Objective: To evaluate the contribution of forensic research to the discovery and analysis of mass graves of victims of the Yugoslav People’s Army and Serbian paramilitaries at Ovčara, near Vukovar, and to the identification of exhumed victims as missing persons who were forcibly removed from Vukovar Hospital on 20 November 1991. Methods: We analysed official international documentation and transcripts from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Data on causes of death and injury classifications were derived from autopsy reports and their interpretation by a forensic specialist. Identification of individuals was based on a report by a representative of the Commission on Detainees and Missing Persons. Results: Scientific and expert evidence from forensic research of the Ovčara mass grave shows that 198 male and 2 female bodies (one of a pregnant woman) in civilian clothes were exhumated from the site, with an average age of 32.5 years, including 3 minors. The determined manner of death for all 200 exhumed bodies was homicide, and the cause of death for 95% of the victims was a gunshot wound to a vital part of the body, in 67% of cases to the head. Traces of medical treatment and hospital workwear were found on 53% of the victims. 96% of the bodies were positively identified, 46.5% using classical forensic methods, and 49.5% by DNA analysis. Most of the victims were Croatian nationals of the Catholic faith. Conclusion: Forensic analysis and identification confirmed that the war crime victims exhumed from the Ovčara mass grave were listed as missing persons who disappeared from Vukovar Hospital. Their murder was used as relevant evidence of planned ethnic cleansing in court.
{"title":"Forensic investigation of a mass grave at Ovčara, near Vukovar, of victims killed by the Serbian army in 1991","authors":"Helena Ekštajn, I. Kružić, Ž. Bašić","doi":"10.48188/SO.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/SO.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To evaluate the contribution of forensic research to the discovery and analysis of mass graves of victims of the Yugoslav People’s Army and Serbian paramilitaries at Ovčara, near Vukovar, and to the identification of exhumed victims as missing persons who were forcibly removed from Vukovar Hospital on 20 November 1991. \u0000 Methods: We analysed official international documentation and transcripts from the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Data on causes of death and injury classifications were derived from autopsy reports and their interpretation by a forensic specialist. Identification of individuals was based on a report by a representative of the Commission on Detainees and Missing Persons. \u0000 Results: Scientific and expert evidence from forensic research of the Ovčara mass grave shows that 198 male and 2 female bodies (one of a pregnant woman) in civilian clothes were exhumated from the site, with an average age of 32.5 years, including 3 minors. The determined manner of death for all 200 exhumed bodies was homicide, and the cause of death for 95% of the victims was a gunshot wound to a vital part of the body, in 67% of cases to the head. Traces of medical treatment and hospital workwear were found on 53% of the victims. 96% of the bodies were positively identified, 46.5% using classical forensic methods, and 49.5% by DNA analysis. Most of the victims were Croatian nationals of the Catholic faith. \u0000 Conclusion: Forensic analysis and identification confirmed that the war crime victims exhumed from the Ovčara mass grave were listed as missing persons who disappeared from Vukovar Hospital. Their murder was used as relevant evidence of planned ethnic cleansing in court.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125231559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To provide examples of the installation of stainless-steel reinforcements in a stone cultural monument as part of conservation and restoration work. Methods: During conservation and restoration works, metal elements in stone monuments are replaced by stainless steel, which shares the same physical properties as, for example, iron, but its chemical properties are much superior. Estimates of appropriate reinforcement, technical drawings and a detailed plan are drafted before the installation of stainless-steel reinforcements in the stonework itself. For more demanding calculations and designs, structural and other engineers and architects were consulted to obtain the optimal dimensions of structural elements. Results: The presented examples of stone monuments (an ancient stone sarcophagus, two ancient sculptures, one medieval portal, two baroque baptismal fonts and a baroque bell gable) were reinforced with stainless steel. A reinforcing mesh was utilized to connect fragments of the sarcophagus and reconstruct the missing parts. The sculptures were found in fragments and required steel reinforcement to be set up in a free-standing position. The baptismal fonts were also found in fragments due to the corrosion of their iron clamps; they were furnished with a detachable, externally invisible steel reinforcement. The medieval portal was at risk of collapse due to the static instability caused by the rupture of its load-bearing lintel. The lintel was reinforced with a steel bar, which absorbs compression forces acting on the stone superstructure. The baroque bell gable was a prime example of a monument damaged by its iron clamps. These were completely removed and the structural stability was secured by embedding a reversible steel structure in the stonework. Conclusion: Good physical and chemical properties make stainless steel the basic material in the reinforcement of stone cultural monuments. Its application in the conservation and restoration of stone monuments is currently the best and most efficient solution for restoring sustainable structural stability, original appearance and optimal positioning of monuments, as well as preventing further deterioration.
{"title":"Installation of stainless metal reinforcements in stone cultural monuments","authors":"J. Balić, Siniša Bizjak","doi":"10.48188/SO.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/SO.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To provide examples of the installation of stainless-steel reinforcements in a stone cultural monument as part of conservation and restoration work. \u0000 Methods: During conservation and restoration works, metal elements in stone monuments are replaced by stainless steel, which shares the same physical properties as, for example, iron, but its chemical properties are much superior. Estimates of appropriate reinforcement, technical drawings and a detailed plan are drafted before the installation of stainless-steel reinforcements in the stonework itself. For more demanding calculations and designs, structural and other engineers and architects were consulted to obtain the optimal dimensions of structural elements. \u0000 Results: The presented examples of stone monuments (an ancient stone sarcophagus, two ancient sculptures, one medieval portal, two baroque baptismal fonts and a baroque bell gable) were reinforced with stainless steel. A reinforcing mesh was utilized to connect fragments of the sarcophagus and reconstruct the missing parts. The sculptures were found in fragments and required steel reinforcement to be set up in a free-standing position. The baptismal fonts were also found in fragments due to the corrosion of their iron clamps; they were furnished with a detachable, externally invisible steel reinforcement. The medieval portal was at risk of collapse due to the static instability caused by the rupture of its load-bearing lintel. The lintel was reinforced with a steel bar, which absorbs compression forces acting on the stone superstructure. The baroque bell gable was a prime example of a monument damaged by its iron clamps. These were completely removed and the structural stability was secured by embedding a reversible steel structure in the stonework. \u0000 Conclusion: Good physical and chemical properties make stainless steel the basic material in the reinforcement of stone cultural monuments. Its application in the conservation and restoration of stone monuments is currently the best and most efficient solution for restoring sustainable structural stability, original appearance and optimal positioning of monuments, as well as preventing further deterioration.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133514850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: To investigate the impact of social media on consumer information processing and decision making processes related to purchasing via social media platforms. To examine how consumers differ in decision making and how they perceive credibility of social media and mass media marketing. Methods: The study included a total of 161 adults (64 male and 97 female) whose participation was voluntary and anonymous. We used a questionnaire with 25 Likert scale questions in Croatian that addressed the decision making processes and the information processing theory. The questionnaire was accessible via Google Drive link. All submissions were complete. Results: Facebook (41.0%) and Instagram (42.9%) were the most popular social media platforms among Croatian consumers in our sample. They spent several hours per week exposed to various contents available on these platforms. Consumers’ response to that content was affected by numerous factors, from word of mouth in their social circle (34.2%) and other online information (34.7%) available to their personal level of motivation and interest in what was being offered. With respect to the general attitude towards social media marketing, consumers belonged to one of the two streams. One stream found it useful mostly for allowing communication between consumers and companies (28.6%) and the direct accessibility to other users’ experience (30.4%), a major factor in their attitude formation. In the other stream, the consumers were often irritated by the vast number of ads which appear on social media that do not match their interests or needs (52.1%). Overall, the time Croatian users in our sample spent on social media decreased with age. Conclusion: Regardless of their gender, Croatian consumers consider social media very accessible, yet sometimes unprofessional, whereas mass media appears to be less demanding and often imprecise in targeting consumer interests and needs.
{"title":"Social media marketing in Croatian consumerism","authors":"Ivona Brtan","doi":"10.48188/SO.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/SO.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To investigate the impact of social media on consumer information processing and decision making processes related to purchasing via social media platforms. To examine how consumers differ in decision making and how they perceive credibility of social media and mass media marketing. \u0000 Methods: The study included a total of 161 adults (64 male and 97 female) whose participation was voluntary and anonymous. We used a questionnaire with 25 Likert scale questions in Croatian that addressed the decision making processes and the information processing theory. The questionnaire was accessible via Google Drive link. All submissions were complete. \u0000 Results: Facebook (41.0%) and Instagram (42.9%) were the most popular social media platforms among Croatian consumers in our sample. They spent several hours per week exposed to various contents available on these platforms. Consumers’ response to that content was affected by numerous factors, from word of mouth in their social circle (34.2%) and other online information (34.7%) available to their personal level of motivation and interest in what was being offered. With respect to the general attitude towards social media marketing, consumers belonged to one of the two streams. One stream found it useful mostly for allowing communication between consumers and companies (28.6%) and the direct accessibility to other users’ experience (30.4%), a major factor in their attitude formation. In the other stream, the consumers were often irritated by the vast number of ads which appear on social media that do not match their interests or needs (52.1%). Overall, the time Croatian users in our sample spent on social media decreased with age. \u0000 Conclusion: Regardless of their gender, Croatian consumers consider social media very accessible, yet sometimes unprofessional, whereas mass media appears to be less demanding and often imprecise in targeting consumer interests and needs.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127410869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: To investigate the association between the expression of hyaluronan (HA) and its main receptor CD44 with the presence of inflammatory infiltrate in gingiva samples of patients suffering from advanced generalized periodontitis. Material and Methods: Samples of gingival tissue from healthy donors (controls, n = 20) and patients suffering from advanced generalized periodontitis stage 3 and 4 (test group, n = 20) were obtained. For immunofluorescence (IF) staining, primary antibodies against HA, CD44 and general inflammatory cell marker CD45 were used. The microscopic slides were photographed and panoramic images were edited in Adobe Photoshop®. The quantification of IF signal expression domains and spatial gradients was performed in ImageJ. The Microsoft Office Excel 2016 and GraphPad v8 software ware used for statistical analysis. Results: HA and CD44 were found to be widely expressed in the epithelium and subepithelial stroma of both healthy and diseased gingiva, including the areas of the gingiva containing the inflammatory infiltrate. No difference in the total expression of HA and CD44 in healthy and diseased gingiva was found. However, the pattern of distribution of HA and CD44 signals was somewhat different between the two groups of samples with regard to a statistically significant increase in stromal expression of HA and CD44 in diseased gingiva compared to healthy gingiva. No spatial correlation between HA and CD44 expression with the presence of inflammatory infiltrate was found in diseased gingiva. Moderate spatial correlation between HA and CD44 was found in diseased gingiva. Conclusion: HA and CD44 might play a role in the regulation of inflammatory response in advanced generalized periodontitis. However, further studies are needed in order to properly characterize such role of both investigated factors.
{"title":"Correlation of the expression of hyaluronan and CD44 with the presence of gingival inflammatory infiltrate in advanced generalized periodontitis","authors":"D. Kero, Ivna Ćavar","doi":"10.48188/so.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/so.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To investigate the association between the expression of hyaluronan (HA) and its main receptor CD44 with the presence of inflammatory infiltrate in gingiva samples of patients suffering from advanced generalized periodontitis. \u0000 Material and Methods: Samples of gingival tissue from healthy donors (controls, n = 20) and patients suffering from advanced generalized periodontitis stage 3 and 4 (test group, n = 20) were obtained. For immunofluorescence (IF) staining, primary antibodies against HA, CD44 and general inflammatory cell marker CD45 were used. The microscopic slides were photographed and panoramic images were edited in Adobe Photoshop®. The quantification of IF signal expression domains and spatial gradients was performed in ImageJ. The Microsoft Office Excel 2016 and GraphPad v8 software ware used for statistical analysis. \u0000 Results: HA and CD44 were found to be widely expressed in the epithelium and subepithelial stroma of both healthy and diseased gingiva, including the areas of the gingiva containing the inflammatory infiltrate. No difference in the total expression of HA and CD44 in healthy and diseased gingiva was found. However, the pattern of distribution of HA and CD44 signals was somewhat different between the two groups of samples with regard to a statistically significant increase in stromal expression of HA and CD44 in diseased gingiva compared to healthy gingiva. No spatial correlation between HA and CD44 expression with the presence of inflammatory infiltrate was found in diseased gingiva. Moderate spatial correlation between HA and CD44 was found in diseased gingiva. \u0000 Conclusion: HA and CD44 might play a role in the regulation of inflammatory response in advanced generalized periodontitis. However, further studies are needed in order to properly characterize such role of both investigated factors.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130397503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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