Pub Date : 2020-09-22DOI: 10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200805.12
Tanzila Yeasmin Nilu, Shek Ahmed, Hashnayne Ahmed
Linear Programming is an optimization technique to attain the most effective outcome or optimize the objective function (like maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements are represented by linear relationships called the constraints. In this paper, we have discussed fundamental and detailed techniques of formulating LPs models in various real-life decision problems, decisions, works, etc. In the human body, an unhealthy diet can cause a lot of nutrition-related diseases. Sometimes, having a proper diet costs beyond one’s limit and it affects us to develop a diet based budget-friendly nutrition model. Our goal is to minimize the total cost considering the required amount of nutrition values required. To construct the study we took some standard values of nutrition ingredients to compute the budget-friendly values. It's quite hard to resolve most of the real-life models with a large number of decision variables & constraints by hand calculations implies the use of AMPL (A Mathematical Programming Language) coding to get the optimal result. The number of variables & constraints isn't mattered in any respect for the computer techniques used in this study. This study results in some standard values of diet plan for optimizing the nutrition for a particular person with limited costs.
{"title":"Analysis of Diet Choice towards a Proper Nutrition Plan by Linear Programming","authors":"Tanzila Yeasmin Nilu, Shek Ahmed, Hashnayne Ahmed","doi":"10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200805.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200805.12","url":null,"abstract":"Linear Programming is an optimization technique to attain the most effective outcome or optimize the objective function (like maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements are represented by linear relationships called the constraints. In this paper, we have discussed fundamental and detailed techniques of formulating LPs models in various real-life decision problems, decisions, works, etc. In the human body, an unhealthy diet can cause a lot of nutrition-related diseases. Sometimes, having a proper diet costs beyond one’s limit and it affects us to develop a diet based budget-friendly nutrition model. Our goal is to minimize the total cost considering the required amount of nutrition values required. To construct the study we took some standard values of nutrition ingredients to compute the budget-friendly values. It's quite hard to resolve most of the real-life models with a large number of decision variables & constraints by hand calculations implies the use of AMPL (A Mathematical Programming Language) coding to get the optimal result. The number of variables & constraints isn't mattered in any respect for the computer techniques used in this study. This study results in some standard values of diet plan for optimizing the nutrition for a particular person with limited costs.","PeriodicalId":422938,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics","volume":"198 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125612644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-22DOI: 10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200805.11
Sudheer Khan, Wang Shu, Monica Abhidha
Our aim in this study is to give the Gagliardo-Nirenberg Inequality as a consequence of pointwise estimates for the function in terms of the Riesz potential of the gradient. Our aim here is to discuss boundedness of Reisz potential in term of maximal functions and to give the proof for Gagliardo-Nirenberg Inequality in term of Reisz potential. We will extend our result to discuss weak type estimate for Gagliaro-Nirenberg Sobolev inequality. Further, in this paper we are interested to extract Sobolev type inequality in terms of Riesz potentials for α is equal to one and to extend our work for weak type estimates when p is equal to one.
{"title":"Gagliardo-Nirenberg Inequality as a Consequence of Pointwise Estimates for the Functions in Terms of Riesz Potential of Gradient","authors":"Sudheer Khan, Wang Shu, Monica Abhidha","doi":"10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200805.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200805.11","url":null,"abstract":"Our aim in this study is to give the Gagliardo-Nirenberg Inequality as a consequence of pointwise estimates for the function in terms of the Riesz potential of the gradient. Our aim here is to discuss boundedness of Reisz potential in term of maximal functions and to give the proof for Gagliardo-Nirenberg Inequality in term of Reisz potential. We will extend our result to discuss weak type estimate for Gagliaro-Nirenberg Sobolev inequality. Further, in this paper we are interested to extract Sobolev type inequality in terms of Riesz potentials for α is equal to one and to extend our work for weak type estimates when p is equal to one.","PeriodicalId":422938,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126678953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-17DOI: 10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200804.11
M. Ahmim, Abed Labiod
The Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus (Linnaeus, 1758), is the only species of non-human primate living in Morocco and Algeria, North Africa. It is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES 2018). Algeria is a country with a singularly complex topography, the vegetation falls into three zones which correspond to the three major physical zones: the forested Tell Atlas Mountains, the Highlands, and the Saharan Atlas. The Barbary macaque was only found on the northeastern part of the forested Tell Atlas Mountains a massive area extensively dissected into mountains, plains, and basins. Its population was fragmented to nine small subpopulations in three regions (Chiffa, Grande Kabylie and Petite Kabylie) but disappeared from six localities. The geographical distribution of the three remaining three subpopulation established in 1984 shows that the numbers vary from 3400 to 5100 individuals but these later years, few studies on population dynamics and the distribution of the species have been conducted in Algeria. Here we present the updated data that which show that the monkey tends to move from West to East (probably depending on food availability, or repeated fires) from Chiffa (36°44’9680’’N 2°74’0872’’E) in Chrea national park to Salah Bouchaour locality (36°59’8668’’N-6°85’3913’’E) in the wilaya of Skikda, with an estimated population of individuals varying from 3229 to 3888 in the national parks and from 186 to 200 individuals in the new localities studied. Better monitoring of the populations of this emblematic species and especially the monitoring of its movements is strongly recommended because by occupying new regions they could be victims of attacks from residents, especially since the monkey feeds on their crops and orchards.
{"title":"New Data on the Current Distribution of Barbary Macaque Macaca sylvanus (Mammalia: Cercopithecidae) in Algeria","authors":"M. Ahmim, Abed Labiod","doi":"10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200804.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200804.11","url":null,"abstract":"The Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus (Linnaeus, 1758), is the only species of non-human primate living in Morocco and Algeria, North Africa. It is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES 2018). Algeria is a country with a singularly complex topography, the vegetation falls into three zones which correspond to the three major physical zones: the forested Tell Atlas Mountains, the Highlands, and the Saharan Atlas. The Barbary macaque was only found on the northeastern part of the forested Tell Atlas Mountains a massive area extensively dissected into mountains, plains, and basins. Its population was fragmented to nine small subpopulations in three regions (Chiffa, Grande Kabylie and Petite Kabylie) but disappeared from six localities. The geographical distribution of the three remaining three subpopulation established in 1984 shows that the numbers vary from 3400 to 5100 individuals but these later years, few studies on population dynamics and the distribution of the species have been conducted in Algeria. Here we present the updated data that which show that the monkey tends to move from West to East (probably depending on food availability, or repeated fires) from Chiffa (36°44’9680’’N 2°74’0872’’E) in Chrea national park to Salah Bouchaour locality (36°59’8668’’N-6°85’3913’’E) in the wilaya of Skikda, with an estimated population of individuals varying from 3229 to 3888 in the national parks and from 186 to 200 individuals in the new localities studied. Better monitoring of the populations of this emblematic species and especially the monitoring of its movements is strongly recommended because by occupying new regions they could be victims of attacks from residents, especially since the monkey feeds on their crops and orchards.","PeriodicalId":422938,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122003441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-10DOI: 10.11648/j.sjams.20200803.11
A. G. Chernet, Mohammed Derese Biru
Background: The non-curable HIV/AIDS epidemic has become a serious health and development problem especially for developing country like Ethiopia despite using ART treatment. The antiretroviral treatment (ART) scale-up service has been a recent development in Ethiopia, but its impact on mortality has not been well investigated. This study aimed to analyze the survival time of HIV-positive patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART) and identifies associated risk factors in Attat Referral Hospital. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to examine the survival of HIV/AIDS patients under ART at Attat Referral Hospitals. Total of 408 HIV/AIDS patients in ART from April 30, 2010 up to March 30, 2017 were included in the study. Cox proportional hazard model was employed to assess the survival of HIV/AIDS patients and the associated factors. Results: A total of 408 patients were followed for a survival mean time of 46 months. In the followed-up period, 121 (29.7%) patients dead and 287 (70.3%) patients were censored. Based on functional status of patients, higher mortality was significantly associated with bedridden (HR: 3.934) and Ambulatory (HR: 1.790). According to WHO stages the patients under ART follow up with stage- IV (HR: 7.277), stage-III (HR: 4.536) and stage-II (HR: 2.213) were high risk of dying than patients in stages-I and male patients are at high risk of death than females. Conclusions: This study found that the survival time of the HIV patient under ART follow-ups in Attat Referral Hospital of Guraghe zone was significantly associated with factors: functional status, Weight, Original Regimen, CD4 count and WHO stage.
{"title":"Survival Analysis of HIV/AIDS Patients Under ART Follow up in Attat Referral Hospital","authors":"A. G. Chernet, Mohammed Derese Biru","doi":"10.11648/j.sjams.20200803.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjams.20200803.11","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The non-curable HIV/AIDS epidemic has become a serious health and development problem especially for developing country like Ethiopia despite using ART treatment. The antiretroviral treatment (ART) scale-up service has been a recent development in Ethiopia, but its impact on mortality has not been well investigated. This study aimed to analyze the survival time of HIV-positive patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART) and identifies associated risk factors in Attat Referral Hospital. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to examine the survival of HIV/AIDS patients under ART at Attat Referral Hospitals. Total of 408 HIV/AIDS patients in ART from April 30, 2010 up to March 30, 2017 were included in the study. Cox proportional hazard model was employed to assess the survival of HIV/AIDS patients and the associated factors. Results: A total of 408 patients were followed for a survival mean time of 46 months. In the followed-up period, 121 (29.7%) patients dead and 287 (70.3%) patients were censored. Based on functional status of patients, higher mortality was significantly associated with bedridden (HR: 3.934) and Ambulatory (HR: 1.790). According to WHO stages the patients under ART follow up with stage- IV (HR: 7.277), stage-III (HR: 4.536) and stage-II (HR: 2.213) were high risk of dying than patients in stages-I and male patients are at high risk of death than females. Conclusions: This study found that the survival time of the HIV patient under ART follow-ups in Attat Referral Hospital of Guraghe zone was significantly associated with factors: functional status, Weight, Original Regimen, CD4 count and WHO stage.","PeriodicalId":422938,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123286962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-24DOI: 10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200802.11
J. O. Okungu, G. Orwa, R. Otieno
In survey sampling, the main objective is to make inference about the entire population parameters using the sample statistics. In this study, a nonparametric estimator of finite population total is proposed and the coverage probabilities using the Edgeworth expansion explored. Three properties; unbiasedness, efficiency and the confidence interval of the proposed estimator are studied. There is a lot of literature on study of two properties; unbiasedness and efficiency of the finite population total. This study therefore has more focus on confidence interval and coverage probability. The amount of bias and MSE are studied partially analytically, followed by an empirical study on the two properties and the confidence interval of the proposed estimator. Based on the empirical study with simulations in R, the proposed estimator resulted into smaller bias and MSE compared to the nonparametric estimator due to [6], the design-based Horvitz-Thompson estimator and the model-based ratio estimator. Further, the proposed estimator is tighter compared to the other three considered in this study and has higher converging coverage probabilities.
{"title":"Non-parametric Estimator for a Finite Population Total Based on Edgeworth Expansion","authors":"J. O. Okungu, G. Orwa, R. Otieno","doi":"10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200802.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200802.11","url":null,"abstract":"In survey sampling, the main objective is to make inference about the entire population parameters using the sample statistics. In this study, a nonparametric estimator of finite population total is proposed and the coverage probabilities using the Edgeworth expansion explored. Three properties; unbiasedness, efficiency and the confidence interval of the proposed estimator are studied. There is a lot of literature on study of two properties; unbiasedness and efficiency of the finite population total. This study therefore has more focus on confidence interval and coverage probability. The amount of bias and MSE are studied partially analytically, followed by an empirical study on the two properties and the confidence interval of the proposed estimator. Based on the empirical study with simulations in R, the proposed estimator resulted into smaller bias and MSE compared to the nonparametric estimator due to [6], the design-based Horvitz-Thompson estimator and the model-based ratio estimator. Further, the proposed estimator is tighter compared to the other three considered in this study and has higher converging coverage probabilities.","PeriodicalId":422938,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132796114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-20DOI: 10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200801.14
Etaga Harrison Oghenekevwe, Etaga Cecilia Njideka, Osuoha Chizoba Sylvia
In many sampling situations, researchers come across variety of data. These data are largely affected by the parent distribution. There are characteristics which some data share based on the parent distribution. These characteristics define their distribution as well as their behavior. The use of auxiliary variable in estimating a study variable has been on the increase. Auxiliary variable has been used in estimating population means as well as variances. The variance is very sensitive to distribution. Thus, estimating the variance using auxiliary variable might lead to some unexpected results. Hence the need to check the effect of the distribution of the performances of some selected classes of variance estimators. Twelve estimators were selected for comparison. Eight distributions were considered using simulation study. The selected distributions are: Normal, Chi-square, Uniform, Gamma, Exponential, Poisson, Geometric and Binomial. A population size of 330 was used while sample size of 30 was considered using simple random sample without replacement. The estimators were compared using Bias, and Mean Square Error. The performances of the estimators vary in some distributions. The gamma and exponential distributions showed wide variability. The performances of the estimators based on Bias is the same as that based on Mean Square Error. The Mean Square Errors were ranked. The best estimator is t1 followed be t10 and t12. The results showed that the estimators are not distribution free.
{"title":"Distribution Effect on the Efficiency of Some Classes of Population Variance Estimators Using Information of an Auxiliary Variable Under Simple Random Sampling","authors":"Etaga Harrison Oghenekevwe, Etaga Cecilia Njideka, Osuoha Chizoba Sylvia","doi":"10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200801.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200801.14","url":null,"abstract":"In many sampling situations, researchers come across variety of data. These data are largely affected by the parent distribution. There are characteristics which some data share based on the parent distribution. These characteristics define their distribution as well as their behavior. The use of auxiliary variable in estimating a study variable has been on the increase. Auxiliary variable has been used in estimating population means as well as variances. The variance is very sensitive to distribution. Thus, estimating the variance using auxiliary variable might lead to some unexpected results. Hence the need to check the effect of the distribution of the performances of some selected classes of variance estimators. Twelve estimators were selected for comparison. Eight distributions were considered using simulation study. The selected distributions are: Normal, Chi-square, Uniform, Gamma, Exponential, Poisson, Geometric and Binomial. A population size of 330 was used while sample size of 30 was considered using simple random sample without replacement. The estimators were compared using Bias, and Mean Square Error. The performances of the estimators vary in some distributions. The gamma and exponential distributions showed wide variability. The performances of the estimators based on Bias is the same as that based on Mean Square Error. The Mean Square Errors were ranked. The best estimator is t1 followed be t10 and t12. The results showed that the estimators are not distribution free.","PeriodicalId":422938,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129527541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-14DOI: 10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200801.13
K. Mubiru, Hellen Namawejje, L. Atuhaire
This research examines the association of cancer incidence, HIV prevalence and gross domestic product in Uganda. The study utilised secondary data were Cancer data was obtained from the Kampala Cancer Registry, Uganda. Gross domestic product data from IMF’s World Economic Outlook and AIDS data from UNAIDS 2017 report. Multivariate time series analysis method was used covering a period from 1993 -2014. The research findings indicate that the Non-AIDS defining cancers, that is, stomach (p=0.000), eye (p=0.000), liver (p=0.000) and prostate (p=0.000) had a long run positive significant relationship with HIV prevalence while colon (p=0.002), lung (p=0.00) and breast (p=0.004) had a negative significant relationship with HIV prevalence. Also breast (p=0.00) and prostate (p=0.001) had a positive significant relationship with Gross domestic product while cancer of the lung (p=0.000) had a negative significant relationship with gross domestic product in Uganda. AIDS defining cancers such as Non-Hodgkin cancer (p=0.001) had a long run positive significant relationship with HIV prevalence while cervical (p=0.000) had a negative significant relationship with HIV prevalence. Cervical cancer (p=0.014) had a positive significant relationship with Gross domestic product in Uganda. The study recommends government to enhance policies that reduce HIV since it was observed that HIV had a significant relationship with cancer.
{"title":"The Association Between Cancer Incidence, HIV Prevalence, and Gross Domestic Product in Uganda","authors":"K. Mubiru, Hellen Namawejje, L. Atuhaire","doi":"10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200801.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200801.13","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines the association of cancer incidence, HIV prevalence and gross domestic product in Uganda. The study utilised secondary data were Cancer data was obtained from the Kampala Cancer Registry, Uganda. Gross domestic product data from IMF’s World Economic Outlook and AIDS data from UNAIDS 2017 report. Multivariate time series analysis method was used covering a period from 1993 -2014. The research findings indicate that the Non-AIDS defining cancers, that is, stomach (p=0.000), eye (p=0.000), liver (p=0.000) and prostate (p=0.000) had a long run positive significant relationship with HIV prevalence while colon (p=0.002), lung (p=0.00) and breast (p=0.004) had a negative significant relationship with HIV prevalence. Also breast (p=0.00) and prostate (p=0.001) had a positive significant relationship with Gross domestic product while cancer of the lung (p=0.000) had a negative significant relationship with gross domestic product in Uganda. AIDS defining cancers such as Non-Hodgkin cancer (p=0.001) had a long run positive significant relationship with HIV prevalence while cervical (p=0.000) had a negative significant relationship with HIV prevalence. Cervical cancer (p=0.014) had a positive significant relationship with Gross domestic product in Uganda. The study recommends government to enhance policies that reduce HIV since it was observed that HIV had a significant relationship with cancer.","PeriodicalId":422938,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125058778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-09DOI: 10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200801.12
Mawora Thomas Mwakudisa, Edgar Ouko Otumba, J. Otieno
Small scale farming is currently still heavily dependent on rainfall in developing nations. With the challenge of climate change, many innovations are proposed to help the farmers mitigate and adapt. The use of historical data provides a starting point in development of decision support tools for them. However, most climate data are not local, but far from the farmers. Thus, the challenge of representability of the data is questioned. In order to use the decision support tools with farmers at Nyakach and Soin-Sigowett, Kenya, historical data was used from a synoptic station 20 km away. The locals felt it was not representative enough, hence the need to look for more local data. In 2014, a CCAFS project empowered 100 farmers from the region with low cost rain gauges to collect and record their own data for use in decision support tools. In this paper, we look at the quality of the data comparing it to the KMS data. Line graphs were used to compare the total seasonal rain for more than 30 years with the farmers perception. In addition, pairwise t-tests have been used to compare difference in farmers recorded rain to the value at the synoptic station. Data from volunteer stations have also been used to confirm the validity of the spatial difference in the data. The results showed that quality of the farmers data is adequate for use. Further, data from farmers deviated from the main synoptic station half of the time. The results clearly show that there is need to allow locals collect their own data to help capture the spatial differences in climate. The farmers recorded data was good quality hence can be used in decision support tools to help them adapt to possible climate change.
{"title":"Spatial Comparison and Quality Check of Farmer-recorded Daily Rainfall Data; A Case of Nyakach and Soin-sigowett, Kenya","authors":"Mawora Thomas Mwakudisa, Edgar Ouko Otumba, J. Otieno","doi":"10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200801.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200801.12","url":null,"abstract":"Small scale farming is currently still heavily dependent on rainfall in developing nations. With the challenge of climate change, many innovations are proposed to help the farmers mitigate and adapt. The use of historical data provides a starting point in development of decision support tools for them. However, most climate data are not local, but far from the farmers. Thus, the challenge of representability of the data is questioned. In order to use the decision support tools with farmers at Nyakach and Soin-Sigowett, Kenya, historical data was used from a synoptic station 20 km away. The locals felt it was not representative enough, hence the need to look for more local data. In 2014, a CCAFS project empowered 100 farmers from the region with low cost rain gauges to collect and record their own data for use in decision support tools. In this paper, we look at the quality of the data comparing it to the KMS data. Line graphs were used to compare the total seasonal rain for more than 30 years with the farmers perception. In addition, pairwise t-tests have been used to compare difference in farmers recorded rain to the value at the synoptic station. Data from volunteer stations have also been used to confirm the validity of the spatial difference in the data. The results showed that quality of the farmers data is adequate for use. Further, data from farmers deviated from the main synoptic station half of the time. The results clearly show that there is need to allow locals collect their own data to help capture the spatial differences in climate. The farmers recorded data was good quality hence can be used in decision support tools to help them adapt to possible climate change.","PeriodicalId":422938,"journal":{"name":"Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126595090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-07DOI: 10.11648/J.SJAMS.20200801.11
Pavel Yuryevich Kabankov, A. Perevozchikov, Valery Yuryevich Reshetov, Igor Evgenievich Yanochkin
The article considers Germeyer’s “doubled” classic “attack-defense” game, which is symmetrical for the participants in the sense that in one game each participant is an “attack” party and in the other game each participant is a “defense” party. This corresponds to the logic of bilateral active-passive operations, when the parties simultaneously conduct defensive-offensive operations against each other. The mathematical expectation of the number of destroyed enemy means is taken as criteria for the effectiveness of the parties, which should be maximized implicitly. Thus, both sides are placed in a “defense” position. Under otherwise equal conditions, the parties strive to minimize shares aimed at defense, guided by a strategy of reasonable sufficiency of defense. The authors study Pareto-dominated equilibria depending on the initial ratio of the parties forces and, in particular, the extreme points of Pareto sets. Formulas are obtained for such equilibria depending on the parties’ balance of forces, which allows us to build a dynamic expansion of the model in the future. The main research method is the parametrization of Nash’s equilibria. The parameterization of the equilibria shows that they fill the two-dimensional subregion of a unit square with a boundary. Therefore, for its narrowing, it makes sense to distinguish from it the Pareto-non-dominated part of the boundary and its extreme points. The latter provide an opportunity to assess the maximum share of the strike means of the parties, which they can afford to allocate without prejudice to the defense. It is shown that these fractions represent piecewise continuous functions of the initial ratio of the parties’ forces and explicit expressions for them are obtained. A numerical example of the construction of the Pareto-non-dominated part of the boundary and its extreme points is given.
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Pub Date : 2019-10-28DOI: 10.11648/J.SJAMS.20190706.11
S. Debnath
Earlier fuzzy set, vague set, intuitionistic fuzzy set, L fuzzy set etc are used as a mathematical tools for solving problems based on uncertainties or ambiguous in nature. But due to more complexity involves in problems exist in nature, traditional tools are unable to handle those in a systematic manner. So we need a tool which is more flexible to handle those problems. Which leads to the invention of soft set which was introduced by Molodtsov in 1999. Soft set (SS) theory is a mathematical tool deals with parametric data which are imprecise in nature. Ithis a generalization of fuzzy set theory. On the other hand Rough set (RS) theory and Neutrosophic set (NS) theory both rising as a powerful tool to handle these uncertain, incomplete, inconsistent and imprecise information in an effective manner. Actually Neutrosophic set is a generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy set. Sometimes it is not possible to handle all sorts of uncertain problems with a single mathematical tool. Fusion of two or more mathematical tools give rise to a new mathematical concept which gives an idea how to solve such type of problems in a more sophisticated ways. Which leads to the introduction of fuzzy soft set, rough soft set, intuitionistic fuzzy soft set, soft rough set etc. Neutrosophic soft set (NSS) was established by combining the concept of Soft set and Neutrosophic set. In this paper, using the concept of Rough set and Neutrosophic soft set a new concept known as Rough neutrosophic soft set (RNSS) is developed. Some properties and operations on them are introduced.
早期的模糊集、模糊集、直觉模糊集、L模糊集等都是作为一种数学工具来解决基于不确定性或本质上模棱两可的问题。但由于自然界存在的问题涉及到更多的复杂性，传统的工具无法系统地处理这些问题。所以我们需要一个更灵活的工具来处理这些问题。这导致了Molodtsov在1999年引入的软集的发明。软集理论是一种处理不精确参数数据的数学工具。这是模糊集合论的一个推广。另一方面，粗糙集(RS)理论和中性集(NS)理论作为一种有效处理这些不确定、不完整、不一致和不精确信息的有力工具而崛起。中性集实际上是直觉模糊集的一种推广。有时，不可能用单一的数学工具来处理各种不确定的问题。两种或多种数学工具的融合产生了一种新的数学概念，这种概念为如何以更复杂的方式解决这类问题提供了思路。由此引出了模糊软集、粗糙软集、直觉模糊软集、软粗糙集等概念。Neutrosophic soft set (NSS)是将soft set和Neutrosophic set的概念相结合而形成的。本文利用粗糙集和中性软集的概念，提出了粗糙中性软集(RNSS)的概念。介绍了它们的一些性质和运算。
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