Pub Date : 2004-10-24DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391331
B. Willems
The expected increase of air traffic by at least 33% by 2015 to 2020 requires more than an evolutionary change from the way air traffic controllers work today in more than an evolutionary manner. One way to do this is to free up individual air traffic controller physical and mental resources. If controllers can apply the increase in available resources to air traffic control, we expect that they have more capacity to absorb an increase in air traffic. To make these resources available we use human factors principles to integrate available data and provide that data to controllers in an efficient presentation format. We report on the development of a concept software platform that integrates data obtained from existing automation tools with available National Airspace System (NAS) data. The integration takes place at the human computer interface and attempts to make that interface easy to use by applying human factors principles and leveraging existing air traffic controller expertise. We discuss why we must present National Airspace data in an integrated manner. We also present how we intend to assess if our approach has succeeded in freeing individual air traffic controller resources.
{"title":"Future en route air traffic control workstation: back to basics","authors":"B. Willems","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2004.1391331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2004.1391331","url":null,"abstract":"The expected increase of air traffic by at least 33% by 2015 to 2020 requires more than an evolutionary change from the way air traffic controllers work today in more than an evolutionary manner. One way to do this is to free up individual air traffic controller physical and mental resources. If controllers can apply the increase in available resources to air traffic control, we expect that they have more capacity to absorb an increase in air traffic. To make these resources available we use human factors principles to integrate available data and provide that data to controllers in an efficient presentation format. We report on the development of a concept software platform that integrates data obtained from existing automation tools with available National Airspace System (NAS) data. The integration takes place at the human computer interface and attempts to make that interface easy to use by applying human factors principles and leveraging existing air traffic controller expertise. We discuss why we must present National Airspace data in an integrated manner. We also present how we intend to assess if our approach has succeeded in freeing individual air traffic controller resources.","PeriodicalId":422463,"journal":{"name":"The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132490804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-24DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391238
Y.C. Lee, J. Moody, J. Reagan
In January of 2001, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) commissioned the first use of automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) based on the global positioning system (GPS) to support air traffic control (ATC) "radar-like services (RLS)." These services are available via ATC to nearly 200 equipped aircraft operating in the vicinity of Bethel, Alaska as part of the FAA's Capstone program to improve aviation safety in Alaska. RLS allow ATC to support instrument flight rules (IFR) separation of 5 nautical miles (nmi) based only on ADS-B surveillance. Since ADS-B information is being used by ATC for aircraft separation, some method to verify the integrity of the GPS/ADS-B data must be continually provided. The ADS-B concept, as defined in RTCA standards, relies on aircraft to "self-report" the integrity of the navigation data reported in the ADS-B message. System evaluations leading to commissioning of RLS showed the ADS-B data to be easily equivalent to radar surveillance in terms of accuracy, latency, and update rate. However, it highlighted some difficulties with the self-reported integrity concept for this "first generation" of ADS-B avionics, due mainly to excessive receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) holes - from the ATC perspective. The resulting excessive number of false integrity alerts led to an FAA decision to disregard ADS-B self-reported integrity in the Bethel area and, instead, to monitor GPS integrity through a network of new ground position "parrot" monitors implemented along with the existing ADS-B receiving stations. The objective of this paper is to determine how effective this monitor system is at detecting integrity failures of the GPS satellites that could cause hazardously misleading information (HMI) over the Bethel, Alaska area. Although our results show that the existing parrot system is generally effective for conducting RLS in the Bethel area, we offer recommendations to the FAA to improve the performance of integrity monitoring in the area.
{"title":"Effectiveness of the ground-based transceiver (GBT) parrot system for monitoring GPS integrity for Alaska ATC \"radar-like services\" using ADS-B","authors":"Y.C. Lee, J. Moody, J. Reagan","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2004.1391238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2004.1391238","url":null,"abstract":"In January of 2001, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) commissioned the first use of automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) based on the global positioning system (GPS) to support air traffic control (ATC) \"radar-like services (RLS).\" These services are available via ATC to nearly 200 equipped aircraft operating in the vicinity of Bethel, Alaska as part of the FAA's Capstone program to improve aviation safety in Alaska. RLS allow ATC to support instrument flight rules (IFR) separation of 5 nautical miles (nmi) based only on ADS-B surveillance. Since ADS-B information is being used by ATC for aircraft separation, some method to verify the integrity of the GPS/ADS-B data must be continually provided. The ADS-B concept, as defined in RTCA standards, relies on aircraft to \"self-report\" the integrity of the navigation data reported in the ADS-B message. System evaluations leading to commissioning of RLS showed the ADS-B data to be easily equivalent to radar surveillance in terms of accuracy, latency, and update rate. However, it highlighted some difficulties with the self-reported integrity concept for this \"first generation\" of ADS-B avionics, due mainly to excessive receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) holes - from the ATC perspective. The resulting excessive number of false integrity alerts led to an FAA decision to disregard ADS-B self-reported integrity in the Bethel area and, instead, to monitor GPS integrity through a network of new ground position \"parrot\" monitors implemented along with the existing ADS-B receiving stations. The objective of this paper is to determine how effective this monitor system is at detecting integrity failures of the GPS satellites that could cause hazardously misleading information (HMI) over the Bethel, Alaska area. Although our results show that the existing parrot system is generally effective for conducting RLS in the Bethel area, we offer recommendations to the FAA to improve the performance of integrity monitoring in the area.","PeriodicalId":422463,"journal":{"name":"The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576)","volume":"417 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133159255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-24DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391321
A. Vadlamani, M. Uijt de Haag
Advanced cockpit display systems are the topic of active research to overcome the problems caused by limited visibility and to improve aircraft safety and airport operations, in general. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Aviation Safety and Security Program (AvSSP) is developing Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) to improve a pilot's situational awareness. SVS provide a pilot with either a Heads-Up Display (HUD) or a Heads-Down Display (HDD) containing information about aircraft state, guidance, obstacles and the terrain features over which the aircraft is flying. Out of these, the terrain feature information is extracted on-board from terrain databases. For applications that improve flight safety, it is imperative that the terrain database conforms to a high level of integrity. Otherwise, instead of preventing accidents, the terrain database would be the cause of more. To ensure that the terrain elevation data used for the SVS display imagery conforms to a required reliability, it may be necessary to include an integrity monitor function to the terrain database server. This paper builds upon previously proposed concepts and discusses the concept of a three-dimensional spatial integrity monitor (in the vertical and the two-dimensional horizontal domains) for detecting bias errors. The lower the magnitude of the integrity monitor's minimum detectable bias, the better the integrity monitor. A Kalman filter is designed to make the integrity monitor sensitive to lower magnitudes of bias. The concepts developed for the spatial integrity monitor are extended to a terrain referenced navigation scheme called the spatial position estimator. The performance of the proposed integrity monitor and position estimator is evaluated using flight test data from NASA's flight trials at Eagle/Vail (EGE), CO and Ohio University's flight trials at Albany (KUNI), OH, Asheville (AVL), NC, and Juneau (JNU), AK.
{"title":"A 3D spatial integrity monitor for terrain databases","authors":"A. Vadlamani, M. Uijt de Haag","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2004.1391321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2004.1391321","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced cockpit display systems are the topic of active research to overcome the problems caused by limited visibility and to improve aircraft safety and airport operations, in general. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Aviation Safety and Security Program (AvSSP) is developing Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) to improve a pilot's situational awareness. SVS provide a pilot with either a Heads-Up Display (HUD) or a Heads-Down Display (HDD) containing information about aircraft state, guidance, obstacles and the terrain features over which the aircraft is flying. Out of these, the terrain feature information is extracted on-board from terrain databases. For applications that improve flight safety, it is imperative that the terrain database conforms to a high level of integrity. Otherwise, instead of preventing accidents, the terrain database would be the cause of more. To ensure that the terrain elevation data used for the SVS display imagery conforms to a required reliability, it may be necessary to include an integrity monitor function to the terrain database server. This paper builds upon previously proposed concepts and discusses the concept of a three-dimensional spatial integrity monitor (in the vertical and the two-dimensional horizontal domains) for detecting bias errors. The lower the magnitude of the integrity monitor's minimum detectable bias, the better the integrity monitor. A Kalman filter is designed to make the integrity monitor sensitive to lower magnitudes of bias. The concepts developed for the spatial integrity monitor are extended to a terrain referenced navigation scheme called the spatial position estimator. The performance of the proposed integrity monitor and position estimator is evaluated using flight test data from NASA's flight trials at Eagle/Vail (EGE), CO and Ohio University's flight trials at Albany (KUNI), OH, Asheville (AVL), NC, and Juneau (JNU), AK.","PeriodicalId":422463,"journal":{"name":"The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131334137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-24DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391308
E. Theunissen, F. Roefs, G. Koeners, R. Rademaker, T. Etherington
To make the operation of aircraft less dependent on visibility conditions, concepts using imaging sensors (enhanced vision) and concepts using databases (synthetic vision) have been and are being investigated. Operations that use the capability to 'see' using a database in order to go beyond limits of current operations will require a level of safety equivalent to that of current operations. A capability for the timely detection of hazardous discrepancies between the real world and the depiction of the world that is generated from the database needs to be provided. One potential approach is the use of imaging sensors. Previous research has already addressed the combination of data from imaging sensors with a computer-generated depiction of the environment. The general approach has been to perform spatial and temporal multiresolution image fusion. In the resulting image, none of the original sources is clearly distinguishable. Although such an approach may be desirable to compensate for some of the sensor deficiencies, it may be better if certain specific elements or features from the synthetic world are clearly identifiable as such. This paper discusses research that aims to provide an integration of EVS and SVS in which the EVS data is intended to support the integrity monitoring of the SVS.
{"title":"Integration of imaging sensor data into a synthetic vision display","authors":"E. Theunissen, F. Roefs, G. Koeners, R. Rademaker, T. Etherington","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2004.1391308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2004.1391308","url":null,"abstract":"To make the operation of aircraft less dependent on visibility conditions, concepts using imaging sensors (enhanced vision) and concepts using databases (synthetic vision) have been and are being investigated. Operations that use the capability to 'see' using a database in order to go beyond limits of current operations will require a level of safety equivalent to that of current operations. A capability for the timely detection of hazardous discrepancies between the real world and the depiction of the world that is generated from the database needs to be provided. One potential approach is the use of imaging sensors. Previous research has already addressed the combination of data from imaging sensors with a computer-generated depiction of the environment. The general approach has been to perform spatial and temporal multiresolution image fusion. In the resulting image, none of the original sources is clearly distinguishable. Although such an approach may be desirable to compensate for some of the sensor deficiencies, it may be better if certain specific elements or features from the synthetic world are clearly identifiable as such. This paper discusses research that aims to provide an integration of EVS and SVS in which the EVS data is intended to support the integrity monitoring of the SVS.","PeriodicalId":422463,"journal":{"name":"The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116705703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-24DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390723
R. Busser, M. Blackburn, A. Nauman, T. Morgan
This work describes the capabilities of a model-based analysis and automatic test generation system. Model checking ensures that an automatically generated code is free from contradictions that are difficult to identify manually in complex models. It generates test vectors and test drivers that can execute against model simulations or auto-generated code, and produces test sequence vectors for testing dynamic system behavior that support feedback, such as integrators or time delays, which are common in control systems. The paper briefly describes tool qualification support, and processes for using this model-based testing tool with modeling and code coverage tools to produce verification evidence that meets the FAA standards for certification of these systems, while reducing the verification costs by as much as 50%.
{"title":"Reducing cost of high integrity systems through model-based testing","authors":"R. Busser, M. Blackburn, A. Nauman, T. Morgan","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2004.1390723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2004.1390723","url":null,"abstract":"This work describes the capabilities of a model-based analysis and automatic test generation system. Model checking ensures that an automatically generated code is free from contradictions that are difficult to identify manually in complex models. It generates test vectors and test drivers that can execute against model simulations or auto-generated code, and produces test sequence vectors for testing dynamic system behavior that support feedback, such as integrators or time delays, which are common in control systems. The paper briefly describes tool qualification support, and processes for using this model-based testing tool with modeling and code coverage tools to produce verification evidence that meets the FAA standards for certification of these systems, while reducing the verification costs by as much as 50%.","PeriodicalId":422463,"journal":{"name":"The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114814017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-24DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390732
K. Forsberg, S. Nadjm-Tehrani, J. Torin, R. Johansson
This work presents how state consistency among distributed control nodes is maintained in the presence of faults. We analyze a fault-tolerant semi-synchronous architecture concept of a distributed flight control system (DFCS). This architecture has been shown robust against transient faults of continuous signals through inherent replica consistency. This approach necessitates neither atomic broadcast nor replica determinism. Here, we extend the analysis of replica consistency property to confirm robustness against transient faults in discrete signals in the presence of a single permanent fault in the DFCS components. The paper is based on a case study on JAS 39 Gripen, a modern fourth generation multi purpose combat aircraft, presently operating with a centralized FCS. Our goal is to design the DFCS fault management mechanisms so that the distributed treatment of faults corresponds to the existing nondistributed FCS.
{"title":"Maintaining consistency among distributed control nodes","authors":"K. Forsberg, S. Nadjm-Tehrani, J. Torin, R. Johansson","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2004.1390732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2004.1390732","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents how state consistency among distributed control nodes is maintained in the presence of faults. We analyze a fault-tolerant semi-synchronous architecture concept of a distributed flight control system (DFCS). This architecture has been shown robust against transient faults of continuous signals through inherent replica consistency. This approach necessitates neither atomic broadcast nor replica determinism. Here, we extend the analysis of replica consistency property to confirm robustness against transient faults in discrete signals in the presence of a single permanent fault in the DFCS components. The paper is based on a case study on JAS 39 Gripen, a modern fourth generation multi purpose combat aircraft, presently operating with a centralized FCS. Our goal is to design the DFCS fault management mechanisms so that the distributed treatment of faults corresponds to the existing nondistributed FCS.","PeriodicalId":422463,"journal":{"name":"The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128234443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-24DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390767
J. Mangan
{"title":"Open avionics systems development utilizing the time tiggered protocol - [Not available for publication]","authors":"J. Mangan","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2004.1390767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2004.1390767","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":422463,"journal":{"name":"The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576)","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134432709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-24DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390730
B. Kumar, J. Shanmugam, S. Janarthanan, R. Santhiseela
This work focuses on the construction of an expert system shell for airborne equipment design. Traditional expert systems are constructed using a single monolithic software program for a specific application. Since the airborne equipment design is critical & complex, it demands the use of expert system technology. Since present aircrafts take in different equipments for different purposes, it is not feasible to think in terms of independently developed monolithic expert system program for each equipment. To overcome these problems, we have designed and developed a complex competent system i.e., a generic component based expert system for airborne equipment design. The main advantage of the component-based approach is that, the knowledge base is not hard coded and these components can be coupled with any domain-specific knowledge bases. The expert system with its expertise knowledge is made to guide the designer by providing design guidelines & testing procedures for the desired equipment. The expert system also audits the design and provides guidelines to modify & to improve the design.
{"title":"Development of expert system for the design of airborne equipment","authors":"B. Kumar, J. Shanmugam, S. Janarthanan, R. Santhiseela","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2004.1390730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2004.1390730","url":null,"abstract":"This work focuses on the construction of an expert system shell for airborne equipment design. Traditional expert systems are constructed using a single monolithic software program for a specific application. Since the airborne equipment design is critical & complex, it demands the use of expert system technology. Since present aircrafts take in different equipments for different purposes, it is not feasible to think in terms of independently developed monolithic expert system program for each equipment. To overcome these problems, we have designed and developed a complex competent system i.e., a generic component based expert system for airborne equipment design. The main advantage of the component-based approach is that, the knowledge base is not hard coded and these components can be coupled with any domain-specific knowledge bases. The expert system with its expertise knowledge is made to guide the designer by providing design guidelines & testing procedures for the desired equipment. The expert system also audits the design and provides guidelines to modify & to improve the design.","PeriodicalId":422463,"journal":{"name":"The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116127824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-24DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391236
R. Ehrmanntraut
The concept of traffic information services in contract mode (TIS-C) is new, in that it proposes client-server protocols between the air and the ground similar to those known from the World-Wide Web by extending these with contractual behaviour for mobile safety applications. The advantages of TIS-C in comparison to traffic information services in broadcast mode (TIS-B), especially when combined with a mandate for automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) based on cheap and available MODE-S technology have been discussed in previous work. In addition it has been argued that TIS-C even when operated over the available digital link mode 2 (VDL 2) can fulfill basic requirements of applications for airborne separation assurance system (ASAS), and do much more. The technical concepts and protocols of TIS-C have been elaborated and are available now. This paper presents the results of the validation of the TIS-C concept over VDL2. The validation tool that is used is the aeronautical communications technologies simulator (ACTS), which has been developed in EUROCONTROL and is one of the most performing VDL2 simulators at the moment. Different TIS-C applications for ASAS are analysed in their use of bandwidth, and several scenarios run with changing traffic loads, equipage rates, and VDL2 parameters. The technical and operational assumptions for parameters of the simulations are discussed. The work proves that the TIS-C concept over VDL 2 is possible for many applications, but also shows its limitations. The validation results emanating from the simulations are presented for the first time in this paper.
{"title":"Bandwidth simulations of the traffic information service in contract mode (TIS-C) over VDL mode 2 with the ACTS simulator","authors":"R. Ehrmanntraut","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2004.1391236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2004.1391236","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of traffic information services in contract mode (TIS-C) is new, in that it proposes client-server protocols between the air and the ground similar to those known from the World-Wide Web by extending these with contractual behaviour for mobile safety applications. The advantages of TIS-C in comparison to traffic information services in broadcast mode (TIS-B), especially when combined with a mandate for automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) based on cheap and available MODE-S technology have been discussed in previous work. In addition it has been argued that TIS-C even when operated over the available digital link mode 2 (VDL 2) can fulfill basic requirements of applications for airborne separation assurance system (ASAS), and do much more. The technical concepts and protocols of TIS-C have been elaborated and are available now. This paper presents the results of the validation of the TIS-C concept over VDL2. The validation tool that is used is the aeronautical communications technologies simulator (ACTS), which has been developed in EUROCONTROL and is one of the most performing VDL2 simulators at the moment. Different TIS-C applications for ASAS are analysed in their use of bandwidth, and several scenarios run with changing traffic loads, equipage rates, and VDL2 parameters. The technical and operational assumptions for parameters of the simulations are discussed. The work proves that the TIS-C concept over VDL 2 is possible for many applications, but also shows its limitations. The validation results emanating from the simulations are presented for the first time in this paper.","PeriodicalId":422463,"journal":{"name":"The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122000436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-24DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391322
S. Kamineni, S. Rathinam
Electronic flight bags (EFB) based on personal computers are finding increasing utility in the flight deck as replacements to paper charts, and are useful for additional services provided to the flight crew. This paper addresses the development of a prototype Electronic Display of a Moving Map with Traffic Information on the Airport Surface hosted and displayed on an EFB. The Electronic Moving Map with Traffic Information display integrates the airport surface map derived from an accurately surveyed, object-based airport database, with own-ship position, and provides situational awareness of other traffic using requirements similar to those of Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI). Traffic information is derived via Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Services -Broadcast (TIS-B) surveillance links. The Electronic Moving Map with Traffic Information display prototype that was developed was evaluated from a human factors perspective in order to identify display requirements. The benefit of a database driven map is to allow "smart" runway and taxiway labels that are visible irrespective of the zoom range, and to allow smart decluttering of displayed information. Some of the Electronic Moving Map with Traffic Information display features implemented include map centered and map offset (full rose and arc) orientation, range ring selection, selection of specific traffic and an associated data block, depiction of traffic velocity vectors, zoom and auto zoom capability, altitude filtering, surface map decluttering, surface traffic on/off selection, etc. While not currently implemented, Electronic Moving Map with Traffic Information display can also support the depiction of NOTAMS. Electronic Moving Map with Traffic Information display benefits include increased airport surface situational awareness for the flight crew of own-ship and traffic location. With ongoing enhancements, it also has the potential to add situational awareness in the approach phase. This situational awareness is expected to provide significant safety benefits by reducing errors associated with landing, takeoff and taxi operations (e.g., taxiway and runway incursions, aircraft departing the prepared surface). Functionality of Electronic Moving Map with Traffic Information display could be ported to any specific display device such as an integrated multi-function cockpit display. Architectural, integration and certification issues are not addressed in the paper and in the prototype development. The purpose of the project was to implement a PC based electronic moving map display with traffic information in order to evaluate its suitability and to identify issues related to its operational use.
{"title":"Electronic moving map of airport surface on electronic flight bag","authors":"S. Kamineni, S. Rathinam","doi":"10.1109/DASC.2004.1391322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2004.1391322","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic flight bags (EFB) based on personal computers are finding increasing utility in the flight deck as replacements to paper charts, and are useful for additional services provided to the flight crew. This paper addresses the development of a prototype Electronic Display of a Moving Map with Traffic Information on the Airport Surface hosted and displayed on an EFB. The Electronic Moving Map with Traffic Information display integrates the airport surface map derived from an accurately surveyed, object-based airport database, with own-ship position, and provides situational awareness of other traffic using requirements similar to those of Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI). Traffic information is derived via Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Services -Broadcast (TIS-B) surveillance links. The Electronic Moving Map with Traffic Information display prototype that was developed was evaluated from a human factors perspective in order to identify display requirements. The benefit of a database driven map is to allow \"smart\" runway and taxiway labels that are visible irrespective of the zoom range, and to allow smart decluttering of displayed information. Some of the Electronic Moving Map with Traffic Information display features implemented include map centered and map offset (full rose and arc) orientation, range ring selection, selection of specific traffic and an associated data block, depiction of traffic velocity vectors, zoom and auto zoom capability, altitude filtering, surface map decluttering, surface traffic on/off selection, etc. While not currently implemented, Electronic Moving Map with Traffic Information display can also support the depiction of NOTAMS. Electronic Moving Map with Traffic Information display benefits include increased airport surface situational awareness for the flight crew of own-ship and traffic location. With ongoing enhancements, it also has the potential to add situational awareness in the approach phase. This situational awareness is expected to provide significant safety benefits by reducing errors associated with landing, takeoff and taxi operations (e.g., taxiway and runway incursions, aircraft departing the prepared surface). Functionality of Electronic Moving Map with Traffic Information display could be ported to any specific display device such as an integrated multi-function cockpit display. Architectural, integration and certification issues are not addressed in the paper and in the prototype development. The purpose of the project was to implement a PC based electronic moving map display with traffic information in order to evaluate its suitability and to identify issues related to its operational use.","PeriodicalId":422463,"journal":{"name":"The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126081480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：