This study presents a novel approach to detect partial discharges (PD) in a medium-voltage (MV) cable termination using fiber optic-based acoustic PD sensors. The sensing system is designed by the company Optics11. It is a commercial off-the-shelf product under the trademark name of OptiFender, which uses non-metallic, passive fiber opticbased acoustic sensors, which are galvanically isolated. Given these properties, OptiFender sensors can be installed directly on the cable accessories. The sensors can withstand the curing conditions of the filling compound used in the cable accessories, making them suitable for both retrofitting and embedding applications. In this study, defect terminations with PD were investigated. Several OptiFender sensors were installed all around the defect termination, and all of them could detect partial discharge with a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The termination was operated at medium voltages, with PD levels of from a few pC up to around 100 pC, but the application of OptiFender is not limited to only medium voltages, and there have been examples of using the same sensors at voltages of up to 400 kV. All the sensors picked up PD with a high SNR. Acoustic PD sensors provide an indirect measure of the PD activity by measuring the released energy of the partial discharge in the acoustic domain, rather than the traditional direct measurement of the displaced charge. The OptiFender system can provide uninterrupted, continuous, and unsupervised monitoring of electrical assets for both indoor and outdoor applications.
{"title":"Partial discharge detection in HV and MV terminations with fiber optic sensors","authors":"A. Zadeh, N. Lebedev","doi":"10.1117/12.2678230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2678230","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a novel approach to detect partial discharges (PD) in a medium-voltage (MV) cable termination using fiber optic-based acoustic PD sensors. The sensing system is designed by the company Optics11. It is a commercial off-the-shelf product under the trademark name of OptiFender, which uses non-metallic, passive fiber opticbased acoustic sensors, which are galvanically isolated. Given these properties, OptiFender sensors can be installed directly on the cable accessories. The sensors can withstand the curing conditions of the filling compound used in the cable accessories, making them suitable for both retrofitting and embedding applications. In this study, defect terminations with PD were investigated. Several OptiFender sensors were installed all around the defect termination, and all of them could detect partial discharge with a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The termination was operated at medium voltages, with PD levels of from a few pC up to around 100 pC, but the application of OptiFender is not limited to only medium voltages, and there have been examples of using the same sensors at voltages of up to 400 kV. All the sensors picked up PD with a high SNR. Acoustic PD sensors provide an indirect measure of the PD activity by measuring the released energy of the partial discharge in the acoustic domain, rather than the traditional direct measurement of the displaced charge. The OptiFender system can provide uninterrupted, continuous, and unsupervised monitoring of electrical assets for both indoor and outdoor applications.","PeriodicalId":424244,"journal":{"name":"European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123413874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandor Erdody, S. Korposh, Seung-woo Lee, S. Morgan
A long period grating (LPG) operating in the visible wavelength range functionalised with sensitive dyes is reported. Two different sensing mechanisms transmission based, using intensity ratio; and refractive index change based, using the PMTP attenuation bands shift are presented. The visible range LPG’s with phase matching turning point (PMTP) ~700 nm was fabricated using amplitude mask laser inscribing approach on a hydrogen loaded SM600 fibre. Ammonia sensitive thin film based on diazonium resin (DAR) and tetrakis-(4-sulfophenyl)porphine (TSPP) dye was deposited via layer-by-layer deposition on LPG fibre and glass substrate. Glass substrate coated by DAR-TSPP was used to calculate the complex refractive index (RI) difference. The response of the visible LPG was compared to an infrared LPG with a same coating.
{"title":"Long period grating fibre operating in visible range coated with porphyrin based thin film as an ammonia aqueous sensor","authors":"Sandor Erdody, S. Korposh, Seung-woo Lee, S. Morgan","doi":"10.1117/12.2680215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2680215","url":null,"abstract":"A long period grating (LPG) operating in the visible wavelength range functionalised with sensitive dyes is reported. Two different sensing mechanisms transmission based, using intensity ratio; and refractive index change based, using the PMTP attenuation bands shift are presented. The visible range LPG’s with phase matching turning point (PMTP) ~700 nm was fabricated using amplitude mask laser inscribing approach on a hydrogen loaded SM600 fibre. Ammonia sensitive thin film based on diazonium resin (DAR) and tetrakis-(4-sulfophenyl)porphine (TSPP) dye was deposited via layer-by-layer deposition on LPG fibre and glass substrate. Glass substrate coated by DAR-TSPP was used to calculate the complex refractive index (RI) difference. The response of the visible LPG was compared to an infrared LPG with a same coating.","PeriodicalId":424244,"journal":{"name":"European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123397761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. K. Chaudhary, Hariharan Manoharan, K. Swain, N. Madaboosi, V. Sai
This study investigates the use of U-shaped cladded plastic optical fiber (POF) and glass optical fiber (GOF) probes for refractive index (RI) sensing as they allow a simple one-step fabrication process. The RI sensitivity of the U-shaped cladded POF probes were evaluated in narrow (1.333 to 1.348, increment of 0.003 RI) and intermediate RI ranges (1.34 to 1.39, increment of 0.01 RI). No considerable improvement or drop was observed. However, the U-shaped silica cladded GOF showed 1.3 and 1.54 -fold improvement in the RI sensitivity in comparison to the decladded probes in the narrow and intermediate RI range respectively. The highest sensitivities for cladded POF and GOF probes in the intermediate RI range were 4.7 and 10.8 ΔA530 nm/ΔRIU respectively.
{"title":"Investigations on cladded U-shaped fiber optic sensors for refractive index measurements","authors":"R. K. Chaudhary, Hariharan Manoharan, K. Swain, N. Madaboosi, V. Sai","doi":"10.1117/12.2679729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2679729","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the use of U-shaped cladded plastic optical fiber (POF) and glass optical fiber (GOF) probes for refractive index (RI) sensing as they allow a simple one-step fabrication process. The RI sensitivity of the U-shaped cladded POF probes were evaluated in narrow (1.333 to 1.348, increment of 0.003 RI) and intermediate RI ranges (1.34 to 1.39, increment of 0.01 RI). No considerable improvement or drop was observed. However, the U-shaped silica cladded GOF showed 1.3 and 1.54 -fold improvement in the RI sensitivity in comparison to the decladded probes in the narrow and intermediate RI range respectively. The highest sensitivities for cladded POF and GOF probes in the intermediate RI range were 4.7 and 10.8 ΔA530 nm/ΔRIU respectively.","PeriodicalId":424244,"journal":{"name":"European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125450289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Íñigo Corera, Javier Pradas, D. Leandro, M. Bravo Acha, M. López-Amo
In this work, it is presented an analysis of FBG arrays installed in a public road. The arrays were installed in a newly paved urban road and were monitored for more than one year. The study evidences the permanent deformation of the wearing course and the degradation of the reflected spectra of the sensors.
{"title":"One-year analysis of road condition using FBG arrays","authors":"Íñigo Corera, Javier Pradas, D. Leandro, M. Bravo Acha, M. López-Amo","doi":"10.1117/12.2679677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2679677","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, it is presented an analysis of FBG arrays installed in a public road. The arrays were installed in a newly paved urban road and were monitored for more than one year. The study evidences the permanent deformation of the wearing course and the degradation of the reflected spectra of the sensors.","PeriodicalId":424244,"journal":{"name":"European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124264524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Lerner, T. Blanchet, R. Cotillard, M. Sosa, N. Roussel, G. Bouwmans, G. Laffont
We investigate the behavior and stability of fiber Bragg gratings written by femtosecond laser pulses in Ge-doped fused silica optical fibers, using both the phase mask and point-by-point techniques, during their annealing at 1200°C for 30 min and subsequent aging at 1000°C during 43 hours. Bragg wavelength drifts and reflected peak amplitude variations were shown to drastically differ depending on the writing scheme and thermal history. Particularly, we show that amplitude decay of point-by-point gratings at 1200°C may be easily mitigated by tuning the writing pulse energy. Future work may be pursued in order to finely unravel the high temperature mechanisms regarding the stability of fs-written fiber Bragg gratings used as temperature sensors in order to improve measurement stability and accuracy.
{"title":"High temperature annealing behavior of femtosecond written FBGs in Ge-doped fused silica optical fibers","authors":"A. Lerner, T. Blanchet, R. Cotillard, M. Sosa, N. Roussel, G. Bouwmans, G. Laffont","doi":"10.1117/12.2678399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2678399","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the behavior and stability of fiber Bragg gratings written by femtosecond laser pulses in Ge-doped fused silica optical fibers, using both the phase mask and point-by-point techniques, during their annealing at 1200°C for 30 min and subsequent aging at 1000°C during 43 hours. Bragg wavelength drifts and reflected peak amplitude variations were shown to drastically differ depending on the writing scheme and thermal history. Particularly, we show that amplitude decay of point-by-point gratings at 1200°C may be easily mitigated by tuning the writing pulse energy. Future work may be pursued in order to finely unravel the high temperature mechanisms regarding the stability of fs-written fiber Bragg gratings used as temperature sensors in order to improve measurement stability and accuracy.","PeriodicalId":424244,"journal":{"name":"European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors","volume":"12643 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129122725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical fibers are often used as a medium for nonlinear optical processes, especially for frequency doubling or second harmonic generation (SHG). Obtaining efficient SHG requires phase matching, which is challenging to achieve with ultrashort laser pulses. For that purpose we study how specific optical fiber designs can facilitate said phase matching. In this report we show that multi-step index fibers, which can be considered as an approximation of graded index fibers, can provide for simultaneous modal phase matching (MPM) and group velocity matching (GVM). That leads to an efficient pulsed second harmonic generation in optical fiber, which will open new opportunities for fiber sensing domain as well, where bio-sensing, medical sensing and strain sensing can be in the target.
{"title":"Simultaneous modal phase- and group velocity matching in multiple step-index highly GeO2-doped optical fibers","authors":"A. Tishchenko, F. Berghmans, T. Baghdasaryan","doi":"10.1117/12.2680578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2680578","url":null,"abstract":"Optical fibers are often used as a medium for nonlinear optical processes, especially for frequency doubling or second harmonic generation (SHG). Obtaining efficient SHG requires phase matching, which is challenging to achieve with ultrashort laser pulses. For that purpose we study how specific optical fiber designs can facilitate said phase matching. In this report we show that multi-step index fibers, which can be considered as an approximation of graded index fibers, can provide for simultaneous modal phase matching (MPM) and group velocity matching (GVM). That leads to an efficient pulsed second harmonic generation in optical fiber, which will open new opportunities for fiber sensing domain as well, where bio-sensing, medical sensing and strain sensing can be in the target.","PeriodicalId":424244,"journal":{"name":"European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors","volume":"12643 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129852079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Pospori, A. Ioannou, J. Melo, P. Antunes, H. Varum, C. Marques, K. Kalli
A novel prototype sensing device based on polymer (CYTOP-XYLEX) optical fibre Bragg grating sensors was developed to monitor temperature and relative humidity levels of reinforced concrete from its initial curing phase to a prolonged period. The prototype can be used for concrete quality control offering numerous advantages, such as small size, robustness, high sensitivity, and low-cost continuous in-situ measurements.
{"title":"Concrete curing monitoring using polymer optical fibre Bragg grating sensors","authors":"A. Pospori, A. Ioannou, J. Melo, P. Antunes, H. Varum, C. Marques, K. Kalli","doi":"10.1117/12.2678107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2678107","url":null,"abstract":"A novel prototype sensing device based on polymer (CYTOP-XYLEX) optical fibre Bragg grating sensors was developed to monitor temperature and relative humidity levels of reinforced concrete from its initial curing phase to a prolonged period. The prototype can be used for concrete quality control offering numerous advantages, such as small size, robustness, high sensitivity, and low-cost continuous in-situ measurements.","PeriodicalId":424244,"journal":{"name":"European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127475508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Masoudi, D. Milne, J. Harkness, G. Watson, L. Le Pen, G. Brambilla, W. Powrie
In this study, an optical fiber, buried in the trackbed during track renewal, is used to measure the vertical support and pressure distribution of the track. The pressure distribution was obtained using a distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) system by measuring the pressure-induced strain changes on the sensing fiber. The experimental results obtained by the DAS system show a good agreement with the numerical model of the trackbed.
{"title":"Trackbed behavior analysis based on distributed acoustic sensor","authors":"A. Masoudi, D. Milne, J. Harkness, G. Watson, L. Le Pen, G. Brambilla, W. Powrie","doi":"10.1117/12.2679768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2679768","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, an optical fiber, buried in the trackbed during track renewal, is used to measure the vertical support and pressure distribution of the track. The pressure distribution was obtained using a distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) system by measuring the pressure-induced strain changes on the sensing fiber. The experimental results obtained by the DAS system show a good agreement with the numerical model of the trackbed.","PeriodicalId":424244,"journal":{"name":"European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors","volume":"90 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114023120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Schenato, Pedro J. Vidal-Moreno, M. Santagiustina, A. Galtarossa, L. Palmieri, E. Díez-Jiménez, S. Martín-López, M. González-Herráez
This paper introduces and numerically investigates a special optical fiber cable with zero temperature-induced phase shift. The cable structure consists of stacked layers of two materials with opportune mechanical, thermal, and geometrical properties. This structure allows adjusting the thermal-induced strain to the fiber, resulting in a broad tunability of the bare thermal expansion, including the negative range. By a proper choice of materials, the thickness of each layer, and the radius of the cable, the induced thermal strain can fully compensate for the thermo-optic effect, resulting in a complete temperature insensitivity of the phase shift. This cable may be of great interest in the sensing fields in all those applications where the temperature compensation is critical, such as in low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing. Moreover, it could be relevant for a wide range of telecom applications that require precise thermal control.
{"title":"Numerical modeling of a novel athermal fiber optic cable","authors":"L. Schenato, Pedro J. Vidal-Moreno, M. Santagiustina, A. Galtarossa, L. Palmieri, E. Díez-Jiménez, S. Martín-López, M. González-Herráez","doi":"10.1117/12.2679988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2679988","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces and numerically investigates a special optical fiber cable with zero temperature-induced phase shift. The cable structure consists of stacked layers of two materials with opportune mechanical, thermal, and geometrical properties. This structure allows adjusting the thermal-induced strain to the fiber, resulting in a broad tunability of the bare thermal expansion, including the negative range. By a proper choice of materials, the thickness of each layer, and the radius of the cable, the induced thermal strain can fully compensate for the thermo-optic effect, resulting in a complete temperature insensitivity of the phase shift. This cable may be of great interest in the sensing fields in all those applications where the temperature compensation is critical, such as in low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing. Moreover, it could be relevant for a wide range of telecom applications that require precise thermal control.","PeriodicalId":424244,"journal":{"name":"European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors","volume":"430 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122879021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongxiang Jia, Taylor Iantosca, Jonathan M. Wheeler, M. Digonnet
We report the best noise and drift ever achieved by a laser-driven FOG, namely an angular random walk of 368 μdeg/√h and a drift of 6.66 mdeg/h. This improvement was achieved by interrogating the 3-km Sagnac interferometer of the FOG with a low-coherence light source consisting of three lasers broadened by the same noise-driven phase modulator, which further reduces the temporal coherence compared to a single broadened laser. Proper optical gating is also applied to suppress the residual drift due to the Kerr effect. The experimental results agree well with our prediction that both the noise and the drift improve as the square root of the number of lasers. Using multiple lasers also improves the mean-wavelength stability of the light source compared to a single laser. Thanks to the low cost of semiconductor lasers, this technique is a promising and cost-effective solution that can be easily extended to a larger number of lasers for further reduction of the noise and drift in high-accuracy FOGs.
{"title":"Fiber optic gyroscope interrogated with three multiplexed broadened semiconductor lasers","authors":"Hongxiang Jia, Taylor Iantosca, Jonathan M. Wheeler, M. Digonnet","doi":"10.1117/12.2678384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2678384","url":null,"abstract":"We report the best noise and drift ever achieved by a laser-driven FOG, namely an angular random walk of 368 μdeg/√h and a drift of 6.66 mdeg/h. This improvement was achieved by interrogating the 3-km Sagnac interferometer of the FOG with a low-coherence light source consisting of three lasers broadened by the same noise-driven phase modulator, which further reduces the temporal coherence compared to a single broadened laser. Proper optical gating is also applied to suppress the residual drift due to the Kerr effect. The experimental results agree well with our prediction that both the noise and the drift improve as the square root of the number of lasers. Using multiple lasers also improves the mean-wavelength stability of the light source compared to a single laser. Thanks to the low cost of semiconductor lasers, this technique is a promising and cost-effective solution that can be easily extended to a larger number of lasers for further reduction of the noise and drift in high-accuracy FOGs.","PeriodicalId":424244,"journal":{"name":"European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127821316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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