Building on Sen’s capabilities approach this paper focuses on the United Nations Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME) to assess whether current developments in management education have the capacity to contribute to the promulgation of an inclusive development that moves beyond the discourse of ‘growth’ and ‘income’. Arguing that PRME in its current form reproduces a dominant market logic, and lacks the sensitivity to difference as captured in the plural quality of Sen’s capability approach, we conclude by suggesting a PRME agenda for management education that contributes to inclusive development as human wellbeing, rewriting it in terms of capabilities.
{"title":"From Capacity to Capability? Rethinking the PRME agenda for inclusive development in management education","authors":"Jill Millar, J. Koning","doi":"10.15249/12-1-163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15249/12-1-163","url":null,"abstract":"Building on Sen’s capabilities approach this paper focuses on the United Nations Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME) to assess whether current developments in management education have the capacity to contribute to the promulgation of an inclusive development that moves beyond the discourse of ‘growth’ and ‘income’. Arguing that PRME in its current form reproduces a dominant market logic, and lacks the sensitivity to difference as captured in the plural quality of Sen’s capability approach, we conclude by suggesting a PRME agenda for management education that contributes to inclusive development as human wellbeing, rewriting it in terms of capabilities.","PeriodicalId":42425,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Business Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47418222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within universities, a tension exists between research and teaching and learning, where research is often accorded a higher status creating a Cinderella effect by rendering teaching and learning of lesser importance. World university rankings, also referred to as global rankings, are contentious although they have become a permanent feature of the higher education (HE) system internationally (Rauhvargers 2013; Swail 2011; Altbach et al. 2009; Marginson 2007b). Lindsay (2013) argues that institutions have emphasized the importance of publications and prestige, which contribute to national and institutional reputation. Publications increase rankings thereby contributing to the lower prestige given to excellent teachers as compared to excellent researchers. This has consequently led to a decline in the attention given to teaching. Pressure exists in the HE system to play the ranking game without acknowledging that there are expertise and pockets of teaching excellence in universities. Through their performance criteria, global rankings are transforming universities into becoming similar and conforming to a single hierarchy (Marginson 2007a). In order to compete in the global HE market and improve their rankings, some universities have adopted a business model to mitigate the effects of globalisation and have begun to view themselves and higher education as a business. Global ranking systems thus have the agency either to perpetuate teaching and learning as the Cinderella function in HE, through the ranking game or to holistically focus their performance criteria on all the core functions of universities. Ethical policy decision-making in higher is thus essential.
在大学里，研究与教与学之间存在着一种紧张关系，研究往往被赋予更高的地位，从而使教与学变得不那么重要，从而产生了灰姑娘效应。世界大学排名，也被称为全球排名，尽管它们已成为国际高等教育(HE)系统的永久特征，但仍有争议(Rauhvargers 2013;Swail 2011;Altbach et al. 2009;Marginson 2007 b)。Lindsay(2013)认为，机构强调了出版物和声望的重要性，这有助于国家和机构的声誉。出版物提高了排名，从而导致优秀教师的声望低于优秀研究人员。因此，这导致了对教学的重视程度下降。高等教育系统中存在着玩排名游戏的压力，而不承认大学中有专业知识和优秀教学。通过他们的表现标准，全球排名正在将大学变成相似的，并符合单一的等级制度(Marginson 2007a)。为了在全球高等教育市场上竞争并提高排名，一些大学采用了一种商业模式来减轻全球化的影响，并开始将自己和高等教育视为一种商业。因此，全球排名系统要么通过排名游戏将教与学作为高等教育中的灰姑娘功能延续下去，要么将其绩效标准整体地集中在大学的所有核心功能上。因此，高等院校的道德决策是必不可少的。
{"title":"World University Rankings: Reflections on Teaching and Learning as the Cinderella function in the South African Higher Education System","authors":"Jeremy Mitonga-Monga Monga, F. Cilliers","doi":"10.15249/12-1-165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15249/12-1-165","url":null,"abstract":"Within universities, a tension exists between research and teaching and learning, where research is often accorded a higher status creating a Cinderella effect by rendering teaching and learning of lesser importance. World university rankings, also referred to as global rankings, are contentious although they have become a permanent feature of the higher education (HE) system internationally (Rauhvargers 2013; Swail 2011; Altbach et al. 2009; Marginson 2007b). Lindsay (2013) argues that institutions have emphasized the importance of publications and prestige, which contribute to national and institutional reputation. Publications increase rankings thereby contributing to the lower prestige given to excellent teachers as compared to excellent researchers. This has consequently led to a decline in the attention given to teaching. Pressure exists in the HE system to play the ranking game without acknowledging that there are expertise and pockets of teaching excellence in universities. Through their performance criteria, global rankings are transforming universities into becoming similar and conforming to a single hierarchy (Marginson 2007a). In order to compete in the global HE market and improve their rankings, some universities have adopted a business model to mitigate the effects of globalisation and have begun to view themselves and higher education as a business. Global ranking systems thus have the agency either to perpetuate teaching and learning as the Cinderella function in HE, through the ranking game or to holistically focus their performance criteria on all the core functions of universities. Ethical policy decision-making in higher is thus essential.","PeriodicalId":42425,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Business Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41812748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this article is to explore the effects of the Istitutional Forum, a recent governance innovation legislated in South Africa in 1997, as a mechanism that contributes toward the democratisation of university governance. Forums were established to confront the legacy of structured disadvantage and to reorient the educational experience towards greater horizontal accountability. The article provides commentary on the Forum’s impact vis-a-vis participative ethos and deliberative democracy against the backdrop of the South African government’s post-apartheid commitments. Findings reveal challenges in the Forum’s make-up and implementation that are linked to its degree of influence. Ultimately, the conclusions convey perspectives on role ambiguity and conflictual power dynamics.
{"title":"Toward Deliberative Democracy: The Institutional Forum as an Innovative Shared Governance Mechanism in South African Higher Education","authors":"Anne Griffin","doi":"10.15249/12-1-160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15249/12-1-160","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to explore the effects of the Istitutional Forum, a recent governance innovation legislated in South Africa in 1997, as a mechanism that contributes toward the democratisation of university governance. Forums were established to confront the legacy of structured disadvantage and to reorient the educational experience towards greater horizontal accountability. The article provides commentary on the Forum’s impact vis-a-vis participative ethos and deliberative democracy against the backdrop of the South African government’s post-apartheid commitments. Findings reveal challenges in the Forum’s make-up and implementation that are linked to its degree of influence. Ultimately, the conclusions convey perspectives on role ambiguity and conflictual power dynamics.","PeriodicalId":42425,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Business Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41747392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liberation from human suffering is a noble achievement, but without freedom from the constraints of poverty, liberty is partial. The South African Constitution commits us to the establishment of a society based on "democratic values, social justice and fundamental human rights." All Higher Education (HE) Institutions, therefore, should be founded on "the will of the people." Within the context, we are responsible for our own destinies. HE however, has become subjected to the needs of a market-driven mentality. The purpose of this paper is to draw the reader into a paradigm that protests against the current hegemonic version of how we manage HEIs.
{"title":"Market Driven Global Directives and Social Responsibility in Higher Education","authors":"F. Veldman","doi":"10.15249/12-1-168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15249/12-1-168","url":null,"abstract":"Liberation from human suffering is a noble achievement, but without freedom from the constraints of poverty, liberty is partial. The South African Constitution commits us to the establishment of a society based on \"democratic values, social justice and fundamental human rights.\" All Higher Education (HE) Institutions, therefore, should be founded on \"the will of the people.\" Within the context, we are responsible for our own destinies. HE however, has become subjected to the needs of a market-driven mentality. The purpose of this paper is to draw the reader into a paradigm that protests against the current hegemonic version of how we manage HEIs.","PeriodicalId":42425,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Business Ethics","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41287623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Terblanche, Ruth Albertyn, Salome van Coller-Peter
Senior leadership transitions present daunting challenges. To promote inclusive development and comply with equal opportunity legislation, South African companies often fast-track careers of high-potential previously disadvantaged individuals. Organisations typically do not sufficiently support transitioning leaders, possibly acting unethically. The rate of failure is high with devastating effects for the individual and their organisation. The novel, empirically researched Transformative Transition Coaching (TTC) framework, helps facilitate deep and lasting changes in meaning perspectives of transitioning leaders through coaching. The ability of the TTC framework to support transitioning leaders is presented in this article
{"title":"Using transformative transition coaching to support leaders during career transitions","authors":"N. Terblanche, Ruth Albertyn, Salome van Coller-Peter","doi":"10.15249/12-1-166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15249/12-1-166","url":null,"abstract":"Senior leadership transitions present daunting challenges. To promote inclusive development and comply with equal opportunity legislation, South African companies often fast-track careers of high-potential previously disadvantaged individuals. Organisations typically do not sufficiently support transitioning leaders, possibly acting unethically. The rate of failure is high with devastating effects for the individual and their organisation. The novel, empirically researched Transformative Transition Coaching (TTC) framework, helps facilitate deep and lasting changes in meaning perspectives of transitioning leaders through coaching. The ability of the TTC framework to support transitioning leaders is presented in this article","PeriodicalId":42425,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Business Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41333060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Ross, John Tatam, A. Hughes, Owen Paul Beacock, Nona McDuff
UK universities are achieving some success in attracting increasingly diverse undergraduate cohorts, although distributed unevenly across different types of institutions. It is therefore a concern that once at universities, overall students from black and minority ethnic (BME) backgrounds perform less well in their final degree classifications, even when entry qualifications, subject of study and student characteristics are taken into account. This paper firstly, reviews the research on what is understood about the BME attainment gap, described by an independent university governor as “the great unspoken shame of higher education” and secondly tells the story of institutional change initiated by Kingston University, which is a large, “modern” and widening participation institution in South West London. The multifaceted change involved: defining the problem; establishing an institutional key performance indicator; engaging the university leadership and academy; using a value added metric; and measuring attainment outcomes over a three year period. Results show significant improvement in attainment and qualitative evidence of improved staff awareness. The paper discusses the ethical challenges of complex and institutional change for example, the importance of committed leadership, the value of data as a vehicle for initiating engagement when staff are reluctant to discuss race, equality and social justice, the implications for moving away from a student deficit to an institutional deficit model through developing inclusive cultures and an inclusive curriculum. Finally the paper concludes with describing Kingston University’s role in influencing change across the sector. The approach to changing inequalities in student attainment will be rolled out to six other institutions, supported by a large award from the funding council.
{"title":"“The great unspoken shame of UK Higher Education”: addressing inequalities of attainment","authors":"F. Ross, John Tatam, A. Hughes, Owen Paul Beacock, Nona McDuff","doi":"10.15249/12-1-172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15249/12-1-172","url":null,"abstract":"UK universities are achieving some success in attracting increasingly diverse undergraduate cohorts, although distributed unevenly across different types of institutions. It is therefore a concern that once at universities, overall students from black and minority ethnic (BME) backgrounds perform less well in their final degree classifications, even when entry qualifications, subject of study and student characteristics are taken into account. This paper firstly, reviews the research on what is understood about the BME attainment gap, described by an independent university governor as “the great unspoken shame of higher education” and secondly tells the story of institutional change initiated by Kingston University, which is a large, “modern” and widening participation institution in South West London. The multifaceted change involved: defining the problem; establishing an institutional key performance indicator; engaging the university leadership and academy; using a value added metric; and measuring attainment outcomes over a three year period. Results show significant improvement in attainment and qualitative evidence of improved staff awareness. The paper discusses the ethical challenges of complex and institutional change for example, the importance of committed leadership, the value of data as a vehicle for initiating engagement when staff are reluctant to discuss race, equality and social justice, the implications for moving away from a student deficit to an institutional deficit model through developing inclusive cultures and an inclusive curriculum. Finally the paper concludes with describing Kingston University’s role in influencing change across the sector. The approach to changing inequalities in student attainment will be rolled out to six other institutions, supported by a large award from the funding council.","PeriodicalId":42425,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Business Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49024793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses a paradigmatic lens to conceptually explore the global sustainability crisis. To anchor what would otherwise be an abstract thought experiment, the discussion focuses on GDP, economic growth and progress measurement. By reviewing the extensive debate around GDP through a paradigmatic lens, the paper explores why the prevailing growth-centric paradigm is “in crisis”. More importantly, it suggests that the crisis is unlikely be resolved by human agency, unless the requisite convincing forces for a paradigm shift are present. Or, failing this, that aggravating sociological and/or ecological conditions over time could impel the shift to some new, hitherto-unimagined, paradigm.
{"title":"Economic growth and progress: a paradigmatic conflation","authors":"G. Garland, M. John, P. Naudé","doi":"10.15249/11-2-161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15249/11-2-161","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses a paradigmatic lens to conceptually explore the global sustainability crisis. To anchor what would otherwise be an abstract thought experiment, the discussion focuses on GDP, economic growth and progress measurement. By reviewing the extensive debate around GDP through a paradigmatic lens, the paper explores why the prevailing growth-centric paradigm is “in crisis”. More importantly, it suggests that the crisis is unlikely be resolved by human agency, unless the requisite convincing forces for a paradigm shift are present. Or, failing this, that aggravating sociological and/or ecological conditions over time could impel the shift to some new, hitherto-unimagined, paradigm.","PeriodicalId":42425,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Business Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49563324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study seeks to track corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting of local and foreign banks in Ghana from 2010-2014 financial year ends. Employing a qualitative approach, data used were only annual reports sourced from selected banks’ websites. We found that all selected banks reported more external than internal disclosures. Concerning internal disclosures, only one foreign bank reported product and customer initiatives whiles one local and four foreign banks reported human resource initiatives. External disclosures reported uneven community involvement and environmental focus among the selected banks. Health, education, and sports development dominate CSR initiatives and disclosure in Ghana’s banking industry.
{"title":"Corporate social responsibility reporting of banks operating in Ghana","authors":"K. Nyarku, R. Hinson","doi":"10.15249/11-2-146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15249/11-2-146","url":null,"abstract":"This study seeks to track corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting of local and foreign banks in Ghana from 2010-2014 financial year ends. Employing a qualitative approach, data used were only annual reports sourced from selected banks’ websites. We found that all selected banks reported more external than internal disclosures. Concerning internal disclosures, only one foreign bank reported product and customer initiatives whiles one local and four foreign banks reported human resource initiatives. External disclosures reported uneven community involvement and environmental focus among the selected banks. Health, education, and sports development dominate CSR initiatives and disclosure in Ghana’s banking industry.","PeriodicalId":42425,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Business Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44929697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of business has been a consistent focus area in the field of corporate responsibility (CR). This article examines public disclosures on CR made by South African signatories to the United Nations Global Compact, with reference to recent contributions on the purpose of business. Over time, the focus of CR has shifted from an internal corporate to a broader systemic perspective, reflecting the view that the responsibility of corporations cannot be addressed in isolation. In terms of purpose, Porter and Kramer present Creating Shared Value (CSV) as a way to reinvent capitalism. Donaldson and Walsh argue that what counts as value for a single firm is not the same as value for business in general, and propose a world where collective value is optimized. Corporations have to confront global challenges with commitment and innovation. If they can do so successfully it will be in their own interest and also in the interest of the planet. It is frequently argued that – in addition – it will be the right thing to do from a moral perspective. The use of “in addition” is significant: it illustrates one of the key conceptual challenges to understanding the (perceived) tension between the business case and the moral case for corporate responsibility. “In addition” implies that the business case and the moral case are separate, but that, if they are aligned, there would be no tension. It is argued that the traditional resolution of this tension – enlightened self-interest –is both superficial and flawed. It is proposed that more corporate support for CR based on a normative foundation should be encouraged, and that the concept of Optimized Collective Value is an appropriate way to achieve this.
{"title":"Communicating Progress on Meeting the United Nations Global Compact Goals – an analysis of the South African experience","authors":"D. Malan, M. Ungerer","doi":"10.15249/11-2-158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15249/11-2-158","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of business has been a consistent focus area in the field of corporate responsibility (CR). This article examines public disclosures on CR made by South African signatories to the United Nations Global Compact, with reference to recent contributions on the purpose of business. Over time, the focus of CR has shifted from an internal corporate to a broader systemic perspective, reflecting the view that the responsibility of corporations cannot be addressed in isolation. In terms of purpose, Porter and Kramer present Creating Shared Value (CSV) as a way to reinvent capitalism. Donaldson and Walsh argue that what counts as value for a single firm is not the same as value for business in general, and propose a world where collective value is optimized. Corporations have to confront global challenges with commitment and innovation. If they can do so successfully it will be in their own interest and also in the interest of the planet. It is frequently argued that – in addition – it will be the right thing to do from a moral perspective. The use of “in addition” is significant: it illustrates one of the key conceptual challenges to understanding the (perceived) tension between the business case and the moral case for corporate responsibility. “In addition” implies that the business case and the moral case are separate, but that, if they are aligned, there would be no tension. It is argued that the traditional resolution of this tension – enlightened self-interest –is both superficial and flawed. It is proposed that more corporate support for CR based on a normative foundation should be encouraged, and that the concept of Optimized Collective Value is an appropriate way to achieve this.","PeriodicalId":42425,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Business Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46738319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on a turn to the rational human subject in Descartes, Kant and Feuerbach, this paper critically examines four efforts at shaping sustainability discourse: the definition of sustainability in Our common future; stewardship Christian theology; forms of partisan justice; and GDP as measure of economic growth. These efforts made certain advances, but because they share the underlying anthropocentric bias of Western philosophy, they fail to step out of the current sustainability paradigm. The paper closes with two suggestions of how to de-centre the human subject and to build a network-view of all species.
{"title":"Can we overcome the anthropocentrism bias in sustainability discourse","authors":"P. Naudé","doi":"10.15249/11-2-189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15249/11-2-189","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a turn to the rational human subject in Descartes, Kant and Feuerbach, this paper critically examines four efforts at shaping sustainability discourse: the definition of sustainability in Our common future; stewardship Christian theology; forms of partisan justice; and GDP as measure of economic growth. These efforts made certain advances, but because they share the underlying anthropocentric bias of Western philosophy, they fail to step out of the current sustainability paradigm. The paper closes with two suggestions of how to de-centre the human subject and to build a network-view of all species.","PeriodicalId":42425,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Business Ethics","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42909703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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