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Unpacking Heritage and Human Rights in Peru: A View from Archaeological World Heritage Management 秘鲁的遗产与人权:从考古世界遗产管理的视角
IF 0.4 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2132773
Claudia Uribe Chinen
ABSTRACT This paper critically appraises the context of archaeological UNESCO World Heritage management in Peru and proposes human-rights-based approaches as a lens that can problematise heritage practice and suggest an alternative framework to the status quo. Human-rights-based approaches are considered as means to foster more equitable practices within UN policies. Through an analysis of the Peruvian heritage regime, this study shows how conventional state-based management prioritising monument conservation has produced landscapes of exclusion, but also uneasy tensions between the rights of different actors. Furthermore, it shows that the overprotection of pre-colonial remains, historically at the centre of heritage policies, have delayed the exploration of measures to address the rights of present-day communities living in and around archaeological sites. I will illustrate this through an examination of two World Heritage cases – the Chan Chan Archaeological Complex and the Qhapaq Ñan Andean Road System – which represent two contexts and approaches to heritage management. I argue that the application of human-rights-based approaches in a context like Peru may go beyond debates on cultural or heritage rights and serve as a tool for attending to communities that are often marginalised.
本文批判性地评价了秘鲁考古联合国教科文组织世界遗产管理的背景,并提出了基于人权的方法作为一个视角,可以使遗产实践出现问题,并提出了一个替代现状的框架。以人权为基础的做法被认为是在联合国政策范围内促进更公平做法的手段。通过对秘鲁遗产制度的分析,本研究显示了传统的以国家为基础的古迹保护优先管理如何产生了排斥的景观,但也造成了不同行动者权利之间令人不安的紧张关系。此外,报告还表明,对前殖民时期遗迹的过度保护,在历史上是遗产政策的中心,推迟了探索解决生活在考古遗址及其周围的当今社区权利的措施。我将通过对两个世界遗产案例的考察来说明这一点——Chan Chan考古建筑群和Qhapaq Ñan安第斯道路系统——它们代表了遗产管理的两种背景和方法。我认为,在秘鲁这样的背景下应用基于人权的方法,可以超越文化或遗产权利的辩论,成为关注经常被边缘化社区的一种工具。
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引用次数: 1
The Making of International Human Rights: The 1960s, Decolonization, and the Reconstruction of Global Values 国际人权的形成:20世纪60年代,非殖民化和全球价值观的重建
IF 0.4 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2023.2176600
A. Rinaldi
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引用次数: 1
Litigating Climate Change before the Committee on the Rights of the Child in Sacchi v Argentina et al.: Breaking New Ground? 在萨基诉阿根廷等人案中向儿童权利委员会提起气候变化诉讼:开创新局面?
IF 0.4 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2160093
Yusra Suedi
ABSTRACT In September 2019, 16 children petitioned against Argentina, Brazil, France, Germany and Turkey before the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) in what has come to be known as the Sacchi case. The children requested that the UNCRC find that those States had caused and perpetuated climate change by knowingly disregarding scientific evidence, and that, in so doing, they had violated the children's human rights. In October 2021, the UNCRC dismissed the petition upon the grounds that it was inadmissible, as the petitioners had failed to exhaust domestic remedies. The Sacchi case gave rise to new challenges with regards to the admissibility of the decision: beyond the exhaustion of domestic remedies, the UNCRC had to grapple with the issue of victimhood in the context of climate change and extraterritorial climate obligations conferred to States in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights declared the Sacchi decision a 'historic ruling'. But did the UNCRC's conclusions in Sacchi truly break new ground? This article explores that question by examining the three admissibility criteria in turn: extraterritorial jurisdiction, victimhood, and the exhaustion of domestic remedies.
2019年9月,16名儿童向联合国儿童权利委员会(UNCRC)起诉阿根廷、巴西、法国、德国和土耳其,该案被称为“萨基案”。儿童们要求儿童权利委员会认定,这些国家故意无视科学证据,造成并延续了气候变化,因此侵犯了儿童的人权。2021年10月,联合国儿童权利委员会驳回了请愿书,理由是请愿书不可受理,因为请愿人未能用尽国内补救办法。萨基案对该决定的可接受性提出了新的挑战:除了用尽国内补救办法之外,《儿童权利公约》还必须在气候变化和《儿童权利公约》赋予各国的治外法权气候义务的背景下处理受害者问题。联合国人权事务高级专员办公室宣布对萨基的裁决是“历史性的裁决”。但联合国儿童权利委员会在萨基案中得出的结论真的有了新的突破吗?本文通过依次审查三个可受理性标准来探讨这一问题:治外法权、受害者身份和用尽国内补救办法。
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引用次数: 1
Successful Human Rights Implementation? Victims of Crime and the Swedish Example 成功落实人权?犯罪的受害者和瑞典的例子
IF 0.4 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2147319
Fanny Holm
ABSTRACT Consideration of victims and how best to acknowledge their rights and position in the criminal prosecution process has become an intrinsic part of the drafting and negotiation of new international criminal law instruments. In studies of states’ implementation of international victims’ rights, Sweden often places at the top of the class. This article challenges the concept of successful implementation of human rights norms by critically analysing the conformity of Swedish law with international legal obligations towards victims of crime. It further contributes to existing literature describing the factors that may facilitate or obstruct such implementation, and demonstrates that Sweden’s position as a model of successful implementation is more the result of the historical position given to victims of crime in the country than of its commitment to live up to its international obligations. The article also raises doubt as to the Swedish government’s commitment to assuring that Swedish national law upholds its present conformity with international law norms, protecting victims into the future.
在刑事诉讼过程中考虑受害者以及如何最好地承认他们的权利和地位已成为新的国际刑法文书起草和谈判的内在组成部分。在各国执行国际受害者权利的研究中,瑞典经常名列前茅。本文通过批判性地分析瑞典法律是否符合对犯罪受害者的国际法律义务,挑战成功执行人权规范的概念。它进一步对描述可能促进或阻碍这种执行的因素的现有文献作出贡献,并表明瑞典作为成功执行的典范的地位更多地是该国犯罪受害者的历史地位的结果,而不是其履行其国际义务的承诺的结果。该条还对瑞典政府承诺确保瑞典国内法维持其目前与国际法规范的一致,保护受害者直至未来的承诺表示怀疑。
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引用次数: 0
The Universal Periodic Review: A Catalyst for Domestic Mobilisation 普遍定期审议:国内动员的催化剂
IF 0.4 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2139076
Michael Lane
ABSTRACT At its introduction in 2006, scholars were sceptical of the United Nations (UN) Universal Periodic Review (UPR), doubting whether its cooperative, ‘soft law’ approach would be able to affect positive changes to states’ human rights practices. Yet research on its three cycles to date is replete with evidence of the mechanism’s impact. What accounts for this? The theory of acculturation, which highlights states’ socialisation, is the most salient explanation posed in UPR scholarship. This article argues that while acculturation is an otherwise compelling account, it fails to recognise the vital role domestic actors play in affecting state compliance and, particularly, the success of the UPR. The domestic mobilisation theory, which emphasises the influence of national politics and players on compliance, is forwarded as an alternative lens through which to grasp the UPR’s impact. A review of existing research on the UPR reveals the mechanism to be a catalyst for mobilisation, providing leverage and an opportunity for dialogue between domestic actors and governments. Appreciating the UPR’s value in this way has implications for scholars and practitioners engaging it.
2006年联合国普遍定期审议(UPR)出台之初,学者们就对其持怀疑态度,怀疑其合作性的“软法”方法是否能够对各国人权实践产生积极影响。然而,迄今为止对其三个周期的研究充满了该机制影响的证据。这是怎么回事?强调国家社会化的文化适应理论是普遍定期审议学术中最突出的解释。本文认为,虽然文化适应是一个令人信服的解释,但它未能认识到国内行为体在影响国家遵守,特别是普遍定期审议的成功方面发挥的关键作用。国内动员理论强调国家政治和参与者对合规的影响,作为理解普遍定期审议影响的另一种视角提出。对普遍定期审议现有研究的回顾表明,该机制是动员的催化剂,为国内行为体与政府之间的对话提供了杠杆和机会。以这种方式认识普遍定期审议的价值对参与普遍定期审议的学者和实践者具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
The Adverse Effect of Immigration Laws on a Migrant Child’s Right to Family Life: A Reminder of the South African Nandutu Case 移民法对移民儿童家庭生活权利的不利影响:对南非南都图案的反思
IF 0.4 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2023.2176601
Elvis Fokala
ABSTRACT A child’s right to grow up with its parents is presented in articles 9 and 25 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of a Child, respectively. South Africa has ratified both treaties, and thus has a duty under international children’s law to protect children’s rights in domestic South African law. At the national level, section 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, contains a variety of rights of children. Particularly, section 28(1)(b), akin to international children’s law, protects a child’s right to family or parental care. Using a child-rights-based approach, guided by the rationality of the principle of best interests of the child and a child’s right to life, this article seeks to appraise the 2019 judgment of the South African Constitutional Court in Nandutu v the Minister of Home Affairs, in which the Court declared reg 9(9)(a) of South Africa’s Immigration Regulation of 2014 inconsistent with the Constitution. In analysing this decision, legislation, and case law, this article further aims to highlight the significance of Nandutu, through the lens of a migrant child’s right to family life.
《联合国儿童权利公约》第9条和《非洲儿童权利和福利宪章》第25条分别规定了儿童与父母共同成长的权利。南非批准了这两项条约,因此根据国际儿童法有义务在南非国内法中保护儿童的权利。在国家一级,1996年《南非共和国宪法》第28条载有儿童的各种权利。特别是第28(1)(b)条,类似于国际儿童法,保护儿童获得家庭或父母照顾的权利。本文采用以儿童权利为基础的方法,在儿童最大利益原则和儿童生命权原则的合理性指导下,试图评估南非宪法法院2019年对Nandutu诉内政部长一案的判决,法院在该判决中宣布《2014年南非移民条例》第9(9)(a)条不符合宪法。在分析这一判决、立法和判例法的过程中,本文进一步旨在通过流动儿童的家庭生活权利来强调南杜图的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
The Lightness of Human Rights in World Heritage: A Critical View of Rights-Based Approaches, Vernaculars, and Action Opportunities 世界遗产中人权的轻量化:基于权利的方法、语言和行动机会的批判观点
IF 0.4 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-09-06 DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2114631
Peter Bille Larsen
ABSTRACT Why are the global rights commitments made by States Parties to the World Heritage Convention failing to trigger effective responses to critical human rights infringements? This paper responds to a continuous call from heritage practitioners to help clarify the meaning and significance of human rights-based approaches (RBA) that are adopted as policy imperatives, yet simultaneously undermined in practice. The first part of the paper reviews the vernacularization of human rights discourse and objectives at UNESCO and in the World Heritage policy field. It is argued that while clear formal commitments to human rights exist in the language, much ambiguity and several dilemmas remain in the framing of connections between heritage and human rights. The second part offers a critical discussion of the institutional traps, dilemmas and unresolved questions involved in adopting RBA in heritage work. A set of key questions follow about the why, what, for whom, and when, as well as how and under what conditions, human rights matter in heritage processes. While structural constraints appear daunting, accepting that heritage processes are powerful leads to real choices about whether to cement inequalities and state or corporate power hegemonies, or, conversely, to contribute towards building more equitable relationships.
为什么《世界遗产公约》缔约国作出的全球权利承诺未能引发对严重侵犯人权行为的有效回应?本文回应了遗产从业者的持续呼吁,以帮助澄清基于人权的方法(RBA)的含义和重要性,这些方法被作为政策要求而采用,但同时在实践中受到破坏。本文的第一部分回顾了联合国教科文组织和世界遗产政策领域的人权话语和目标的白话化。有人认为,虽然语言中有明确的对人权的正式承诺,但在确定遗产与人权之间的联系时,仍然存在许多含糊不清和若干难题。第二部分对在遗产工作中采用RBA所涉及的制度陷阱、困境和未解决的问题进行了批判性的讨论。接下来的一系列关键问题是,人权在遗产进程中为什么、什么、为谁、什么时候、如何以及在什么条件下发挥作用。尽管结构性约束看起来令人生畏,但接受遗产进程的强大会带来真正的选择:是巩固不平等和国家或企业的权力霸权,还是相反,为建立更公平的关系做出贡献。
{"title":"The Lightness of Human Rights in World Heritage: A Critical View of Rights-Based Approaches, Vernaculars, and Action Opportunities","authors":"Peter Bille Larsen","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2022.2114631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2114631","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Why are the global rights commitments made by States Parties to the World Heritage Convention failing to trigger effective responses to critical human rights infringements? This paper responds to a continuous call from heritage practitioners to help clarify the meaning and significance of human rights-based approaches (RBA) that are adopted as policy imperatives, yet simultaneously undermined in practice. The first part of the paper reviews the vernacularization of human rights discourse and objectives at UNESCO and in the World Heritage policy field. It is argued that while clear formal commitments to human rights exist in the language, much ambiguity and several dilemmas remain in the framing of connections between heritage and human rights. The second part offers a critical discussion of the institutional traps, dilemmas and unresolved questions involved in adopting RBA in heritage work. A set of key questions follow about the why, what, for whom, and when, as well as how and under what conditions, human rights matter in heritage processes. While structural constraints appear daunting, accepting that heritage processes are powerful leads to real choices about whether to cement inequalities and state or corporate power hegemonies, or, conversely, to contribute towards building more equitable relationships.","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"1 1","pages":"70 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89679684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Inter American Court of Human Rights: The Legitimacy of International Courts and Tribunals 美洲人权法院:国际法院和法庭的合法性
IF 0.4 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2138988
Juan-Pablo Perez-Leon-Acevedo
,
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引用次数: 0
Speaking the Unspeakable: Disclosures of Sexual and Gender-based Violence in Asylum Credibility Assessments 说出无法言说的:庇护可信性评估中的性暴力和基于性别的暴力的披露
IF 0.4 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2151222
Charlotte Ludt, Margunn Bjørnholt, Birgitta Niklasson
ABSTRACT This article explores the extent to which the human rights framework relating to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is upheld in the Norwegian asylum system, by investigating if and how asylum bureaucrats enable the disclosure of SGBV and how such disclosure may impact the assessment of applicants’ credibility. Credibility assessment is important in deciding who is eligible for protection. Eliciting disclosures of SGBV in general is notoriously difficult, and SGBV allegations are often disbelieved. It is also well known that credibility assessment in the asylum system involves working with ambiguity and challenges, but this has rarely been explored with a particular focus on SGBV. Through an analysis of public case summaries and 18 semi-structured interviews with asylum caseworkers and key actors, drawing on Lipsky’s theory of street-level bureaucrats, we conclude that caseworkers’ use of coping mechanisms makes them reluctant to enable, or engage with, disclosures of SGBV, and that this may endanger human rights.
本文通过调查庇护官员是否以及如何使性暴力和基于性别的暴力(SGBV)得以披露,以及此类披露如何影响对申请人可信度的评估,探讨了挪威庇护体系中与性暴力和基于性别的暴力(SGBV)相关的人权框架得到维护的程度。信誉评估在决定谁有资格获得保护方面很重要。众所周知,要披露性暴力是非常困难的,而性暴力指控往往不被相信。众所周知,庇护制度的可信度评估涉及模糊性和挑战,但很少特别关注性暴力问题。通过对公开案例摘要的分析,以及对庇护个案工作者和关键行为者的18次半结构化访谈,借鉴利普斯基的街头官僚理论,我们得出结论,个案工作者对应对机制的使用使他们不愿允许或参与性别暴力的披露,这可能会危及人权。
{"title":"Speaking the Unspeakable: Disclosures of Sexual and Gender-based Violence in Asylum Credibility Assessments","authors":"Charlotte Ludt, Margunn Bjørnholt, Birgitta Niklasson","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2022.2151222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2151222","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores the extent to which the human rights framework relating to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is upheld in the Norwegian asylum system, by investigating if and how asylum bureaucrats enable the disclosure of SGBV and how such disclosure may impact the assessment of applicants’ credibility. Credibility assessment is important in deciding who is eligible for protection. Eliciting disclosures of SGBV in general is notoriously difficult, and SGBV allegations are often disbelieved. It is also well known that credibility assessment in the asylum system involves working with ambiguity and challenges, but this has rarely been explored with a particular focus on SGBV. Through an analysis of public case summaries and 18 semi-structured interviews with asylum caseworkers and key actors, drawing on Lipsky’s theory of street-level bureaucrats, we conclude that caseworkers’ use of coping mechanisms makes them reluctant to enable, or engage with, disclosures of SGBV, and that this may endanger human rights.","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"1035 1","pages":"441 - 460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77210023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Indigenous Peoples on the Move: Intersectional Invisibility and the Quest for Pluriversal Human Rights for Indigenous Migrants from Venezuela in Brazil 迁徙中的土著人民:来自巴西的委内瑞拉土著移民的交叉性隐形和对多元人权的追求
IF 0.4 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2022.2139491
Gabriela Mezzanotti, Alyssa Marie Kvalvaag
ABSTRACT Indigenous migrants are often treated without regard for their status as Indigenous Peoples, as if their migrant status would hierarchically supersede their Indigenous one. The flow of Indigenous migrants from Venezuela to neighboring countries has largely increased over the years. Currently, there are several Indigenous Peoples from Venezuela in Brazil. This evaluative interdisciplinary research addresses the relations between Indigenous and migration human rights protection with consideration for decolonial perspectives. It questions how living coloniality impacts Indigenous migrants' rights, leading to their intersectional invisibility, and how decolonial views on human rights may help overcoming these challenges. It claims that a decolonial perspective on human rights rooted in the pluriverse may situate human rights as emancipatory scripts when led by Indigenous cosmologies. Ultimately, this article aims to contribute to critical understandings on the intersectional oppression faced by Indigenous migrants and, by calling for a shift towards pluriversal approaches to their human rights, illustrate possible paths to the realization of Indigenous migrants' rights and the need to decolonize their lived realities. This may inform potential directions for decolonizing the human rights agenda as well as the law and practice of human rights in the case of Indigenous migrants in Latin America.
土著移民经常不考虑他们作为土著人民的身份,就好像他们的移民身份在等级上取代了他们的土著身份。近年来,从委内瑞拉到邻国的土著移民人数大幅增加。目前,巴西有几个来自委内瑞拉的土著人民。这项评价性跨学科研究涉及土著和移徙人权保护之间的关系,并考虑到非殖民化的观点。它质疑生活殖民如何影响土著移民的权利,导致他们在交叉领域被忽视,以及非殖民主义的人权观点如何有助于克服这些挑战。它声称,植根于多元宇宙的非殖民化人权观,在土著宇宙观的指导下,可以将人权视为解放的剧本。最终,本文旨在促进对土著移民所面临的交叉压迫的批判性理解,并通过呼吁转向对其人权采取多元方法,说明实现土著移民权利的可能途径以及使其生活现实非殖民化的必要性。这可能为人权议程非殖民化的潜在方向以及拉丁美洲土著移徙者的人权法律和实践提供信息。
{"title":"Indigenous Peoples on the Move: Intersectional Invisibility and the Quest for Pluriversal Human Rights for Indigenous Migrants from Venezuela in Brazil","authors":"Gabriela Mezzanotti, Alyssa Marie Kvalvaag","doi":"10.1080/18918131.2022.2139491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2022.2139491","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Indigenous migrants are often treated without regard for their status as Indigenous Peoples, as if their migrant status would hierarchically supersede their Indigenous one. The flow of Indigenous migrants from Venezuela to neighboring countries has largely increased over the years. Currently, there are several Indigenous Peoples from Venezuela in Brazil. This evaluative interdisciplinary research addresses the relations between Indigenous and migration human rights protection with consideration for decolonial perspectives. It questions how living coloniality impacts Indigenous migrants' rights, leading to their intersectional invisibility, and how decolonial views on human rights may help overcoming these challenges. It claims that a decolonial perspective on human rights rooted in the pluriverse may situate human rights as emancipatory scripts when led by Indigenous cosmologies. Ultimately, this article aims to contribute to critical understandings on the intersectional oppression faced by Indigenous migrants and, by calling for a shift towards pluriversal approaches to their human rights, illustrate possible paths to the realization of Indigenous migrants' rights and the need to decolonize their lived realities. This may inform potential directions for decolonizing the human rights agenda as well as the law and practice of human rights in the case of Indigenous migrants in Latin America.","PeriodicalId":42311,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Journal of Human Rights","volume":"16 1","pages":"461 - 480"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88709702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Nordic Journal of Human Rights
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