Objective: The development of the ship hull assembly pro-cess is possible by changing the method of assembly of basic parts at the building site, which would shorten the duration of the process and lead to cost reduction. One of the pos-sibilities is to increase the dimensions and mass of basic building units, as well as the crane capacity at the building site.Methods: Ship hull assembly methods involving sections, blocks and modules are used in the hull assembly phase. In the world’s best shipyards, ships are built from blocks or modules, in which as much equipment as possible is in-stalled. This paper uses the finite element method (FEM) for structural analysis, and its results serve to define the opti-mal technological instructions for the vertical transport of ship hull structure blocks.Results: The development of the ship hull assembly sub-pro-cess can be achieved by using the hull block assembly meth-od instead of the hull section assembly method. For the ship presented in this paper, the mass of a block transported to the building site was increased 3 times, so the number of building units was reduced by 65%. This reduces trans-port activities on the building site and shortens the dura-tion of the assembly process by 20%. This paper shows that strengthening the block structure with temporary stiffen-ers is necessary for safe transport. It is possible to optimize their number and layout by using structural analysis.Conclusion: The development of numerical finite element methods, software packages, and computers allow wider use of structural analysis in solving engineering problems in shipbuilding technology. The simulation of realistic sit-uations, a wide range of analyses and a large number of results become possible, and they raise the level of knowledge and enable better decision-making in the pro-duction process.
{"title":"Development of the ship hull assembly sub-process","authors":"Stipe Antunović, B. Ljubenkov, Karmela Prlac","doi":"10.48188/so.3.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/so.3.12","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The development of the ship hull assembly pro-cess is possible by changing the method of assembly of basic parts at the building site, which would shorten the duration of the process and lead to cost reduction. One of the pos-sibilities is to increase the dimensions and mass of basic building units, as well as the crane capacity at the building site.Methods: Ship hull assembly methods involving sections, blocks and modules are used in the hull assembly phase. In the world’s best shipyards, ships are built from blocks or modules, in which as much equipment as possible is in-stalled. This paper uses the finite element method (FEM) for structural analysis, and its results serve to define the opti-mal technological instructions for the vertical transport of ship hull structure blocks.Results: The development of the ship hull assembly sub-pro-cess can be achieved by using the hull block assembly meth-od instead of the hull section assembly method. For the ship presented in this paper, the mass of a block transported to the building site was increased 3 times, so the number of building units was reduced by 65%. This reduces trans-port activities on the building site and shortens the dura-tion of the assembly process by 20%. This paper shows that strengthening the block structure with temporary stiffen-ers is necessary for safe transport. It is possible to optimize their number and layout by using structural analysis.Conclusion: The development of numerical finite element methods, software packages, and computers allow wider use of structural analysis in solving engineering problems in shipbuilding technology. The simulation of realistic sit-uations, a wide range of analyses and a large number of results become possible, and they raise the level of knowledge and enable better decision-making in the pro-duction process.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130391735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To investigate the reasons behind the departure of a part of the Serb minority from temporarily occupied areas of the Republic of Croatia, mostly during Operation Storm, and to determine if the departure was instigated by the Croatian police and military forces in August 1995. Methods: We used sources of Serbian, Croatian, and inter-national provenance. Besides publicly available sources, we accessed official documents of the Republic of Serb Krajina (RSK), Serbian and Montenegrin media articles, the pub-lished assessments of Serbian politicians, and the testimo-nies of refugee Serbs that are principally archived at the Croatian Memorial-Documentation Center of the Homeland War, Zagreb, Croatia. Findings: We found evidence that the departure of a part of the Serb minority, which occurred mostly during Operation Storm, was voluntary. Among other sources, we present the RSK administration’s two official and explicit orders for the Serb minority to leave the occupied Croatian ter-ritory, which resulted in their departure to Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) and Serbia. The accusations that the al-leged brutalities and crimes conducted by Croatian forces and authorities caused the evacuation proved to be inflated and unrelated to the military operation. Conclusion: The departure of a part of the Serb minority from the temporarily occupied territory of the Republic of Croatia, which occurred mostly during Operation Storm in August 1995, was not in response to any actions or threats by Croatia, but was pre-planned by the Serb political and military leadership and was accepted mostly voluntarily by the RSK populatio
{"title":"Analysis of the reasons for the departure of a part of the Serb minority from Croatia during Operation Storm in August 1995","authors":"Ante Nazor, Andrijana Perković Paloš","doi":"10.48188/so.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/so.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To investigate the reasons behind the departure of a part of the Serb minority from temporarily occupied areas of the Republic of Croatia, mostly during Operation Storm, and to determine if the departure was instigated by the Croatian police and military forces in August 1995. Methods: We used sources of Serbian, Croatian, and inter-national provenance. Besides publicly available sources, we accessed official documents of the Republic of Serb Krajina (RSK), Serbian and Montenegrin media articles, the pub-lished assessments of Serbian politicians, and the testimo-nies of refugee Serbs that are principally archived at the Croatian Memorial-Documentation Center of the Homeland War, Zagreb, Croatia. Findings: We found evidence that the departure of a part of the Serb minority, which occurred mostly during Operation Storm, was voluntary. Among other sources, we present the RSK administration’s two official and explicit orders for the Serb minority to leave the occupied Croatian ter-ritory, which resulted in their departure to Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) and Serbia. The accusations that the al-leged brutalities and crimes conducted by Croatian forces and authorities caused the evacuation proved to be inflated and unrelated to the military operation. Conclusion: The departure of a part of the Serb minority from the temporarily occupied territory of the Republic of Croatia, which occurred mostly during Operation Storm in August 1995, was not in response to any actions or threats by Croatia, but was pre-planned by the Serb political and military leadership and was accepted mostly voluntarily by the RSK populatio","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134273986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To develop a system for automatic detection and classification of cars in traffic in the form of a device for autonomic, real-time car detection, license plate recognition, and car color, model, and make identification from video.Methods: Cars were detected using the You Only Look Once (YOLO) v4 detector. The YOLO output was then used for classification in the next step. Colors were classified using the k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) algorithm, whereas car models and makes were identified with a single-shot detector (SSD). Finally, license plates were detected using the OpenCV library and Tesseract-based optical character recognition. For the sake of simplicity and speed, the subsystems were run on an embedded Raspberry Pi computer.Results: A camera was mounted on the inside of the windshield to monitor cars in front of the camera. The system processed the camera’s video feed and provided information on the color, license plate, make, and model of the observed car. Knowing the license plate number provides access to details about the car owner, roadworthiness, car or license place reports missing, as well as whether the license plate matches the car. Car details were saved to file and displayed on the screen. The system was tested on real-time images and videos. The accuracies of car detection and car model classification (using 8 classes) in images were 88.5% and 78.5%, respectively. The accuracies of color detection and full license plate recognition were 71.5% and 51.5%, respectively. The system operated at 1 frame per second (1 fps).Conclusion: These results show that running standard machine learning algorithms on low-cost hardware may enable the automatic detection and classification of cars in traffic. However, there is significant room for improvement, primarily in license plate recognition. Accordingly, potential improvements in the future development of the system are proposed.
目的:开发一种对交通中车辆进行自动检测和分类的系统，其形式为自动、实时的车辆检测、车牌识别、车辆颜色、车型识别，并通过视频进行识别。方法:采用You Only Look Once (YOLO) v4检测仪检测汽车。然后将YOLO输出用于下一步的分类。颜色分类使用k近邻(kNN)算法，而车型和品牌识别使用单镜头检测器(SSD)。最后，利用OpenCV库和基于tesseract的光学字符识别技术对车牌进行检测。为了简单和速度起见，子系统在嵌入式树莓派计算机上运行。结果:在挡风玻璃内侧安装了一个摄像头，用于监控摄像头前方的车辆。该系统处理摄像头的视频馈送，并提供所观察汽车的颜色、牌照、品牌和型号等信息。知道车牌号码可以获得有关车主、路况、丢失的汽车或牌照地点报告，以及车牌是否与汽车匹配的详细信息。汽车的详细信息被保存到文件中并显示在屏幕上。该系统在实时图像和视频上进行了测试。图像中汽车检测和车型分类(共8类)的准确率分别为88.5%和78.5%。颜色检测和全车牌识别准确率分别为71.5%和51.5%。系统以每秒1帧(1 fps)的速度运行。结论:这些结果表明，在低成本硬件上运行标准的机器学习算法可以实现交通中汽车的自动检测和分类。然而，还有很大的改进空间，主要是在车牌识别方面。在此基础上，提出了系统未来发展的改进方向。
{"title":"System for automatic detection and classification of cars in traffic","authors":"Niko Bralić, J. Musić","doi":"10.48188/so.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/so.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To develop a system for automatic detection and classification of cars in traffic in the form of a device for autonomic, real-time car detection, license plate recognition, and car color, model, and make identification from video.Methods: Cars were detected using the You Only Look Once (YOLO) v4 detector. The YOLO output was then used for classification in the next step. Colors were classified using the k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) algorithm, whereas car models and makes were identified with a single-shot detector (SSD). Finally, license plates were detected using the OpenCV library and Tesseract-based optical character recognition. For the sake of simplicity and speed, the subsystems were run on an embedded Raspberry Pi computer.Results: A camera was mounted on the inside of the windshield to monitor cars in front of the camera. The system processed the camera’s video feed and provided information on the color, license plate, make, and model of the observed car. Knowing the license plate number provides access to details about the car owner, roadworthiness, car or license place reports missing, as well as whether the license plate matches the car. Car details were saved to file and displayed on the screen. The system was tested on real-time images and videos. The accuracies of car detection and car model classification (using 8 classes) in images were 88.5% and 78.5%, respectively. The accuracies of color detection and full license plate recognition were 71.5% and 51.5%, respectively. The system operated at 1 frame per second (1 fps).Conclusion: These results show that running standard machine learning algorithms on low-cost hardware may enable the automatic detection and classification of cars in traffic. However, there is significant room for improvement, primarily in license plate recognition. Accordingly, potential improvements in the future development of the system are proposed.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114721517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To show the results of the Dr Ivan Šreter Contest for New Croatian Words for the best new Croatian word and compare it with similar contests in the United States of America and Germany.Methods: Descriptive review of the words from the 2020 contest conducted by the Jezik journal since 1992 and spon-sored by the Dr Ivan Šreter Foundation.Results: The paper explains the best words from the 2020 contest in detail and provides an overview of all the best words chosen so far. Croatian, German, and American con-tests are compared based on their selection and inclusion criteria of the words. The best new words are not imposed on speakers but are proposed as an alternative to foreign origin words, or as names for new terms. Conclusion: The competition encourages Croatian speakers to have a creative attitude toward their own language.
{"title":"The Dr Ivan Šreter Contest for New Croatian Words by the Jezik journal","authors":"Sanda Ham","doi":"10.48188/so.3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/so.3.8","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To show the results of the Dr Ivan Šreter Contest for New Croatian Words for the best new Croatian word and compare it with similar contests in the United States of America and Germany.Methods: Descriptive review of the words from the 2020 contest conducted by the Jezik journal since 1992 and spon-sored by the Dr Ivan Šreter Foundation.Results: The paper explains the best words from the 2020 contest in detail and provides an overview of all the best words chosen so far. Croatian, German, and American con-tests are compared based on their selection and inclusion criteria of the words. The best new words are not imposed on speakers but are proposed as an alternative to foreign origin words, or as names for new terms. Conclusion: The competition encourages Croatian speakers to have a creative attitude toward their own language.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132297659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To illustrate the relationship between two histo-rians and priests, Reverend Frane Bulić and Reverend Ivan Delalle, based on a study of their correspondence archived at the library of the Catholic Faculty of Theology.Methods: Part of Revd Bulić’s legacy, preserved at the li-brary of the Catholic Faculty of Theology at the University of Split, includes his correspondence with Revd Delalle. This comprises 43 postcards and 19 letters. Beyond the corre-spondence, the library also conserves Revd Bulić’s Pro me-moria (refer to reference number 68) on 10 pages. This text illustrates the relationship between Bulić and Delalle.Correspondence: The author covers topics concerning the interpretation of the Good Shepherd sarcophagus, the ques-tion of Kairos’ discovery, Revd Delalle’s use of his doctoral title, and the issue of Delalle’s political involvement. Conclusion: Based on their correspondence, Bulić and Delalle never managed to resolve their disagreements. The last record of their relationship was made 19 days before Revd Bulić’s death. Revd Bulić still appeared to be invested in Delalle. The questions of why Delalle never printed and published his doctoral dissertation and why he misappropriated the discovery of the Trogir Kairos re-main unresolved.
目的:通过对天主教神学院图书馆中存档的两位历史学家和牧师——弗兰·布利奇牧师和伊万·德拉勒牧师的信件进行研究，来说明他们之间的关系。方法:布里奇牧师的部分遗产保存在斯普利特大学天主教神学院图书馆，包括他与德拉勒牧师的通信。其中包括43张明信片和19封信。除了信件，图书馆还保存了10页的rev . buliki’s Pro - me-moria(参考文献号68)。这篇文章说明了布里奇和德拉莱之间的关系。通信:作者涵盖的主题包括对好牧人石棺的解释，凯洛斯的发现问题，德拉勒牧师使用他的博士头衔，以及德拉勒政治参与的问题。结论:根据他们的通信，布利奇和德拉莱从未设法解决他们的分歧。他们关系的最后记录是在布里奇牧师死前19天记录的。布里奇牧师似乎仍然对德拉勒很有信心。为什么Delalle从未印刷和出版他的博士论文，以及为什么他盗用了Trogir Kairos的发现，这些问题仍然没有得到解决。
{"title":"The relationship between Reverend Frane Bulić and Reverend Ivan Delalle","authors":"Ljubo Jermelić, Josip Dukić","doi":"10.48188/so.3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/so.3.9","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To illustrate the relationship between two histo-rians and priests, Reverend Frane Bulić and Reverend Ivan Delalle, based on a study of their correspondence archived at the library of the Catholic Faculty of Theology.Methods: Part of Revd Bulić’s legacy, preserved at the li-brary of the Catholic Faculty of Theology at the University of Split, includes his correspondence with Revd Delalle. This comprises 43 postcards and 19 letters. Beyond the corre-spondence, the library also conserves Revd Bulić’s Pro me-moria (refer to reference number 68) on 10 pages. This text illustrates the relationship between Bulić and Delalle.Correspondence: The author covers topics concerning the interpretation of the Good Shepherd sarcophagus, the ques-tion of Kairos’ discovery, Revd Delalle’s use of his doctoral title, and the issue of Delalle’s political involvement. Conclusion: Based on their correspondence, Bulić and Delalle never managed to resolve their disagreements. The last record of their relationship was made 19 days before Revd Bulić’s death. Revd Bulić still appeared to be invested in Delalle. The questions of why Delalle never printed and published his doctoral dissertation and why he misappropriated the discovery of the Trogir Kairos re-main unresolved.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130838273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To examine the factors related to the use of in-ternet and the awareness of online safety among students from one elementary school in a village and one in a city.Participants and methods: Participants in the research (n=119) were first to fourth graders attending “Braća Ribar” Elementary School in the village of Posedarje (n=53), and “Šimun Kožičić Benja” Elementary School in the city of Zadar (n=66). An 18-item questionnaire in Croatian was cre-ated and distributed among participants.Results: Six (11.3%) students attending school in the village and 16 (24.2%) students attending school in the city were not sufficiently informed about what the Internet is and what purposes it serves. Students from urban area were bet-ter informed about the concept of personal data compared with students from rural area (71,2% vs. 47.2%, P=0.038). There was no statistically significant difference with regard to other aspects of online safety. Conclusion: Elementary school students from rural and ur-ban areas know what the Internet is and frequently use dif-ferent Internet applications. However, they still lack aware-ness and proper understanding of online safety. Results from this study highlight the need for an appropriate edu-cational intervention.
目的:调查某村一所小学和某市一所小学学生网络使用及网络安全意识的相关因素。参与者和方法:研究的参与者(n=119)是在Posedarje村的“Braća Ribar”小学(n=53)和Zadar市的“Šimun Kožičić Benja”小学(n=66)就读的一至四年级学生。用克罗地亚语编写了一份有18个项目的调查表，分发给与会者。结果:6名农村学生(11.3%)和16名城市学生(24.2%)没有充分了解互联网是什么以及它的用途。城市学生对个人数据概念的了解程度高于农村学生(71.2% vs. 47.2%， P=0.038)。在网络安全的其他方面没有统计学上的显著差异。结论:城乡小学生对互联网有一定的了解，并经常使用不同的互联网应用程序。然而，他们仍然缺乏对网络安全的意识和正确理解。这项研究的结果强调了适当的教育干预的必要性。
{"title":"Online safety awareness of elementary school students from Croatian rural and urban areas","authors":"Anamarija Baraba, Suzana Tomaš","doi":"10.48188/so.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/so.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To examine the factors related to the use of in-ternet and the awareness of online safety among students from one elementary school in a village and one in a city.Participants and methods: Participants in the research (n=119) were first to fourth graders attending “Braća Ribar” Elementary School in the village of Posedarje (n=53), and “Šimun Kožičić Benja” Elementary School in the city of Zadar (n=66). An 18-item questionnaire in Croatian was cre-ated and distributed among participants.Results: Six (11.3%) students attending school in the village and 16 (24.2%) students attending school in the city were not sufficiently informed about what the Internet is and what purposes it serves. Students from urban area were bet-ter informed about the concept of personal data compared with students from rural area (71,2% vs. 47.2%, P=0.038). There was no statistically significant difference with regard to other aspects of online safety. Conclusion: Elementary school students from rural and ur-ban areas know what the Internet is and frequently use dif-ferent Internet applications. However, they still lack aware-ness and proper understanding of online safety. Results from this study highlight the need for an appropriate edu-cational intervention.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115454647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: In the search of an economical process for bio-diesel synthesis, waste cooking oil was analyzed as a poten-tial feedstock. The influence of different concentrations and granulations of the zeolite catalyst on the yield and quality of the final product was also investigated.Methods: The pretreatment of waste oil was carried out using the simple processes of filtration and drying with CaCl2, after which its physicochemical properties were de-termined. Transesterification of waste oil with methanol was carried out using zeolite clinoptilolite as the catalyst. Its preparation included modification with sodium hydrox-ide, drying at 105°C and calcination at 300°C. As for the waste oil, the density, acid and peroxide number, moisture content, kinematic viscosity and flash point of the obtained biodiesels were determined by standardized methods. After the synthesis, the Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the obtained biodiesel and waste cooking oil were recorded and compared.Results: The process of transesterification with methanol was found to be suitable due to the high conversion of waste oil esters under relatively mild reaction conditions. Moreover, modified natural clinoptilolite proved to be a suitable catalyst for the process of biodiesel production. At each catalyst concentration and granulation, the biodiesel yield was satisfactory and its quality parameters met the prescribed standards. Conclusion: The basic characteristics of the biodiesel ob-tained from waste cooking oil enable its potential appli-cation. Moreover, the properties of clinoptilolite, such as concentration and particle size, can be adjusted for each transesterification process to attain high quality product. The performed experiment presents an example of the efficient linking of biofuel production and waste oil dis-posal processes.
{"title":"Heterogeneous catalytic transesterification of waste vegetable oil using modified natural zeolite","authors":"Ema Kostešić, Branka Andričić","doi":"10.48188/so.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/so.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: In the search of an economical process for bio-diesel synthesis, waste cooking oil was analyzed as a poten-tial feedstock. The influence of different concentrations and granulations of the zeolite catalyst on the yield and quality of the final product was also investigated.Methods: The pretreatment of waste oil was carried out using the simple processes of filtration and drying with CaCl2, after which its physicochemical properties were de-termined. Transesterification of waste oil with methanol was carried out using zeolite clinoptilolite as the catalyst. Its preparation included modification with sodium hydrox-ide, drying at 105°C and calcination at 300°C. As for the waste oil, the density, acid and peroxide number, moisture content, kinematic viscosity and flash point of the obtained biodiesels were determined by standardized methods. After the synthesis, the Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the obtained biodiesel and waste cooking oil were recorded and compared.Results: The process of transesterification with methanol was found to be suitable due to the high conversion of waste oil esters under relatively mild reaction conditions. Moreover, modified natural clinoptilolite proved to be a suitable catalyst for the process of biodiesel production. At each catalyst concentration and granulation, the biodiesel yield was satisfactory and its quality parameters met the prescribed standards. Conclusion: The basic characteristics of the biodiesel ob-tained from waste cooking oil enable its potential appli-cation. Moreover, the properties of clinoptilolite, such as concentration and particle size, can be adjusted for each transesterification process to attain high quality product. The performed experiment presents an example of the efficient linking of biofuel production and waste oil dis-posal processes.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117101916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ž. Bašić, S. Janković, Š. Anđelinović, D. Primorac, K. Vilović, D. Kero, Snježana Štambuk, Frane Mihanović, Luka Ursić, Marijan Jelenić, I. Kružić
Aim: To develop a methodology for the estimation of the preservation of human skeletal remains – the relics in the Vodnjan assembly; to estimate the minimum number of individuals (MNI), sex, and age; to evaluate the physical state of their remains, and to individualize the remains to verify the list of saints allegedly buried at the monastery. Methods: Standard crime scene investigation and forensic anthropology methods were used, including trace evidence marking, photography, minimum number of individuals (MNI) estimation, sex, age, stature estimation, pathological and traumatic changes examination, individuation, and individualization by the comparison to the biography. Results: The total sample of the bones in the Vodnjan relic collection was very poorly preserved. The MNI in the sarcophagus was twenty-two. Of those, three were female, twelve were male, and seven were subadults. Conclusion: The forensic approach to the documentation and analysis of relics was appropriate for this kind of skeletal material. The final identification was not possible because of the poor preservation of skeletal material and the lack of hagiographical (antemortem) data. However, the forensic anthropology approach enabled us to create osteobiographies, and after the comparison with the existing antemortem data, we could not exclude that the remains belonged to the named saints.
{"title":"Anthropological individualization of relics from sarcophagus stored in Vodnjan monastery, Vodnjan, Croatia","authors":"Ž. Bašić, S. Janković, Š. Anđelinović, D. Primorac, K. Vilović, D. Kero, Snježana Štambuk, Frane Mihanović, Luka Ursić, Marijan Jelenić, I. Kružić","doi":"10.48188/so.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/so.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To develop a methodology for the estimation of the preservation of human skeletal remains – the relics in the Vodnjan assembly; to estimate the minimum number of individuals (MNI), sex, and age; to evaluate the physical state of their remains, and to individualize the remains to verify the list of saints allegedly buried at the monastery. Methods: Standard crime scene investigation and forensic anthropology methods were used, including trace evidence marking, photography, minimum number of individuals (MNI) estimation, sex, age, stature estimation, pathological and traumatic changes examination, individuation, and individualization by the comparison to the biography. Results: The total sample of the bones in the Vodnjan relic collection was very poorly preserved. The MNI in the sarcophagus was twenty-two. Of those, three were female, twelve were male, and seven were subadults. Conclusion: The forensic approach to the documentation and analysis of relics was appropriate for this kind of skeletal material. The final identification was not possible because of the poor preservation of skeletal material and the lack of hagiographical (antemortem) data. However, the forensic anthropology approach enabled us to create osteobiographies, and after the comparison with the existing antemortem data, we could not exclude that the remains belonged to the named saints.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"311 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123251276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: This study addresses the hypothesis that the invest-ments in science are positively correlated with the indica-tors of productivity and performance of the universities. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used with the datafrom 27 EU countries. The percentage of GDP invested in science in higher education in 2019 and investments ex-pressed as €/inhabitant were used. The criterion variables were total number of publications in Web of Science for 2020; number of publications categorized as article, review or note (ARN); change in the number of publications com-pared to 2016 in total and for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) research areas; productivity per inhabitant; productivity per researcher; productivity per researcher in higher education system; and number of Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) TOP1000 universities per inhabitant. Descriptive data and Pearson and Spearman correlations were calculat-ed. Additionally, partial Spearman correlations for detailed examinations were used.Results: Most of the productivity indicators were positivelycorrelated to the investment in science. The absolute invest-ment in science in €/inhabitant is more important than in-vestment expressed as the percentage of GDP. Unexpectedly, the correlations between investments and the growth rate in productivity were negative indicating that the less devel-oped countries have achieved a larger growth in productiv-ity in the examined 5-year period. Conclusion: The results indicate that the investments inscience as the percentage of GDP is important, but the ab-solute amount of money also has an important role in the prediction of scientific productivity. However, since the absolute amount of investments is limited in the less developed countries, they should be more focused on buildingthe strategies that capitalize on specific strengths and potentials. This further accentuates the need for science policychange in Croatia with the strategic focus on aligning the re-sources to the expected results.
目的:本研究提出了科学投入与高校生产力和绩效指标正相关的假设。方法:采用横断面设计，数据来自27个欧盟国家。使用了2019年高等教育科学投资占GDP的百分比和以欧元/居民表示的投资。标准变量为2020年Web of Science的总发表数;被分类为文章、评论或注释(ARN)的出版物数量;与2016年相比，经济合作与发展组织(OECD)研究领域的出版物数量变化;人均生产力;人均生产力;高等教育系统研究人员人均生产力;世界大学学术排名(ARWU)前1000所大学的人均数量。计算描述性数据以及Pearson和Spearman相关性。此外，对详细检查使用了部分Spearman相关。结果:大部分生产率指标与科技投入呈正相关。以欧元/居民为单位的绝对科学投资比以GDP百分比表示的投资更重要。出乎意料的是，投资和生产率增长率之间的相互关系是负相关的，这表明较不发达国家在审查的五年期间实现了较大的生产率增长。结论:研究结果表明，科技投入占GDP的比重很重要，但绝对投入对科技生产力的预测也有重要作用。然而，由于投资的绝对数量在欠发达国家是有限的，他们应该更专注于建立利用特定优势和潜力的战略。这进一步强调了克罗地亚改变科学政策的必要性，其战略重点是使资源与预期结果保持一致。
{"title":"The relationship of public investments in science and scientometric indicators from the perspective of Croatian universities","authors":"Miroslav Rajter","doi":"10.48188/so.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/so.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study addresses the hypothesis that the invest-ments in science are positively correlated with the indica-tors of productivity and performance of the universities. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used with the datafrom 27 EU countries. The percentage of GDP invested in science in higher education in 2019 and investments ex-pressed as €/inhabitant were used. The criterion variables were total number of publications in Web of Science for 2020; number of publications categorized as article, review or note (ARN); change in the number of publications com-pared to 2016 in total and for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) research areas; productivity per inhabitant; productivity per researcher; productivity per researcher in higher education system; and number of Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) TOP1000 universities per inhabitant. Descriptive data and Pearson and Spearman correlations were calculat-ed. Additionally, partial Spearman correlations for detailed examinations were used.Results: Most of the productivity indicators were positivelycorrelated to the investment in science. The absolute invest-ment in science in €/inhabitant is more important than in-vestment expressed as the percentage of GDP. Unexpectedly, the correlations between investments and the growth rate in productivity were negative indicating that the less devel-oped countries have achieved a larger growth in productiv-ity in the examined 5-year period. Conclusion: The results indicate that the investments inscience as the percentage of GDP is important, but the ab-solute amount of money also has an important role in the prediction of scientific productivity. However, since the absolute amount of investments is limited in the less developed countries, they should be more focused on buildingthe strategies that capitalize on specific strengths and potentials. This further accentuates the need for science policychange in Croatia with the strategic focus on aligning the re-sources to the expected results.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126840628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To provide a description and analysis of built, surviving, and lost Ottoman religious monuments in Croatia within the historical and sociopolitical context. Methods: Based on the analysis of relevant published sources, historical maps, online sources, as well as site analysis, we provide a description of Ottoman architectural, religious, and cultural heritage in the contemporary Croatian regions of the Dalmatian hinterland and Slavonia. This includes the art historical interpretation of the remains of the three surviving 16th-century domed mosques in three Croatian towns: Klis (today, the Catholic Church of St. Vitus in the Fortress), Drniš (now incorporated into the Catholic Church of St. Anthony held by the Franciscans), and Đakovo (today, the Catholic Church of All Saints). Results: The period of Ottoman rule saw the construction of a great number of Ottoman religious buildings in what is now the territory of the Republic of Croatia. There were two methods of mosque establishment: from the ground up, or by repurposing an older building, generally of Christian origin. With cessation of Ottoman rule these objects decayed and became less interesting for reutilization for Christian religious purposes. Many such converted objects perished in spite of their new utilization. The site analysis revealed the continuity of these sacred places in spite of religious conversion of the sacral site. Conclusion: The introduction of Ottoman architectural and urbanistic features was the defining feature of urban development in Croatia during the Ottoman era. In the settlements, the Ottomans built both sacral and utilitarian profane buildings, but Ottoman religious buildings were the most prominent. In the territory of present day Croatia, only three such Ottoman places of worship remain in existence as structures, albeit reconverted into Catholic churches. Today, due to the conversion and renovation works, they represent a fusion of several stylistic periods.
{"title":"Ottoman religious architecture in Croatia","authors":"Monika Gusić","doi":"10.48188/so.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48188/so.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To provide a description and analysis of built, surviving, and lost Ottoman religious monuments in Croatia within the historical and sociopolitical context. Methods: Based on the analysis of relevant published sources, historical maps, online sources, as well as site analysis, we provide a description of Ottoman architectural, religious, and cultural heritage in the contemporary Croatian regions of the Dalmatian hinterland and Slavonia. This includes the art historical interpretation of the remains of the three surviving 16th-century domed mosques in three Croatian towns: Klis (today, the Catholic Church of St. Vitus in the Fortress), Drniš (now incorporated into the Catholic Church of St. Anthony held by the Franciscans), and Đakovo (today, the Catholic Church of All Saints). Results: The period of Ottoman rule saw the construction of a great number of Ottoman religious buildings in what is now the territory of the Republic of Croatia. There were two methods of mosque establishment: from the ground up, or by repurposing an older building, generally of Christian origin. With cessation of Ottoman rule these objects decayed and became less interesting for reutilization for Christian religious purposes. Many such converted objects perished in spite of their new utilization. The site analysis revealed the continuity of these sacred places in spite of religious conversion of the sacral site. Conclusion: The introduction of Ottoman architectural and urbanistic features was the defining feature of urban development in Croatia during the Ottoman era. In the settlements, the Ottomans built both sacral and utilitarian profane buildings, but Ottoman religious buildings were the most prominent. In the territory of present day Croatia, only three such Ottoman places of worship remain in existence as structures, albeit reconverted into Catholic churches. Today, due to the conversion and renovation works, they represent a fusion of several stylistic periods.","PeriodicalId":422483,"journal":{"name":"St open","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129001612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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