rothblatt
A GPS (Global Positioning System) radio designed to serve the needs of the automatic vehicle location (AVL) market is discussed. Market research revealed several key demands for an AVL GPS radio: (i) minimization of urban building blockage; (ii) easy programmability to minimize mobile data transmission costs; (iii) high accuracy for streetmap level coordination; (iv) interface capability with nondigital specialized mobile radios; and (v) selling price close to that of alternatives such as Signposts and Loran-C. The developed system operates at high accuracy in an urban environment and is plug-compatible with nearly all vehicle radios. Among the engineering and production breakthroughs described are a unique approach to satellite tracking, enabling up to 8 GPS satellites to be used for position determination with a two-channel receiver, and a receiver-in-a-microdome design. A powerful application-specific integrated circuit has enabled MARCO to bring GPS within the easy reach of millions of AVL users such as buses, taxis, and delivery vehicle fleets.<>
{"title":"The first GPS satellite radio optimized for automatic vehicle location","authors":"M. Rothblatt","doi":"10.1109/PLANS.1992.185897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS.1992.185897","url":null,"abstract":"A GPS (Global Positioning System) radio designed to serve the needs of the automatic vehicle location (AVL) market is discussed. Market research revealed several key demands for an AVL GPS radio: (i) minimization of urban building blockage; (ii) easy programmability to minimize mobile data transmission costs; (iii) high accuracy for streetmap level coordination; (iv) interface capability with nondigital specialized mobile radios; and (v) selling price close to that of alternatives such as Signposts and Loran-C. The developed system operates at high accuracy in an urban environment and is plug-compatible with nearly all vehicle radios. Among the engineering and production breakthroughs described are a unique approach to satellite tracking, enabling up to 8 GPS satellites to be used for position determination with a two-channel receiver, and a receiver-in-a-microdome design. A powerful application-specific integrated circuit has enabled MARCO to bring GPS within the easy reach of millions of AVL users such as buses, taxis, and delivery vehicle fleets.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":422101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PLANS 92 Position Location and Navigation Symposium Record","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115397781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-12-01DOI: 10.1109/PLANS.1992.185825
R. Warren, P. B. Morris, R.R. Gupta, G. Desrochers
The Omega system availability model permits a probabilistic assessment of Omega performance using receiver reliability, transmitting station availability, and the global coverage of usable signals in combination with the specification of geographic operating region priorities. Applications of the system availability model, utilizing PACE (performance assessment and coverage evaluation), are presented and interpreted to demonstrate the utility of the methodology and the associated performance of the Omega system under realistic operational conditions. Both spatial and temporal performance characteristics are presented, with specific emphasis placed on the interests of the current users of Omega. Although the model has been specifically developed and applied to Omega, the underlying fundamentals have the potential for a common probabilistic characterization of systems, and combinations of systems, including Loran-C, Navstar GPS (Global Positioning System), and GLONASS.<>
{"title":"Omega system performance assessment","authors":"R. Warren, P. B. Morris, R.R. Gupta, G. Desrochers","doi":"10.1109/PLANS.1992.185825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS.1992.185825","url":null,"abstract":"The Omega system availability model permits a probabilistic assessment of Omega performance using receiver reliability, transmitting station availability, and the global coverage of usable signals in combination with the specification of geographic operating region priorities. Applications of the system availability model, utilizing PACE (performance assessment and coverage evaluation), are presented and interpreted to demonstrate the utility of the methodology and the associated performance of the Omega system under realistic operational conditions. Both spatial and temporal performance characteristics are presented, with specific emphasis placed on the interests of the current users of Omega. Although the model has been specifically developed and applied to Omega, the underlying fundamentals have the potential for a common probabilistic characterization of systems, and combinations of systems, including Loran-C, Navstar GPS (Global Positioning System), and GLONASS.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":422101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PLANS 92 Position Location and Navigation Symposium Record","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123181167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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