Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0059
Ousmane SOW, Sega GUEYE, Richard MANE, Gora DIOP, Ibrahima DIATTA, Khady LOUM, Moustapha THIAME, Mamadou WADE, Gregoire SISSOKO
The magneto-transport equation relating to the density of photogenerated minority carriers in the (p) base of the (n+/p/p+) solar cell illuminated by monochromatic light in frequency modulation, is solved. The diffusion coefficient of the minority carriers in the base, placed under temperature and magnetic field variation, passes through a maximum, at the double resonance points, in temperature and at the frequency of the cyclotron. The photocurrent is reproduced as a function of the recombination velocity at the junction, for the maximum values of the diffusion coefficient. The expressions of the minority carriers ’recombination velocity on the rear side are deduced and their graphical representation gives the optimum thickness, specific to a high absorption coefficient, for the maximum values of the diffusion coefficient. The results obtained from the optimum thickness are modelled and analyzed, in favor of a reduction of silicon material, for the development of economical solar cells.
{"title":"(n+/p/p+) Silicon solar cell base thickness optimization under modulated short wavelength illumination, at resonances in both frequency and temperature of minority carriers’ diffusion coefficient","authors":"Ousmane SOW, Sega GUEYE, Richard MANE, Gora DIOP, Ibrahima DIATTA, Khady LOUM, Moustapha THIAME, Mamadou WADE, Gregoire SISSOKO","doi":"10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0059","url":null,"abstract":"The magneto-transport equation relating to the density of photogenerated minority carriers in the (p) base of the (n+/p/p+) solar cell illuminated by monochromatic light in frequency modulation, is solved. The diffusion coefficient of the minority carriers in the base, placed under temperature and magnetic field variation, passes through a maximum, at the double resonance points, in temperature and at the frequency of the cyclotron. The photocurrent is reproduced as a function of the recombination velocity at the junction, for the maximum values of the diffusion coefficient. The expressions of the minority carriers ’recombination velocity on the rear side are deduced and their graphical representation gives the optimum thickness, specific to a high absorption coefficient, for the maximum values of the diffusion coefficient. The results obtained from the optimum thickness are modelled and analyzed, in favor of a reduction of silicon material, for the development of economical solar cells.","PeriodicalId":423246,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research Updates","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115689038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0062
Manish Patidar
Intelligence is needed to keep up with the rapid evolution of wireless communications, especially in terms of managing and allocating the scarce, radio spectrum in the highly varying and disparate modern environments. Cognitive radio (CR) systems promise to handle this situation by utilizing intelligent software packages that enrich their transceiver with radio-awareness, adaptability and capability to learn. Its system participates in a continuous process, “the cognition cycle”, during which it adjusts its operating parameters, observes the results and, eventually takes actions, that is to say, decides to operate in a specific radio configuration (i.e., radio access technology, carrier frequency, modulation type, etc.) expecting to move the radio toward some optimized operational state. In such a process, learning mechanisms utilize information from measurements sensed from the environment, gathered experience and stored knowledge and guide in decision making. This paper evaluates learning schemes that are based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for predicting the capabilities (e.g. data rate) that can be achieved by a specific radio configuration in cognitive radio. While CR is an intelligent emergent technology, where learning schemes are needed to assist in its functioning. On the other side, ANFIS based scheme is one of the good learning artificial intelligence method, that combines best features of neural network and fuzzy logic. Here proposed method is able to assist a cognitive radio system to help in selecting the best one radio configuration to operate in. Performance metric like root mean square error (RMSE), prediction accuracy of ANFIS learning has been used as performance index.
{"title":"ANFIS based data rate prediction for cognitive radio","authors":"Manish Patidar","doi":"10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0062","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligence is needed to keep up with the rapid evolution of wireless communications, especially in terms of managing and allocating the scarce, radio spectrum in the highly varying and disparate modern environments. Cognitive radio (CR) systems promise to handle this situation by utilizing intelligent software packages that enrich their transceiver with radio-awareness, adaptability and capability to learn. Its system participates in a continuous process, “the cognition cycle”, during which it adjusts its operating parameters, observes the results and, eventually takes actions, that is to say, decides to operate in a specific radio configuration (i.e., radio access technology, carrier frequency, modulation type, etc.) expecting to move the radio toward some optimized operational state. In such a process, learning mechanisms utilize information from measurements sensed from the environment, gathered experience and stored knowledge and guide in decision making. This paper evaluates learning schemes that are based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for predicting the capabilities (e.g. data rate) that can be achieved by a specific radio configuration in cognitive radio. While CR is an intelligent emergent technology, where learning schemes are needed to assist in its functioning. On the other side, ANFIS based scheme is one of the good learning artificial intelligence method, that combines best features of neural network and fuzzy logic. Here proposed method is able to assist a cognitive radio system to help in selecting the best one radio configuration to operate in. Performance metric like root mean square error (RMSE), prediction accuracy of ANFIS learning has been used as performance index.","PeriodicalId":423246,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research Updates","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122727034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0054
Peter Ogochuku Eke, Frankline Dagogo Ibim, Peace Ugechi
Most parts of the world depend on groundwater for domestic and other uses. Different geophysical methods can be used to exploit these groundwater. In this study aquifer depths and thickness spread in parts of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria have been determined from 30 vertical electrical sounding survey. An ABEM Terrameter (SAS 300C) was used with Schlumberger array configuration of maximum electrode spread of 500 m. The data were analyzed with an IP2WIN ID software to obtain the strata resistivities, geoelectric layers, aquifer depths and thickness from which the isopach and iso-resistivity maps of the region were obtained. The results show two to four layer formations with resistivity values ranging from 350 to 3895 . Aquifer depths of between 20 m to 75 m and thickness varying from 17 m to 48 m. The isopach map indicates that regions in the north-central part of the study area have shallower aquifer thickness with an average value of 25 m while in the other parts of the study area, the average value is 41 m. The iso-resistivity contour maps at depth intervals of 50 m, 100 m, 150 m and 200 m reveal the trending of the resistivity values for these depths across the region. The general results indicate that the study area has productive aquifers of reasonable thickness at moderate depths from 20 m as in the other parts of the Niger delta region, therefore portable boreholes can be drilled from this depth.
{"title":"Aquifer depths and thickness in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria from vertical electrical soundings","authors":"Peter Ogochuku Eke, Frankline Dagogo Ibim, Peace Ugechi","doi":"10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0054","url":null,"abstract":"Most parts of the world depend on groundwater for domestic and other uses. Different geophysical methods can be used to exploit these groundwater. In this study aquifer depths and thickness spread in parts of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria have been determined from 30 vertical electrical sounding survey. An ABEM Terrameter (SAS 300C) was used with Schlumberger array configuration of maximum electrode spread of 500 m. The data were analyzed with an IP2WIN ID software to obtain the strata resistivities, geoelectric layers, aquifer depths and thickness from which the isopach and iso-resistivity maps of the region were obtained. The results show two to four layer formations with resistivity values ranging from 350 to 3895 . Aquifer depths of between 20 m to 75 m and thickness varying from 17 m to 48 m. The isopach map indicates that regions in the north-central part of the study area have shallower aquifer thickness with an average value of 25 m while in the other parts of the study area, the average value is 41 m. The iso-resistivity contour maps at depth intervals of 50 m, 100 m, 150 m and 200 m reveal the trending of the resistivity values for these depths across the region. The general results indicate that the study area has productive aquifers of reasonable thickness at moderate depths from 20 m as in the other parts of the Niger delta region, therefore portable boreholes can be drilled from this depth.","PeriodicalId":423246,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research Updates","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124842775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0060
Ogijoh Jibrin Yakubu, Olalekan Michael Adeloye, Princewill Woyinbrakemi Igbagara
The study focused on the performance evaluation of catalytic naphtha reforming unit via a packed bed reactors arranged in series. Three series arranged packed bed naphtha reforming reactors were developed and simulated using Aspen hysys software and steady state performance models of the packed bed naphtha reforming reactor were developed through the application of the principle of conservation of mass and energy to predict both the yields of theses reactors, their dimensions in terms of length, diameter, height, volume and temperature effects or progressions along the reactors’ length respectively. Three main reaction paths were considered in this research study that include the conversion of naphthenes to aromatics, naphthenes to paraffins and hydrocracking of paraffins. The developed performance models yielded first order ordinary differential equations which were solved using Runge-Kutta fourth order ODE45 solver. The packed bed reactor operating conditions of temperature and pressure are between 4800C and 5200C and 2atm respectively with ninety percent (90%) conversion. The simulated reactor performance model for the three reactors yielded 29.7 m3, 40.78 m3 and 52.33 m3 for reactor volume, catalyst bed height of 11m, 12.98 m, 16 m, and reactor’s diameter of 1.85 m, 2 m and 2.04 m respectively.
{"title":"Simulation of packed bed reactors for naphtha reforming unit","authors":"Ogijoh Jibrin Yakubu, Olalekan Michael Adeloye, Princewill Woyinbrakemi Igbagara","doi":"10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0060","url":null,"abstract":"The study focused on the performance evaluation of catalytic naphtha reforming unit via a packed bed reactors arranged in series. Three series arranged packed bed naphtha reforming reactors were developed and simulated using Aspen hysys software and steady state performance models of the packed bed naphtha reforming reactor were developed through the application of the principle of conservation of mass and energy to predict both the yields of theses reactors, their dimensions in terms of length, diameter, height, volume and temperature effects or progressions along the reactors’ length respectively. Three main reaction paths were considered in this research study that include the conversion of naphthenes to aromatics, naphthenes to paraffins and hydrocracking of paraffins. The developed performance models yielded first order ordinary differential equations which were solved using Runge-Kutta fourth order ODE45 solver. The packed bed reactor operating conditions of temperature and pressure are between 4800C and 5200C and 2atm respectively with ninety percent (90%) conversion. The simulated reactor performance model for the three reactors yielded 29.7 m3, 40.78 m3 and 52.33 m3 for reactor volume, catalyst bed height of 11m, 12.98 m, 16 m, and reactor’s diameter of 1.85 m, 2 m and 2.04 m respectively.","PeriodicalId":423246,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research Updates","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132554235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0055
Sega DIAGNE, Gora DIOP, Richard MANE, Malick NDIAYE, Ibrahima DIATTA, Gilbert N DIONE, Ousmane SOW, Moustapha THIAME, Mamadou WADE, Gregoire SISSOKO
The magneto-transport equation relating to the density of the photogenerated minority carriers in the base of the silicon solar cell is studied under monochromatic illumination. The optimum thickness (Hopt) of the base of the solar cell is obtained, by the graphical method of representing the recombination velocity of the minority carriers on the back side. The optimum thickness (Hopt) decreases with both, the applied magnetic field and temperature, and justifies the material saving by established modeling expressions.
{"title":"Monochromatic ligth of short wavelength as applied to determine (N+/P/P+) Silicon solar cell base thickness under the influence of both magnetic field and temperature","authors":"Sega DIAGNE, Gora DIOP, Richard MANE, Malick NDIAYE, Ibrahima DIATTA, Gilbert N DIONE, Ousmane SOW, Moustapha THIAME, Mamadou WADE, Gregoire SISSOKO","doi":"10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0055","url":null,"abstract":"The magneto-transport equation relating to the density of the photogenerated minority carriers in the base of the silicon solar cell is studied under monochromatic illumination. The optimum thickness (Hopt) of the base of the solar cell is obtained, by the graphical method of representing the recombination velocity of the minority carriers on the back side. The optimum thickness (Hopt) decreases with both, the applied magnetic field and temperature, and justifies the material saving by established modeling expressions.","PeriodicalId":423246,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research Updates","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131766386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0056
Soliman Rania Adel, El Nadi MH, Hassan AA, Mohamed SA, Abdelmomen MM
This study aimed to apply a new technique of treatment inside stream using polyethylene sheets strips as a very cheap method for enhancing the quality of agriculture wastewater to meet the irrigation reuse needs. The study was carried out on a pilot plant that was constructed by EU research project named “drains water quality enhancement” inside Faqous Wastewater Treatment plant nearby Bahr El Bakar agricultural drain in El Sharqiyah Governorate, Egypt. Polyethylene strips were used as in stream media treatment where the operation program was made to determine the best positioning for applied serial lines to achieve the target water quality for reuse purposes, The study used four intervals first was 30 cm in channel 2 ,the second was 70cm in channel 3, the third was 100cm in channel 4 ,and the fourth was 150 cm in channel 5 to get the best enhancing efficiency and the removal ratios for Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen demand( COD) & Heavy metals (HM). Each channel contains six serial curtain lines to determine the study parameters. The results showed that the first interval 30 cm achieved removal ratios 44.6 %for BOD, 27 %for COD, and 41.7% for HM, while interval 70 cm produced removal ratios 46 %for BOD, 27.7 %for COD, and 43.3% for HM, for the third interval 100 cm the study get the removal ratios 51.6 %for BOD, 30 %for COD, and 46 % for HM, and finally for interval 150 cm the resulted removal ratio were 52.6 %for BOD, 30.5 %for COD, and 48 % for HM. The study proved that the curtain lines interval should be equal to or more than double the water depth in the stream to achieve higher removal efficiency in all measured parameters.
本研究的目的是应用一种新的技术，即利用聚乙烯片带处理流内废水，作为一种非常廉价的方法来提高农业废水的质量，以满足灌溉再利用的需要。这项研究是在一个试点工厂进行的，该工厂是由欧盟研究项目“下水道水质改善”在埃及El Sharqiyah省Bahr El Bakar农业排水沟附近的Faqous污水处理厂内建造的。聚乙烯条被用作在流媒体处理操作程序是确定最佳定位应用串行线达到水质目标为可重用的目的,首先是研究使用四个间隔30厘米通道2,第二次是70厘米的通道3,第三第四频道是100厘米,第四个是150厘米第5频道得到最好的提高效率和消除比率为生化需氧量(BOD),化学需氧量(COD)和重金属(HM)。每个通道包含6条串行帘线，以确定研究参数。结果表明,第一间隔30厘米达到去除BOD比率44.6%,27%的鳕鱼,41.7%,嗯,虽然间隔70厘米了BOD去除比率46%,27.7%的鳕鱼,43.3%,嗯,第三区间100厘米研究去除BOD比率51.6%,30%的鳕鱼,46%,嗯,最后为间隔150厘米了去除BOD比率分别为52.6%,30.5%的鳕鱼,英国为48%。研究证明，在所有测量参数中，帘线间距应等于或大于流中水深的两倍，以获得较高的去除效率。
{"title":"Best application of low-cost enhancement treatment for agricultural drain wastewater","authors":"Soliman Rania Adel, El Nadi MH, Hassan AA, Mohamed SA, Abdelmomen MM","doi":"10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0056","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to apply a new technique of treatment inside stream using polyethylene sheets strips as a very cheap method for enhancing the quality of agriculture wastewater to meet the irrigation reuse needs. The study was carried out on a pilot plant that was constructed by EU research project named “drains water quality enhancement” inside Faqous Wastewater Treatment plant nearby Bahr El Bakar agricultural drain in El Sharqiyah Governorate, Egypt. Polyethylene strips were used as in stream media treatment where the operation program was made to determine the best positioning for applied serial lines to achieve the target water quality for reuse purposes, The study used four intervals first was 30 cm in channel 2 ,the second was 70cm in channel 3, the third was 100cm in channel 4 ,and the fourth was 150 cm in channel 5 to get the best enhancing efficiency and the removal ratios for Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen demand( COD) & Heavy metals (HM). Each channel contains six serial curtain lines to determine the study parameters. The results showed that the first interval 30 cm achieved removal ratios 44.6 %for BOD, 27 %for COD, and 41.7% for HM, while interval 70 cm produced removal ratios 46 %for BOD, 27.7 %for COD, and 43.3% for HM, for the third interval 100 cm the study get the removal ratios 51.6 %for BOD, 30 %for COD, and 46 % for HM, and finally for interval 150 cm the resulted removal ratio were 52.6 %for BOD, 30.5 %for COD, and 48 % for HM. The study proved that the curtain lines interval should be equal to or more than double the water depth in the stream to achieve higher removal efficiency in all measured parameters.","PeriodicalId":423246,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research Updates","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127807144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0053
Hind Ibrahim Mohammed, Bashar Ahmed Sultan, Khalid Hadi Hamee
The use of hand gestures for human-machine interaction offers an enticing alternative to bulky interface devices. The current study discusses the classification of gestures in real time and aims to create an algorithm capable of classifying gestural control commands accurately. For the classification of a gesture vocabulary of eight dynamic hand gestures, two separate classifiers were created. The established classifiers were: K-means + rule-based classifier and classifier of to test the accuracy of classification recognition in which a test set of 180 trajectories was categorized, an experiment was conducted. The accuracies obtained for the K-means and Learning classifier systems( LCS ) classifiers, respectively, are 90 and 94 percent.
{"title":"Hand gestures recognition classification","authors":"Hind Ibrahim Mohammed, Bashar Ahmed Sultan, Khalid Hadi Hamee","doi":"10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0053","url":null,"abstract":"The use of hand gestures for human-machine interaction offers an enticing alternative to bulky interface devices. The current study discusses the classification of gestures in real time and aims to create an algorithm capable of classifying gestural control commands accurately. For the classification of a gesture vocabulary of eight dynamic hand gestures, two separate classifiers were created. The established classifiers were: K-means + rule-based classifier and classifier of to test the accuracy of classification recognition in which a test set of 180 trajectories was categorized, an experiment was conducted. The accuracies obtained for the K-means and Learning classifier systems( LCS ) classifiers, respectively, are 90 and 94 percent.","PeriodicalId":423246,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research Updates","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131122958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0052
Suvendu Ray, Bikash Ghanta
The democratic system of governance around the world is consistent with the philosophy of inclusion. The same policy was introduced in the field of education in the name of Inclusive Education in the world. The purpose of this study is to elaborate the background of inclusive education and enumerate the present status of inclusive education in India. This work evaluates the policies taken by the government regarding Inclusive education. Documentary analysis method of qualitative research has been followed in this present study. On the basis of historical evidences and evaluating the documents about inclusion in education the researchers have tried to fulfill the purpose of the study. The paper also shows the various policies which have been taken by the documents of Indian government in the perspective of Inclusive Education.
{"title":"Present status of inclusive education in India","authors":"Suvendu Ray, Bikash Ghanta","doi":"10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0052","url":null,"abstract":"The democratic system of governance around the world is consistent with the philosophy of inclusion. The same policy was introduced in the field of education in the name of Inclusive Education in the world. The purpose of this study is to elaborate the background of inclusive education and enumerate the present status of inclusive education in India. This work evaluates the policies taken by the government regarding Inclusive education. Documentary analysis method of qualitative research has been followed in this present study. On the basis of historical evidences and evaluating the documents about inclusion in education the researchers have tried to fulfill the purpose of the study. The paper also shows the various policies which have been taken by the documents of Indian government in the perspective of Inclusive Education.","PeriodicalId":423246,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research Updates","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132269710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0057
Padmavati, Harshavardhan Reddy
According to recent study, adopting the correct dielectric substrate for the future generation of wireless communications can improve antenna performance. In this paper, an attempt is made to design a microstrip feed line microstrip antenna structure for S band application using a variety of substrate materials like Rogers RT Duroid 5870, Rogers RO3003, FR4- epoxy, Bakellite and Glass with relative permittivity of (εr) 2.33, 3, 4.4, 4.8 and 5.5. Analyse S11, VSWR and observe the impact of various parameters by changing height for all substrate in terms of return losses. Ansoft HFSS 13.0 antenna software was used to design and create the matching network of a Microstrip Patch Antenna at 2.4 GHz.
{"title":"Explored the impact of a variety of substrate materials on microstrip patch antenna","authors":"Padmavati, Harshavardhan Reddy","doi":"10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.2.0057","url":null,"abstract":"According to recent study, adopting the correct dielectric substrate for the future generation of wireless communications can improve antenna performance. In this paper, an attempt is made to design a microstrip feed line microstrip antenna structure for S band application using a variety of substrate materials like Rogers RT Duroid 5870, Rogers RO3003, FR4- epoxy, Bakellite and Glass with relative permittivity of (εr) 2.33, 3, 4.4, 4.8 and 5.5. Analyse S11, VSWR and observe the impact of various parameters by changing height for all substrate in terms of return losses. Ansoft HFSS 13.0 antenna software was used to design and create the matching network of a Microstrip Patch Antenna at 2.4 GHz.","PeriodicalId":423246,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research Updates","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131635847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The waveguide which is considered recently for transmission of radio frequency (RF) signals from one node to another node is the optic fiber technology. The reliance on fast transmission of information can be achieved with the implementation of fiber optic cable as a waveguide in a communication channel. Basically, optic fiber transmits information with the aid of light called laser at majorly two categories of wavelengths which are 1310 nm and 1550 nm. Propagation of signal over a long stretch of fiber is affected by attenuation due to scattering, fiber bend due to impurities and absorption between the core and the cladding when signal travels along the channel, but these loses are minimal between acceptable value. Optical fiber sensors called photodetector are used to detect the information at the receiving end with minimal losses along the fiber channel. Results obtained demonstrate that there are minimal losses in a fiber cable-based signal transmission.
{"title":"A model of optical fiber point-to-point communication system","authors":"Oluwole Olakunle Green, Gbenga Ayodeji Gbotoso, Samuel Okeolu Omogoye, Olufemi Sobowale Soneye, Iskeel Adekunle Sadiq, Abayomi Olukayode Ajayi","doi":"10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.1.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53430/ijeru.2022.3.1.0049","url":null,"abstract":"The waveguide which is considered recently for transmission of radio frequency (RF) signals from one node to another node is the optic fiber technology. The reliance on fast transmission of information can be achieved with the implementation of fiber optic cable as a waveguide in a communication channel. Basically, optic fiber transmits information with the aid of light called laser at majorly two categories of wavelengths which are 1310 nm and 1550 nm. Propagation of signal over a long stretch of fiber is affected by attenuation due to scattering, fiber bend due to impurities and absorption between the core and the cladding when signal travels along the channel, but these loses are minimal between acceptable value. Optical fiber sensors called photodetector are used to detect the information at the receiving end with minimal losses along the fiber channel. Results obtained demonstrate that there are minimal losses in a fiber cable-based signal transmission.","PeriodicalId":423246,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Engineering Research Updates","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127832637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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