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The real Byzantine Generals 真正的拜占庭将军
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390734
K. Driscoll, B. Hall, Michael Paulitsch, P. Zumsteg, Håkan Sivencrona
In contrast to previous papers on the Byzantine Generals problem, this work examines the problem from a practical, lower-level, phenomena point of view. The goal is to dispel a common belief that the problem is a myth (potentially arising from the anthropomorphic nature of previous literature). This work gives practical, succinct definitions for Byzantine fault and failure. It describes how these arise and are propagated in electrical signals and "digital" circuitry. The paper describes actual occurrences of Byzantine faults in several different systems. A taxonomy of methods for combating the problem is presented with examples of each method. The paper brings forth the following underappreciated facts: (1) cryptography is not a useful solution to the problem in actual systems, (2) most solutions to the problem must include a "Byzantine filter" (a circuit that converts a Byzantine signal to a nonByzantine signal).
与之前关于拜占庭将军问题的论文相比,这项工作从实际的、较低层次的、现象的角度来研究这个问题。目的是消除人们普遍认为这个问题是一个神话(可能源于以前文学作品的拟人化性质)。这项工作给出了拜占庭式故障和失效的实用、简洁的定义。它描述了这些信号是如何产生并在电信号和“数字”电路中传播的。本文描述了几个不同系统中拜占庭式故障的实际发生情况。对解决这个问题的方法进行了分类,并给出了每种方法的示例。本文提出了以下被低估的事实:(1)密码学在实际系统中并不是一个有用的解决方案,(2)大多数问题的解决方案必须包括一个“拜占庭滤波器”(一个将拜占庭信号转换为非拜占庭信号的电路)。
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引用次数: 47
Implementation of new technologies in radar systems 雷达系统新技术的实施
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391240
M. Coluzzi, L. Carlin, M. Igawa, B. Rees
Future radar systems employ new RF and digital technologies that increase their functionality and performance. These changes in the radar system design include zero-IF receivers, software radio implementations and employ computationally intense radar data processing. New functionalities of the radar include high resolution imaging, new multiple waveform designs, resource management and new radar system designs employ digital T/R modules. To investigate the feasibility of utilizing new digital technologies in a radar system, a low demand modulation scheme of a SSR (secondary surveillance radar) system was chosen. The receiver was realized with a CMOS gain controlled 110 dB amplifier, zero-IF quadrature mixer along with a software radio detection design that was implemented with a flexible FPGA (field programmable gate array), also implemented in CMOS. This type of work allow the adaptation of computationally intense requirements of active digital array radars empowering radar system designers to implement new detection schemes, increase dynamic management of RF energy and processing resources thereby enhancing nominal radar performance.
未来的雷达系统采用新的射频和数字技术,以提高其功能和性能。雷达系统设计的这些变化包括零中频接收机、软件无线电实现和采用计算密集型雷达数据处理。该雷达的新功能包括高分辨率成像、新的多波形设计、资源管理和采用数字T/R模块的新雷达系统设计。为了研究新数字技术在雷达系统中应用的可行性,选择了一种二次监视雷达系统的低需求调制方案。接收机由CMOS增益控制的110 dB放大器、零中频正交混频器以及软件无线电检测设计实现,该设计由灵活的FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)实现,也在CMOS中实现。这种类型的工作允许适应有源数字阵列雷达的计算强度要求,使雷达系统设计人员能够实施新的探测方案,增加射频能量和处理资源的动态管理,从而提高标称雷达性能。
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引用次数: 2
Optimizing the spectral placement of future radio services 优化未来无线电业务的频谱布局
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391253
F. Box
Several candidate frequency bands are currently being considered for allocation to future air/ground (A/G) communications systems. This paper presents a methodology for quantitatively comparing the inherent suitability of candidate bands. Attainable link capacity, which varies with carrier frequency and directly affects the overall spectral efficiency of a system, is used as suitability metric. Capacity bounds are derived from fundamental frequency-dependent propagation characteristics and design constraints imposed by operational system requirements. "Acceptable" and "optimal" frequency ranges (in which attainable link capacity exceeds 10% and 80% of maximum, respectively) are identified for various system implementations involving different combinations of antenna directionality, link direction, and link bandwidth. It is shown that, depending on the implementation considered, the optimal frequencies may fall within a range as narrow as 80-160 MHz or as wide as 40-4500 MHz (although, of course, only a small fraction of the "optimal" range could realistically be made available to any new aeronautical system). The methodology could serve as an analytical basis for evaluating future proposals for adjusting band allocations, so that new systems can be placed in bands where they will operate with maximal effectiveness and spectral efficiency.
目前正在考虑将几个候选频段分配给未来的空中/地面(A/G)通信系统。本文提出了一种定量比较候选波段固有适宜性的方法。可用的链路容量随载波频率的变化而变化,并直接影响系统的整体频谱效率。容量界限来自于与基本频率相关的传播特性和由操作系统要求施加的设计约束。对于涉及天线方向性、链路方向和链路带宽的不同组合的各种系统实施,确定了“可接受”和“最佳”频率范围(其中可实现的链路容量分别超过最大容量的10%和80%)。它表明,根据所考虑的实施,最佳频率可能落在窄至80-160 MHz或宽至40-4500 MHz的范围内(当然,只有“最佳”范围的一小部分可以实际提供给任何新的航空系统)。该方法可作为评估未来调整频带分配建议的分析基础,以便将新系统放置在它们将以最大效率和频谱效率运行的频带上。
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引用次数: 0
Supersector experimental results proof of concept assessment 超扇区实验结果证明概念评估
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391258
J. Grau, G. Gawinowsky, L. Guichard, S. Guibert, J. Nobel, D. Dohy, K. Belhacene
The exploratory Supersector project falls within the scope of research based on the hypothesis that the current proliferation of controlled sectors had led to a too rigid use of airspace to face with medium- to long-term traffic growth. Supersector suggests a shift of paradigm from sector-division to sector-regrouping, i.e. instead of subdividing sectors to accommodate traffic growth, Supersector investigates a new control organization and practices from which traffic in large volume of airspace can be managed by teams of controllers with responsibilities no more restricted to sector-planning and radar-control but span from real-time traffic flow organization to conflict solving. In this way, it is expected that Supersector can help filling the gap between long-term predictive issues of central flow management, and short-term adaptive issues of radar-control, and thus moving from the today's non-synchronous Air Traffic Management System to a synchronous one, from a sector-control working methods to a network and flow management one, from conflict-based control to a time-based control one. A human-in-the-loop demonstration has been realised and allowed to validate the hypothesis and to identify the pros and cons of such a synchronised ATM. Time-based ATM architecture, 4D contract of service, teamwork, trunk-structured airspace design, medium-term anticipation and layer planning working methods have been explored and results are discussed.
探索性的超级部门项目属于研究范围,其假设是,目前受管制部门的激增导致空域使用过于僵化,无法面对中长期的交通量增长。Supersector提出了从部门划分到部门重组的范式转变,即不是细分部门以适应交通增长,而是研究了一种新的管制组织和实践,从这种组织和实践中,大量空域的交通可以由管制员团队管理,其职责不再局限于部门规划和雷达控制,而是从实时交通流量组织到冲突解决。因此,我们期望Supersector可以帮助填补中央流量管理的长期预测问题和雷达管制的短期适应性问题之间的空白,从而从今天的非同步空中交通管理系统走向同步,从扇区管制的工作方法走向网络和流量管理的工作方法,从基于冲突的管制到基于时间的管制。一个人在循环的演示已经实现,并允许验证假设,并确定这种同步ATM的优点和缺点。探讨了基于时间的ATM架构、四维服务合同、团队协作、干线结构化空域设计、中期预测和分层规划等工作方法,并对结果进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 1
Anytime scheduling for real-time embedded control applications 随时调度实时嵌入式控制应用
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390804
J. Shackleton, D. Cofer, S. Cooper
Current real-time scheduling methods focus on periodic tasks with fixed (or at least bounded) execution times. However, many tasks used in control and optimization applications do not fit this pattern. "Anytime" or incremental algorithms whose performance is variable and improves as their execution time increases are examples of such tasks. We have developed an adaptive scheduling framework to deal with multiple anytime tasks that compete with each other for processing time. This work explores the issues surrounding anytime tasks, how they are scheduled, how they adapt, and how they interact with more traditional scheduling techniques.
当前的实时调度方法侧重于具有固定(或至少有限)执行时间的周期性任务。然而,控制和优化应用程序中使用的许多任务不适合这种模式。“随时”或增量算法的性能是可变的,并随着执行时间的增加而提高,这就是此类任务的示例。我们已经开发了一个自适应调度框架来处理多个随时任务,这些任务相互竞争处理时间。这项工作探讨了围绕随时任务的问题,它们是如何安排的,它们如何适应,以及它们如何与更传统的安排技术相互作用。
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引用次数: 7
Lateral containment concepts for closely spaced parallel approaches - [Not available for publications] 紧密间隔平行方法的横向遏制概念-[不可用于出版物]
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391271
A. Warren
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引用次数: 0
WHEELIE - a mobile horizontal display filter to ease controller's separation task WHEELIE -一个移动水平显示过滤器,以减轻控制器的分离任务
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391261
H. Bering
In the controlled airspace, safe aircraft separations have to be guaranteed by the responsible controller of the sector. For safe separation the controller has to apply horizontal or vertical separation. Conventional radar displays represent the information in 2 dimensions (2D). With such displays, the horizontal separations between various aircraft are easily perceptible by the human operator. In case the horizontal separation is not guaranteed any more, vertical separation has to be applied. Vertical separation is based on data collected from the secondary surveillance radar (SSR). These SSR data contain the flight altitude information from the aircraft beside other information. The altitude information is expressed in flight levels (FL) as three digit numbers in the second line of the label associated with the aircraft symbol. Therewith the FL information is not exploitable from the controller with the first glance on his operational display system (ODS). For the vertical separation the ATCO (air traffic control operator) has to permanently scan, read, memorize and compare the shown flight level numbers of all tracks under his responsibility. Therewith the controller creates in his mind a mental picture of the traffic situation. This task requires a strong mental effort from the controller. Based on the idea that for a controller applying vertical separation to two aircraft, a priori it is more important to know that these aircraft are flying on different FL, then extracting the real FL numbers from the labels and comparing them. The proposed tool introduces a mobile horizontal filter function to answer quickly with: 'the same' or 'a different' FL. The mobile horizontal filter is moved in the steps of the used flight levels (..., 220, 230, 240, ...) with the wheel of a mouse. The mouse wheel represents a simple and quick way to move the basis of the filter which acts as reference flight level. All aircraft flying the selected reference flight level are displayed graphically to stand out of all other (flying higher or lower) displayed aircraft and can so be identified easily in a first glance. The mobile horizontal filter function moved by the mouse wheel, supports controllers permanent scanning, reading and comparing tasks for the vertical separation. It stimulates controllers to see their actual traffic situation under another aspect.
在管制空域,安全的飞机间隔必须由负责的扇区管制员保证。为了安全分离,控制器必须应用水平或垂直分离。传统的雷达显示器以二维(2D)表示信息。有了这样的显示器,各种飞机之间的水平分离很容易被人类操作员察觉。如果水平分离不再得到保证,则必须应用垂直分离。垂直分离是基于从二次监视雷达(SSR)收集的数据。这些SSR数据除了包含其他信息外,还包含来自飞机的飞行高度信息。高度信息以飞行高度(FL)表示,在与飞机符号相关联的标签的第二行中以三位数字表示。因此,在操作显示系统(ODS)上,控制器第一眼就无法利用FL信息。对于垂直分离,ATCO(空中交通管制操作员)必须永久扫描,读取,记忆和比较他所负责的所有轨道的显示飞行高度号码。因此,管制员在他的脑海中创造了一幅交通状况的心理画面。这个任务需要控制者在精神上付出很大的努力。基于对两架飞机应用垂直分离的控制器的思想,先验地知道这些飞机在不同的FL上飞行更重要,然后从标签中提取真实的FL数并进行比较。所提出的工具引入了一个移动水平过滤器功能,可以快速回答:“相同”或“不同”的FL。移动水平过滤器在使用的飞行水平的步骤中移动(…), 220, 230, 240,…)鼠标滚轮代表了一种简单快捷的方式来移动作为参考飞行水平的过滤器的基础。所有在选定的参考飞行水平飞行的飞机都以图形方式显示,以区别于所有其他(飞行更高或更低)显示的飞机,因此可以很容易地在第一眼就识别出来。移动水平过滤功能通过鼠标滚轮移动,支持控制器永久扫描、读取和比较垂直分离的任务。它刺激管制员从另一个角度看他们的实际交通状况。
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引用次数: 1
Assigning time slot resources for uplink broadcast services 为上行广播业务分配时隙资源
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391256
C. Moody, W. Wilson, I. Gheorghisor
The FAA's Safe Flight 21 and Capstone programs are planning to deploy ground stations supporting broadcast services. Collectively, the term "broadcast services" encompasses three forms of broadcast information: automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B), traffic information services-broadcast (TIS-B) and flight information services broadcast (FIS-B). The Safe Flight 21 and Capstone programs both entail the installation of ground stations (referred to as ground-based transceivers - GBTs) that receive ADS-B information from, as well as transmit TIS-B and FIS-B information to equipped aircraft. The FAA has established a policy supporting two data links for broadcast services: 1090 Extended Squitter, and the Universal Access Transceiver (UAT). The initial ground infrastructures of both the Safe Flight 21 and Capstone programs are primarily limited to UAT. Therefore the focus of this paper is on the UAT data link.
美国联邦航空局的“安全飞行21”和“顶点”项目正计划部署支持广播服务的地面站。总的来说,“广播服务”一词包括三种形式的广播信息:自动相关监视广播(ADS-B)、交通信息服务广播(TIS-B)和飞行信息服务广播(fi -b)。“安全飞行21”和“顶点”项目都需要安装地面站(称为地基收发器- gbt),从地面接收ADS-B信息,并向装备的飞机发送TIS-B和fi -b信息。美国联邦航空局已经制定了一项政策,支持广播服务的两个数据链路:1090扩展分频器和通用接入收发器(UAT)。“安全飞行21”和“顶点”项目的初始地面基础设施主要局限于UAT。因此,本文的研究重点是UAT数据链。
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引用次数: 1
IEIST force template technology provides a key capability for connecting tactical platforms to the global information grid IEIST部队模板技术为将战术平台连接到全球信息网格提供了关键能力
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390819
C. Satterthwaite, T. Blocher, D. Corman, T. Herm, E. J. Martens
The advent of network technologies offers huge potential improvement in the useful information available to command and control (C/sup 2/) warfighter participants in both hostile battlefield and peacekeeping situations. In this paper, the force template concept is shown as a powerful element of the solution to these integration requirements. The evolving joint battlespace infosphere (JBI) and its application in the insertion of embedded infosphere software technology (IEIST) environment is discussed. This discussion focuses on how IEIST has adapted the evolving JBI force template concept to satisfy the needs inherent in integrating individual tactical platforms into network centric operations. The JBI force template concept and the IEIST force template implementation are compared and contrasted. The underlying strength of each in solving the integration of the warfighter with new sources of information available from infospheres such as the JBI is shown. The ultimate result of this integration is a more lethal and less vulnerable warfighter who knows the enemy's deployment and intent as it unfolds.
网络技术的出现为指挥和控制(C/sup 2/)作战人员在敌对战场和维和情况下的可用信息提供了巨大的潜在改进。在本文中,力模板概念是解决这些集成需求的一个强大元素。讨论了不断发展的联合作战空间信息空间(JBI)及其在嵌入信息空间软件技术(IEIST)环境中的应用。本次讨论的重点是IEIST如何适应不断发展的JBI部队模板概念,以满足将单个战术平台集成到网络中心作战中的内在需求。对JBI力模板概念和IEIST力模板实现进行了比较。在解决作战人员与信息领域(如JBI)可获得的新信息源的集成方面,每种方法的潜在优势都得到了展示。这种整合的最终结果是一个更致命、更不脆弱的战士,他们知道敌人的部署和意图。
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引用次数: 2
TDMS: test data management system for aviation software TDMS:航空软件测试数据管理系统
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390794
R. Mukkamala, R. Pedagani, H. Keskar
Quality assurance and testing phase is one of the most crucial phases in the life cycle of software. Most software, dealing with the critical aspects of aviation, is subjected to intense testing. This frequently results in generation of enormous, unorganized, raw data files. This data have to be processed and analyzed further to get a meaningful insight into potential problem areas. In this paper, we present the results of our study on designing and implementing a test management system specifically for testing aviation software. It has three major contributions. Firstly, we present a survey of existing work. Secondly, we discuss the design for a test data management system, TDMS. Finally, we discuss some implementation issues encountered during the TDMS development.
质量保证和测试阶段是软件生命周期中最关键的阶段之一。大多数涉及航空关键方面的软件都要经过严格的测试。这经常导致生成巨大的、无组织的原始数据文件。必须对这些数据进行进一步的处理和分析,以获得对潜在问题领域的有意义的见解。本文介绍了针对航空软件测试的测试管理系统的设计与实现。它有三个主要贡献。首先,我们对现有的工作进行了综述。其次,讨论了测试数据管理系统TDMS的设计。最后,我们讨论了在TDMS开发过程中遇到的一些实现问题。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576)
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