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Development and evaluation of level 3 situation awareness support functions for a UAV operator station 无人机操作站3级态势感知支持功能的开发和评估
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390839
A. Goossens
In previous research into UAV operator stations, the concept of integrated data presentation has been used to reduce the effort required to obtain and maintain level 2 situation awareness. With the resulting prototype, obtaining adequate level 3 situation awareness can still generate considerable workload. When using real-time extrapolation/ prediction to provide information regarding the ability to meet future time constraints, maintain separation and prevent threat incursions as a function of changes to the plan, the operator is relieved of many of the extrapolation tasks, and level 3 situation awareness can be achieved at a lower workload. This provides the possibility for more effective decision making in time-critical situations. To support the requirements definition of a future UAV operator station, the existing research prototype has been extended with functionality specifically intended to support level 3 situation awareness. This paper discusses the design rationale behind the functionality in more detail, provides an overview of the rating criteria and the rating method and presents the results from an evaluation by 31 subject matter experts.
在先前对无人机操作站的研究中,集成数据表示的概念已被用于减少获得和维持2级态势感知所需的努力。使用最终的原型,获得足够的3级态势感知仍然会产生相当大的工作量。当使用实时外推/预测来提供有关满足未来时间限制、保持分离和防止威胁入侵的能力的信息时,作为计划变更的功能,运营商可以减轻许多外推任务,并且可以在较低的工作量下实现3级态势感知。这为在时间紧迫的情况下作出更有效的决策提供了可能性。为了支持未来无人机操作站的需求定义,现有的研究原型已经扩展了专门用于支持3级态势感知的功能。本文更详细地讨论了该功能背后的设计原理,概述了评级标准和评级方法,并介绍了31位主题专家评估的结果。
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引用次数: 17
Algorithms for airborne conflict detection, prevention, and resolution 机载冲突检测、预防和解决算法
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391290
T. Rand, M. S. Eby
Airborne conflict management (ACM) is part of an air traffic safety and separation management concept wherein a degree of responsibility - sometimes total responsibility - for determining and executing maneuvers necessary to avoid conflicts with other traffic is assigned to the flight crew. The concept offers the promise of user-selected routing, improved safety, shorter flights, lowered flight costs, more efficient airspace utilization, and increased airspace capacity. The central and most crucial elements of ACM are the aircraft-based systems that provide pilots with the information needed to autonomously and safely maneuver within the airspace. The necessary information is awareness of a) existing conflicts, b) maneuvers that would create conflicts and c) maneuvers that can resolve conflicts. The ACM application is enabled by the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) reports of position, velocity, and other information. In Europe and in the U.S., government and private organizations have worked to advance the understanding, acceptance, and utilization of ACM technologies and practices. RTCA has published an ACM concept of operations document (RTCA Special Committee 186, 2003) and application description (RTCA Special Committee 186, 2000), Rockwell Collins has developed and tested the algorithms necessary to implement an ACM system. The three major components of the system are: conflict detection (CD) - algorithm that uses measures of a projected conflict's "severity", "stability", and "temporal proximity" in determining when to issue a CD alert; conflict prevention (CP) - mechanism that utilizes mathematical and numerical "conflict probes" to determine ground speeds, headings, altitudes, rates of climb, and bank angles that would conflict with the trajectories of other aircraft and conflict resolution (CR) - algorithms that use "repulsive force field"-like mechanisms to calculate conflict resolution guidance. This paper discusses each of these components, as developed and implemented by Rockwell Collins, in substantial detail.
机载冲突管理(ACM)是空中交通安全和分离管理概念的一部分,其中一定程度的责任-有时是全部责任-确定和执行必要的机动以避免与其他交通冲突分配给机组人员。该概念提供了用户选择路线、提高安全性、缩短飞行时间、降低飞行成本、提高空域利用率和增加空域容量的承诺。ACM的核心和最关键的要素是基于飞机的系统,它为飞行员提供在空域内自主和安全机动所需的信息。必要的信息是了解a)存在的冲突,b)可能产生冲突的操作,c)可以解决冲突的操作。ACM应用是通过ADS-B (automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast)广播报告位置、速度等信息来实现的。在欧洲和美国,政府和私人组织一直致力于促进对ACM技术和实践的理解、接受和利用。RTCA已经发布了ACM操作概念文档(RTCA Special Committee 186, 2003)和应用描述(RTCA Special Committee 186, 2000),罗克韦尔柯林斯公司已经开发并测试了实现ACM系统所需的算法。该系统的三个主要组成部分是:冲突检测(CD)——一种算法,它使用预测冲突的“严重性”、“稳定性”和“时间接近性”来确定何时发出CD警报;冲突预防(CP)——利用数学和数值“冲突探测器”来确定地面速度、航向、高度、爬升率和与其他飞机轨迹相冲突的倾斜角度的机制;冲突解决(CR)——使用类似“斥力场”机制来计算冲突解决制导的算法。本文详细讨论了由罗克韦尔柯林斯公司开发和实现的每一个组件。
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引用次数: 23
Task sequencing for optimizing the computation cycle in a timed computation model 定时计算模型中优化计算周期的任务排序
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390783
S. Fischmeister, G. Menkhaus
Recent developments in embedded control systems promote the timed computation model following the principles of logical execution time (LET). Resulting control applications are time deterministic, value deterministic, and their properties may be subject to formal verification against a mathematical model of the control design. However, the timed computation model introduces inefficiencies to computation cycles. As the LET of a real-time control task requires being greater than its worst-case execution time and computed values are always propagated at the end of the LET, actuator updates are unnecessarily delayed. This makes the control cycle less responsive. In this paper, we present an approach that allows the definition of task sequences for a timed computation model implemented by the timing definition language (TDL). Task sequences help minimizing timing delays between sensor readings and actuator updates (e.g., in estimator-based control systems), managing startup and shutdown phases of control systems, and providing mechanisms for error-detection in fault-tolerant systems.
嵌入式控制系统的最新发展促进了遵循逻辑执行时间(LET)原则的定时计算模型。由此产生的控制应用程序是时间确定性的,值确定性的,并且它们的属性可以根据控制设计的数学模型进行正式验证。然而,定时计算模型带来了计算周期的低效率。由于实时控制任务的LET要求大于其最坏情况执行时间,并且计算值总是在LET结束时传播,因此执行器更新会不必要地延迟。这使得控制周期的响应性降低。在本文中,我们提出了一种方法,允许定义由定时定义语言(TDL)实现的定时计算模型的任务序列。任务序列有助于减少传感器读数和执行器更新之间的时间延迟(例如,在基于估计器的控制系统中),管理控制系统的启动和关闭阶段,并在容错系统中提供错误检测机制。
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引用次数: 2
Multivariate fault detection with convex hull 基于凸包的多变量故障检测
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390758
M. Luo
We propose a multivariate trending for aircraft fault detection. Multivariate trending generate fault indicators using output sensor data, is one of black-box approach. We use convex polygon for the computation of a rough shape or extent of the normal data set. Quickhull algorithm is used for the hull finding because it is simpler and uses less memory. It is assumed that the normal data points are in general position, so that their convex hull is a simple complex. We represent a d-dimensional convex hull by its vertices and (d-1)-dimensional faces. From multivariate trend analysis, if we find the measurements have the tendency to leave the convex polygon, this measurement can be labeled as a fault. If a new point is above all hyperplane of the convex hull, it is outside the convex polygon.
提出了一种用于飞机故障检测的多元趋势分析方法。多元趋势利用传感器输出数据生成故障指标,是黑盒方法的一种。我们使用凸多边形来计算正常数据集的粗略形状或范围。快速船体算法用于船体查找,因为它更简单,使用更少的内存。假设法向数据点处于一般位置,因此它们的凸包是一个简单的复合体。我们用顶点和(d-1)维面来表示一个d维凸包。从多变量趋势分析中,如果我们发现测量值有离开凸多边形的趋势,则可以将该测量值标记为故障。如果一个新的点在凸包的所有超平面之上,则它在凸多边形的外面。
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引用次数: 3
Target searching method in the chaotic mobile robot 混沌移动机器人的目标搜索方法
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390842
Youngchul Bae
In this paper, we propose a method to target searching method that has unstable limit cycles in a chaos trajectory surface. We assume all targets in the chaos trajectory surface have a Van der Pol equation with a stable limit cycle. When a chaos robot meets the target in the Lorenz equation, Hamilton and hyper-chaos equation trajectory, the target absorbs the robot. We also show computer simulation results of Lorenz equation, Hamilton and hyper-chaos equation trajectories with one or more Van der Pol as a target. We proposed and verified the results of the method to make the embedding chaotic mobile robot to searching target with the chaotic trajectory in any plane. It searched the target, when it meets or closes to the target.
本文提出了一种在混沌轨迹表面上具有不稳定极限环的目标搜索方法。我们假设混沌轨迹表面上的所有目标都有一个具有稳定极限环的范德波尔方程。当混沌机器人在Lorenz方程、Hamilton方程和超混沌方程轨迹中遇到目标时,目标会吸收机器人。我们还展示了以一个或多个范德波为目标的洛伦兹方程、汉密尔顿方程和超混沌方程轨迹的计算机模拟结果。提出并验证了该方法的结果,使嵌入混沌移动机器人能够在任意平面上以混沌轨迹搜索目标。它搜索目标,当它遇到或接近目标。
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引用次数: 8
Sensor fusion methods for synthetic vision systems 合成视觉系统的传感器融合方法
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1391310
D. Allerton, A.J. Clare
A millimetric radar imaging sensor can project a forward-looking view in a head-up display (HUD) to provide enhanced vision in the final stages of an approach, particularly in conditions of very low visibility. Although this increases situational awareness for the flight crew, the image quality is poor and there is no direct measure of system integrity. This paper describes a synthetic vision system using real-time image feature extraction to detect the runway in the image. This information is combined with knowledge of the aircraft position and attitude to provide flight guidance cues and to monitor the aircraft flight path. In the initial phase of the approach, GPS measurements are used to align the inertial reference system. During the final stages of an approach, inertial reference measurements are combined with imaging data to locate the vertices of the runway. Sensor fusion methods are used to provide flight guidance cues in the HUD and to determine system integrity measurements of the imaging system. A synthetic vision system overlays the computed runway position on the cluttered radar image and displays essential flight data. The paper outlines a radar model of the sensor, which runs on a PC-based visual system. This model has been used to provide a realistic real-time radar image during development of the tracking algorithms. The inertial reference system and the tracking system are also modeled and combined in an extended Kalman filter to provide flight guidance and to give timely warning of system failures to the flight crew. The paper describes the sensor fusion method developed for failure detection and provides examples of low visibility approaches flown in a flight simulator, to demonstrate the effectiveness of these techniques.
毫米雷达成像传感器可以在平视显示器(HUD)上投射前视视图,在接近的最后阶段提供增强的视觉,特别是在能见度非常低的情况下。尽管这增加了机组人员的态势感知能力,但图像质量很差,并且没有直接测量系统完整性的方法。本文介绍了一种利用实时图像特征提取来检测图像中跑道的合成视觉系统。这些信息与飞机位置和姿态的知识相结合,提供飞行引导线索并监视飞机的飞行路径。在该方法的初始阶段,使用GPS测量来对准惯性参考系统。在进近的最后阶段,惯性参考测量与成像数据相结合,以定位跑道的顶点。传感器融合方法用于在HUD中提供飞行制导提示,并确定成像系统的系统完整性测量。合成视觉系统将计算出的跑道位置覆盖在混乱的雷达图像上,并显示基本的飞行数据。本文概述了该传感器的雷达模型,该模型运行在基于pc机的视觉系统上。在跟踪算法的开发过程中,该模型已被用于提供真实的实时雷达图像。惯性参考系统和跟踪系统也被建模并结合在一个扩展的卡尔曼滤波器中,以提供飞行制导并及时向机组人员发出系统故障警告。本文介绍了用于故障检测的传感器融合方法,并提供了在飞行模拟器中飞行的低能见度进近的例子,以证明这些技术的有效性。
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引用次数: 6
IEEE scan-like interface for air traffic control software testing 用于空中交通管制软件测试的IEEE类扫描接口
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390809
T. Smith, C. Uri
The benefits of modified condition/decision coverage (MC/DC) in development of safety critical software are well recognized. Use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software is encouraged, and vendors of COTS software have expressed interest in developing a standard interface to assist in carrying out functions needed for the safety critical domain. A useful analogy can be drawn between a complex integrated circuit, with millions more storage locations and logic gates inside than pins on its interface, and an executable version of software, with many more variables and logical statements inside than are directly visible on its interface description. IEEE has developed an interface standard for testing package integrated circuits (that is, the tests are conducted through the interface pins), called boundary-scan. An analogous interface specification for software modules has been proposed in a COTS software forum, initially by Therese Smith and continued by Dr. Gregory Eakman of Pathfinder Solutions, who has completed scholarly work in this area. The FAA is advancing the technology used to support interface metadata. Net-centric architecture increases both the visibility of the metadata repository and the level of automation used to interact with the metadata. Given that the software vendors are pursuing a strategy for testability, there is interest at FAA in whether the testability is useful, and if so, in expanding the metadata to be maintained in a proposed "FAA interface management system" to include interface data used for testing.
修正条件/决策覆盖(MC/DC)在安全关键软件开发中的好处已得到广泛认可。鼓励使用商用现货(COTS)软件,并且COTS软件的供应商已经表示有兴趣开发一个标准接口,以协助执行安全关键领域所需的功能。一个有用的类比可以在一个复杂的集成电路和一个可执行的软件之间进行,前者的存储位置和逻辑门比其接口上的引脚多数百万个,后者的变量和逻辑语句比其接口描述上直接可见的要多得多。IEEE已经制定了测试封装集成电路的接口标准(即通过接口引脚进行测试),称为边界扫描。一个类似的软件模块接口规范已经在COTS软件论坛上提出,最初由Therese Smith提出,并由Pathfinder Solutions的Gregory Eakman博士继续提出,他已经完成了该领域的学术工作。美国联邦航空局正在推进用于支持接口元数据的技术。以网络为中心的体系结构增加了元数据存储库的可见性和用于与元数据交互的自动化级别。考虑到软件供应商正在追求可测试性的策略,FAA对可测试性是否有用很感兴趣,如果有用,那么在拟议的“FAA接口管理系统”中扩展要维护的元数据以包括用于测试的接口数据。
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引用次数: 0
Reusability: a technique for the design of HUMS architectures 可重用性:用于设计HUMS架构的一种技术
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390756
Ravi Mukkamala, R. Ramesh, N. Agarwal, M. Bandagadde, S. Myadam
In most engineering disciplines, systems are designed by reusing existing components that have been used in other systems. It is certainly worthwhile to make use of existing architectures available as a whole or in part in the large space of designs instead of rebuilding the whole architecture. In collaboration with NASA Langley Research Center, we have been developing methods to reuse existing architectures for health and usage monitoring (HUMS) of aerospace structures. We discuss some of the key reuse techniques, which can be used to reuse existing available architectures in the design space. The primary contribution of This work is an iterative process model for employing reuse technique in a complex engineering system.
在大多数工程学科中,系统是通过重用已在其他系统中使用的现有组件来设计的。在设计的大空间中,将现有的体系结构作为整体或部分加以利用,而不是重新构建整个体系结构,这当然是值得的。在与NASA兰利研究中心的合作中,我们一直在开发方法,以重用现有架构,用于航空航天结构的健康和使用监测(HUMS)。我们讨论了一些关键的重用技术,这些技术可用于重用设计空间中现有的可用体系结构。这项工作的主要贡献是在复杂工程系统中采用重用技术的迭代过程模型。
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引用次数: 2
A new flight guidance approach based on differential flatness 一种基于差分平面度的飞行制导新方法
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390737
Wen-Chi Lu, F. Mora-Camino, K. Achaibou
With the sustained increase of air traffic, the demand for new maneuvering capabilities of transport aircrafts is getting more important in order to tackle traffic saturated conditions. In this communication, a new guidance control structure is proposed to perform trajectory tracking through smooth manoeuvers. The design approach is based first on a differential flatness property of aircraft guidance dynamics which is displayed in This work and then on the use of neural networks to invert the guidance dynamics in order to generate directives to the autopilot. To compensate the effect of modeling errors and of other disturbances, an adaptive control approach is adopted to perform the maneuvers.
随着空中交通的持续增长,为解决交通饱和状况,对运输飞机新型机动能力的需求越来越重要。在此通信中,提出了一种新的制导控制结构,通过平滑机动进行轨迹跟踪。该设计方法首先基于飞机制导动力学的微分平坦性,然后利用神经网络对制导动力学进行反演,从而为自动驾驶仪生成指令。为了补偿建模误差和其他干扰的影响,采用自适应控制方法进行机动。
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引用次数: 3
Aircraft health monitoring for maintenance management - [Not available for publication] 用于维护管理的飞机健康监测-[不可出版]
Pub Date : 2004-10-24 DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2004.1390752
W. Larsen
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引用次数: 0
期刊
The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576)
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