Pub Date : 2020-07-22DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92711
O. Okareh, Alaba O. Gbadebo
Over the years, the carbon-rich biochar has been used for the purpose of environmental conservation and reservation. Typically produced from varieties of materials ranging from sewage, farm produce, energy crops and agricultural waste or residues, the properties usually considered in the application of biochar include the chemical composition, porosity and stability. Contemporarily, the use of biochar has extended to its utilization in the industry, agriculture, forestry, and the natural environment. Soil fertility depends on the holistic process of managing the soil and likewise maintaining a robust biodiversity. This process involves the application of natural carbon-rich materials like biochar as soil amendments. The rapid absorption tendency of biochar, both on organic and inorganic materials has contributed immensely to the removal of excess antimicrobials from the environment. Biochar has been known to be a good enhancer of the soil due to its rich content of carbon and other nutrients good enough for the soil. Other striking effects of biochar on the soil and environment include the enhancement of the uptake of nitrogen, improvement of the soil structure, mitigation of greenhouse gases, conservation of the environment and enhancement of soil microbial community.
{"title":"Enhancement of Soil Health Using Biochar","authors":"O. Okareh, Alaba O. Gbadebo","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92711","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, the carbon-rich biochar has been used for the purpose of environmental conservation and reservation. Typically produced from varieties of materials ranging from sewage, farm produce, energy crops and agricultural waste or residues, the properties usually considered in the application of biochar include the chemical composition, porosity and stability. Contemporarily, the use of biochar has extended to its utilization in the industry, agriculture, forestry, and the natural environment. Soil fertility depends on the holistic process of managing the soil and likewise maintaining a robust biodiversity. This process involves the application of natural carbon-rich materials like biochar as soil amendments. The rapid absorption tendency of biochar, both on organic and inorganic materials has contributed immensely to the removal of excess antimicrobials from the environment. Biochar has been known to be a good enhancer of the soil due to its rich content of carbon and other nutrients good enough for the soil. Other striking effects of biochar on the soil and environment include the enhancement of the uptake of nitrogen, improvement of the soil structure, mitigation of greenhouse gases, conservation of the environment and enhancement of soil microbial community.","PeriodicalId":423830,"journal":{"name":"Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124018962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-16DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92760
Barbora Kamenická, Pavel Matějíček, T. Weidlich, M. Pohořelý
Application of biochar and ionic liquid-impregnated biochar was successfully tested for removal of nonbiodegradable polar halogenated aromatic contaminants (anti-inflammatory agents diclofenac and flufenamic acid and azo dye Mordant Blue 9) from contaminated aqueous solutions. The time dependence of removal efficiencies and adsorption isotherms were evaluated, and the effect of applied ionic liquids (quaternary ammonium salts) was considered. The determined removal efficiencies of the abovementioned contaminants based on the application of biochar or biochar combined with quaternary ammonium salts were compared with the action of commercially available active carbon and/or published results obtained by the action of additional low-cost sorbents. It was demonstrated that a more laborious two-step technique, based on the initial preparation of impregnated biochar by the action of R 4 NCl with subsequent application of this modified sorbent, is much less effective than simple mixing of biochar with R 4 NCl directly in the treated wastewater solution. Experiments dealing with log P OW determination were performed using the same apparatus. An aqueous solution containing 1 mmol of studied contaminant was introduced to the round-bottomed flask (in case of studying log P OW of ion pairs, 1 mmol of R 4 NCl per mmol of -COONa or -SO 3 Na group bound in contaminant was added subsequently); the total volume of aqueous phase was adjusted to 100 mL with water saturated with octan-1-ol, and the mixture was fulfilled using 100 mL of octan-1-ol. The prepared two-phase mixture was agitated at 400 rpm overnight, and the immiscible phases were separated in a separatory funnel, and a concentration of the tested chlorinated aromatic acid sodium salt or their ion pair with R 4 N + in the aqueous phase was analyzed using VIS spectroscopy in the case of MB9 and R 4 N.MB9. In the case of NaDCF or R 4 N.DCF, the concentration in the aqueous phase was analyzed using voltammetric determination.
{"title":"Application of Biochar for Treating the Water Contaminated with Polar Halogenated Organic Pollutants","authors":"Barbora Kamenická, Pavel Matějíček, T. Weidlich, M. Pohořelý","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92760","url":null,"abstract":"Application of biochar and ionic liquid-impregnated biochar was successfully tested for removal of nonbiodegradable polar halogenated aromatic contaminants (anti-inflammatory agents diclofenac and flufenamic acid and azo dye Mordant Blue 9) from contaminated aqueous solutions. The time dependence of removal efficiencies and adsorption isotherms were evaluated, and the effect of applied ionic liquids (quaternary ammonium salts) was considered. The determined removal efficiencies of the abovementioned contaminants based on the application of biochar or biochar combined with quaternary ammonium salts were compared with the action of commercially available active carbon and/or published results obtained by the action of additional low-cost sorbents. It was demonstrated that a more laborious two-step technique, based on the initial preparation of impregnated biochar by the action of R 4 NCl with subsequent application of this modified sorbent, is much less effective than simple mixing of biochar with R 4 NCl directly in the treated wastewater solution. Experiments dealing with log P OW determination were performed using the same apparatus. An aqueous solution containing 1 mmol of studied contaminant was introduced to the round-bottomed flask (in case of studying log P OW of ion pairs, 1 mmol of R 4 NCl per mmol of -COONa or -SO 3 Na group bound in contaminant was added subsequently); the total volume of aqueous phase was adjusted to 100 mL with water saturated with octan-1-ol, and the mixture was fulfilled using 100 mL of octan-1-ol. The prepared two-phase mixture was agitated at 400 rpm overnight, and the immiscible phases were separated in a separatory funnel, and a concentration of the tested chlorinated aromatic acid sodium salt or their ion pair with R 4 N + in the aqueous phase was analyzed using VIS spectroscopy in the case of MB9 and R 4 N.MB9. In the case of NaDCF or R 4 N.DCF, the concentration in the aqueous phase was analyzed using voltammetric determination.","PeriodicalId":423830,"journal":{"name":"Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety","volume":"28 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114028496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-16DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92464
A. Vasconcelos
Biochar is the term given to biomass subjected to the process of change in the composition by the action of high temperatures. Advantages of biochar in soil quality have been reported, including amelioration of salinity effects. Salinity has a negative effect on soil physical properties and plant production by adversely affecting the process of plant growth, hence seed germination, nutrient uptake, and yield. Moreover, salt stress causes oxidative stress in plant and the reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities. Biochar is an amendment, which could decrease the negative effect of salt stress on crop growth and production. Application of biochar enriches mineral nutrients; improves the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological characteristics such as bulk density, hydrological properties, aggregate structure, ion exchange capacity, and microbial activity; and consequently enhances plant growth. Enhancing physical properties, biochar balances water holding capacity and air porosity in soils. Biochar promotes benefits in plant growth in saline soils through reduction in oxidation stress and in osmotic stress, lower production of phytohormones, improvement in stomatal density and conductance, improvement in seed germination, and the promotion of microbial activities. Biochar amendment can contribute to reduce salt stress in plants under saline condition due to its high salt adsorption capability.
{"title":"Biochar Effects on Amelioration of Adverse Salinity Effects in Soils","authors":"A. Vasconcelos","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92464","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar is the term given to biomass subjected to the process of change in the composition by the action of high temperatures. Advantages of biochar in soil quality have been reported, including amelioration of salinity effects. Salinity has a negative effect on soil physical properties and plant production by adversely affecting the process of plant growth, hence seed germination, nutrient uptake, and yield. Moreover, salt stress causes oxidative stress in plant and the reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities. Biochar is an amendment, which could decrease the negative effect of salt stress on crop growth and production. Application of biochar enriches mineral nutrients; improves the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological characteristics such as bulk density, hydrological properties, aggregate structure, ion exchange capacity, and microbial activity; and consequently enhances plant growth. Enhancing physical properties, biochar balances water holding capacity and air porosity in soils. Biochar promotes benefits in plant growth in saline soils through reduction in oxidation stress and in osmotic stress, lower production of phytohormones, improvement in stomatal density and conductance, improvement in seed germination, and the promotion of microbial activities. Biochar amendment can contribute to reduce salt stress in plants under saline condition due to its high salt adsorption capability.","PeriodicalId":423830,"journal":{"name":"Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety","volume":"258 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125703436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-02DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92195
Godfrey Omulo
Biochar is among the environmentally friendly bio-products possible of enhancing agricultural productivity due to inherent properties. Despite the increased biochar research output, the sustainability of biochar production and its applicability in developing countries is mostly uncertain. This chapter underscores the biochar production process, its environmental usefulness, and the prediction of its potential impact on agricultural productivity in East African countries. Currently, pyrolysis technology is the most effective means of biochar production. Predominantly, biochar is useful in carbon sequestration, soil amendment, and as a solid fuel source. In-depth analysis of crop residues production in East African countries vis-à-vis the potential for biochar production and the total planted areas strongly indicate that biochar could be sustainably produced and applied in agriculture without compro-mising the forests and the environment. This knowledge is vital in guarantying the feasibility of biochar technology among policymakers as a sustainable alternative to the exorbitant mineral fertilizers.
{"title":"Biochar Potential in Improving Agricultural Production in East Africa","authors":"Godfrey Omulo","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92195","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar is among the environmentally friendly bio-products possible of enhancing agricultural productivity due to inherent properties. Despite the increased biochar research output, the sustainability of biochar production and its applicability in developing countries is mostly uncertain. This chapter underscores the biochar production process, its environmental usefulness, and the prediction of its potential impact on agricultural productivity in East African countries. Currently, pyrolysis technology is the most effective means of biochar production. Predominantly, biochar is useful in carbon sequestration, soil amendment, and as a solid fuel source. In-depth analysis of crop residues production in East African countries vis-à-vis the potential for biochar production and the total planted areas strongly indicate that biochar could be sustainably produced and applied in agriculture without compro-mising the forests and the environment. This knowledge is vital in guarantying the feasibility of biochar technology among policymakers as a sustainable alternative to the exorbitant mineral fertilizers.","PeriodicalId":423830,"journal":{"name":"Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122027926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92710
Khalid A. Alaboudi
Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced from the pyrolysis of organic biomasses in the absence of oxygen or under low-oxygen conditions. Biochar has received a great interest during the last few decades due to its beneficial roles for carbon dioxide capturing and soil fertility improvement. However, applications of biochar in arid soils are very limited, and there is a lack of knowledge on practical aspects of adding biochar to arid soils. In this chapter, we will focus on biochar applications in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia soils as an example of arid soils. These soils are characterized by several marks, i.e., high soil pH, sand structures, high CaCO 3 contents, and low soil fertility. In addition, the unsuccessful recycling practices of agricultural and food wastes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are also discussed. This chapter provides an overview of current biochar knowledge perti-nent to its application to arid soils, summarizes what is known so far about biochar and its applications in arid regions, and demonstrates the possible strategies that can be used for enhancing the practices of biochar addition to these soils.
{"title":"Challenges of Biochar Usages in Arid Soils: A Case Study in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","authors":"Khalid A. Alaboudi","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92710","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced from the pyrolysis of organic biomasses in the absence of oxygen or under low-oxygen conditions. Biochar has received a great interest during the last few decades due to its beneficial roles for carbon dioxide capturing and soil fertility improvement. However, applications of biochar in arid soils are very limited, and there is a lack of knowledge on practical aspects of adding biochar to arid soils. In this chapter, we will focus on biochar applications in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia soils as an example of arid soils. These soils are characterized by several marks, i.e., high soil pH, sand structures, high CaCO 3 contents, and low soil fertility. In addition, the unsuccessful recycling practices of agricultural and food wastes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are also discussed. This chapter provides an overview of current biochar knowledge perti-nent to its application to arid soils, summarizes what is known so far about biochar and its applications in arid regions, and demonstrates the possible strategies that can be used for enhancing the practices of biochar addition to these soils.","PeriodicalId":423830,"journal":{"name":"Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133813397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-22DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92621
N. Rashidi, S. Yusup
The abundance of biomass in Malaysia creates an avenue for growth of bio-economic sector through the research and development (R&D) activities on the biochar production. Biochar that is described as a carbonaceous material derived from the thermochemical process at temperature of usually lower than 700°C is promising due to its applicability in wider range of applications, such as in soil amendment (fertilizer) and as a low-cost adsorbent for the pollution remediation, apart from minimizing the solid waste disposal problems. Therefore, this chapter discusses the current trends on various production techniques of biochar from both the lignocellulosic (plantation based waste materials) and non-lignocellulosic sources, as well as the physiochemical characteristics of the resulting biochar. In addition, overview of the biochar industry in Malaysia is presented in this chapter. Lastly, recap of standardization and legislation particularly related to the biochar utilization as a soil amendment agent is included to grasp readers ’ attention prior to the large scale applications.
{"title":"A Mini Review of Biochar Synthesis, Characterization, and Related Standardization and Legislation","authors":"N. Rashidi, S. Yusup","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92621","url":null,"abstract":"The abundance of biomass in Malaysia creates an avenue for growth of bio-economic sector through the research and development (R&D) activities on the biochar production. Biochar that is described as a carbonaceous material derived from the thermochemical process at temperature of usually lower than 700°C is promising due to its applicability in wider range of applications, such as in soil amendment (fertilizer) and as a low-cost adsorbent for the pollution remediation, apart from minimizing the solid waste disposal problems. Therefore, this chapter discusses the current trends on various production techniques of biochar from both the lignocellulosic (plantation based waste materials) and non-lignocellulosic sources, as well as the physiochemical characteristics of the resulting biochar. In addition, overview of the biochar industry in Malaysia is presented in this chapter. Lastly, recap of standardization and legislation particularly related to the biochar utilization as a soil amendment agent is included to grasp readers ’ attention prior to the large scale applications.","PeriodicalId":423830,"journal":{"name":"Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129475363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-21DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92346
R. Senthilkumar, D. M. R. Prasad
Biochar is a stable carbon-rich product synthesized from biological materials through different heating methods above the decomposition temperature. The potential uses of biochar in various fields include soil fertility improvement, C sequestration, pollutant removal and waste minimization/reuse. In recent years, large number of research has confirmed that biochar can be used successfully for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The main aim of this chapter is to summarize and assess the sorption capacity of biochar toward various heavy metal ions. Considering that sorption is a surface phenomenon, the key parameters controlling the formation of biochar including pyrolysis temperature, residence time, and feedstock type will be discussed in detail. In addition, the mechanism associated with remediation of heavy metal ions and the physicochemical factors affecting the sorption potential will be discussed. Mathematical models employed in the sorption studies will be given special importance. The modification procedures used to enhance the sorption capacity of biochar will also be highlighted.
{"title":"Sorption of Heavy Metals onto Biochar","authors":"R. Senthilkumar, D. M. R. Prasad","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92346","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar is a stable carbon-rich product synthesized from biological materials through different heating methods above the decomposition temperature. The potential uses of biochar in various fields include soil fertility improvement, C sequestration, pollutant removal and waste minimization/reuse. In recent years, large number of research has confirmed that biochar can be used successfully for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The main aim of this chapter is to summarize and assess the sorption capacity of biochar toward various heavy metal ions. Considering that sorption is a surface phenomenon, the key parameters controlling the formation of biochar including pyrolysis temperature, residence time, and feedstock type will be discussed in detail. In addition, the mechanism associated with remediation of heavy metal ions and the physicochemical factors affecting the sorption potential will be discussed. Mathematical models employed in the sorption studies will be given special importance. The modification procedures used to enhance the sorption capacity of biochar will also be highlighted.","PeriodicalId":423830,"journal":{"name":"Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety","volume":"334 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131475226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-21DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92612
A. S. Sennou, S. Xiu, A. Shahbazi
Biochar represents the rich carbon residues that remains after thermally pyrolyzing or liquefying different biomass types in an oxygen-free environment. The availability of animal and agricultural wastes makes the biochar a low-cost product. It is, as a carbon-rich product, resistant to mineralization and decomposition. Biochar can be used as a multifunctional material in many applications in the environmental and agricultural sectors. Recently, a growing interest for the use of biochar in different fields is rising because of its use as a sorbent for organic and nonorganic contaminants from aqueous solutions. In this chapter, recent studies on pyrochar/hydrochar production, characterization, and phosphate adsorption are reviewed and summarized. The remediation technologies for phosphate removal from contaminated water using biochar are also discussed. The effects of reaction temperature and initial solution pH on phosphate adsorption onto biochar are compared. In addition, we highlighted the models that are used for adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms. ,
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Hydrochars and Pyrochars for Phosphate Adsorption from Wastewater","authors":"A. S. Sennou, S. Xiu, A. Shahbazi","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92612","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar represents the rich carbon residues that remains after thermally pyrolyzing or liquefying different biomass types in an oxygen-free environment. The availability of animal and agricultural wastes makes the biochar a low-cost product. It is, as a carbon-rich product, resistant to mineralization and decomposition. Biochar can be used as a multifunctional material in many applications in the environmental and agricultural sectors. Recently, a growing interest for the use of biochar in different fields is rising because of its use as a sorbent for organic and nonorganic contaminants from aqueous solutions. In this chapter, recent studies on pyrochar/hydrochar production, characterization, and phosphate adsorption are reviewed and summarized. The remediation technologies for phosphate removal from contaminated water using biochar are also discussed. The effects of reaction temperature and initial solution pH on phosphate adsorption onto biochar are compared. In addition, we highlighted the models that are used for adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms. ,","PeriodicalId":423830,"journal":{"name":"Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116415848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92611
J. Antonangelo, Hailin Zhang
The contamination of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) is widespread in the world and has negatively affected plants, humans, soil health, and environmental quality. Some metals are essential plant nutrients but they are also toxic to vegetation and aquatic live when present in high concentrations, such as Cu, Mn and Zn. Others (e.g., Pb, Cd, Cr, and As) are potential toxic metals for all organisms, and are not needed (or are toxic) for plant growth. This chapter summarizes the use of readily available biochars (BCs) to reduce PTMs phytoavailability in soils thus improving crop yields and to minimize its impact on the environment. The physicochemical and morphological properties of BCs as affected by feedstock sources and pyrolysis temperatures are discussed. The effectiveness of biochar rates on plant growth and metal fractions are also highlighted. Biochar has the potential to be used as a viable bioproduct for the remediation of contaminated soils since it reduces the phytoavailability of PTMs pollutants. Biochars produced from different feedstocks and at different pyrolysis temperatures present highly heterogeneous physicochemical and morphological properties, which can affect the effectiveness in the remediation of PTMs contaminated soils. Therefore, potential technologies need to be developed and research gaps still need to be overcome to optimize the use of BCs as a feasible alternative for remediation of metal contaminated soils.
{"title":"The Use of Biochar as a Soil Amendment to Reduce Potentially Toxic Metals (PTMs) Phytoavailability","authors":"J. Antonangelo, Hailin Zhang","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92611","url":null,"abstract":"The contamination of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) is widespread in the world and has negatively affected plants, humans, soil health, and environmental quality. Some metals are essential plant nutrients but they are also toxic to vegetation and aquatic live when present in high concentrations, such as Cu, Mn and Zn. Others (e.g., Pb, Cd, Cr, and As) are potential toxic metals for all organisms, and are not needed (or are toxic) for plant growth. This chapter summarizes the use of readily available biochars (BCs) to reduce PTMs phytoavailability in soils thus improving crop yields and to minimize its impact on the environment. The physicochemical and morphological properties of BCs as affected by feedstock sources and pyrolysis temperatures are discussed. The effectiveness of biochar rates on plant growth and metal fractions are also highlighted. Biochar has the potential to be used as a viable bioproduct for the remediation of contaminated soils since it reduces the phytoavailability of PTMs pollutants. Biochars produced from different feedstocks and at different pyrolysis temperatures present highly heterogeneous physicochemical and morphological properties, which can affect the effectiveness in the remediation of PTMs contaminated soils. Therefore, potential technologies need to be developed and research gaps still need to be overcome to optimize the use of BCs as a feasible alternative for remediation of metal contaminated soils.","PeriodicalId":423830,"journal":{"name":"Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121389222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-11DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.92377
D. Rockwood, Martin F. Ellis, Ru-liang Liu, Fengliang Zhao, Kyle W. Fabbro, Zhenli He, David R. Derbowka
Many tree species worldwide are suitable for making biochar (BC), with planted eucalypts in particular being very productive and extensive. Above- and below-ground carbon sequestration by Eucalyptus plantations depends on plantation management options. An intensively managed cultivar could sequester over 100 mt of C/ha at a cost of $21 – 40/mt. BC production systems ranging in size from small mobile units to large centralized facilities and many kiln technologies influence the quality and price of the BC produced as well as the ability to control emissions. While BC from wood has many applications, its use as a soil amendment in forest plantations is appealing as a long-term sequestration strategy and opportunity to grow more robust trees and increase survival rates. Research in Florida USA and elsewhere addresses responses of forest and agronomic crops to wood BC soil amendments with and without other fertilizers. In combination with the carbon sequestered through tree growth, sequestration of 2.5 mt/ha of wood BC as a soil amendment in Eucalyptus plantations has estimated costs ranging from $3.30 – 5.49/ton of C.
{"title":"Forest Trees for Biochar and Carbon Sequestration: Production and Benefits","authors":"D. Rockwood, Martin F. Ellis, Ru-liang Liu, Fengliang Zhao, Kyle W. Fabbro, Zhenli He, David R. Derbowka","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.92377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.92377","url":null,"abstract":"Many tree species worldwide are suitable for making biochar (BC), with planted eucalypts in particular being very productive and extensive. Above- and below-ground carbon sequestration by Eucalyptus plantations depends on plantation management options. An intensively managed cultivar could sequester over 100 mt of C/ha at a cost of $21 – 40/mt. BC production systems ranging in size from small mobile units to large centralized facilities and many kiln technologies influence the quality and price of the BC produced as well as the ability to control emissions. While BC from wood has many applications, its use as a soil amendment in forest plantations is appealing as a long-term sequestration strategy and opportunity to grow more robust trees and increase survival rates. Research in Florida USA and elsewhere addresses responses of forest and agronomic crops to wood BC soil amendments with and without other fertilizers. In combination with the carbon sequestered through tree growth, sequestration of 2.5 mt/ha of wood BC as a soil amendment in Eucalyptus plantations has estimated costs ranging from $3.30 – 5.49/ton of C.","PeriodicalId":423830,"journal":{"name":"Applications of Biochar for Environmental Safety","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127314635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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