Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.32
L. Maffi
The term “biocultural diversity” describes the idea that the diversity of life on earth is comprised not only of biodiversity but also of cultural and linguistic diversity, all of which are interrelated (and possibly coevolved) within a complex socioecological adaptive system. This chapter presents the history and foundations of this concept and of the field of research and practice it has spawned, and discusses how they are helping bridge the nature-culture conservation gap. After reviewing the interrelated environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic factors that are leading to biocultural diversity loss worldwide, the chapter examines the nature and goals of integrative biocultural diversity conservation and the challenges and opportunities that this approach faces. This is illustrated with examples of on-the-ground biocultural conservation projects from different parts of the world. Concluding remarks point to further steps to be taken to protect diversity in nature and culture for an ecologically and culturally sustainable future.
{"title":"Sustaining Biocultural Diversity","authors":"L. Maffi","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.32","url":null,"abstract":"The term “biocultural diversity” describes the idea that the diversity of life on earth is comprised not only of biodiversity but also of cultural and linguistic diversity, all of which are interrelated (and possibly coevolved) within a complex socioecological adaptive system. This chapter presents the history and foundations of this concept and of the field of research and practice it has spawned, and discusses how they are helping bridge the nature-culture conservation gap. After reviewing the interrelated environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic factors that are leading to biocultural diversity loss worldwide, the chapter examines the nature and goals of integrative biocultural diversity conservation and the challenges and opportunities that this approach faces. This is illustrated with examples of on-the-ground biocultural conservation projects from different parts of the world. Concluding remarks point to further steps to be taken to protect diversity in nature and culture for an ecologically and culturally sustainable future.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124394780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.40
Steven Bird
Speakers of the world’s endangered languages are rapidly gaining access to broadband internet on mobile devices. Meanwhile, social mobile technologies continue to transform the way people work together. I believe that conditions are ripe for the development of a new generation of software for endangered languages. This software will enable new ways for linguists to collaborate with speakers in ancestral homelands and worldwide diasporas to produce high-quality large-scale documentation. This chapter sets out a conceptual framework and describes some concrete steps for designing mobile applications for endangered languages, recognizing the special challenges they present, such as reliance on oral materials, lack of established orthography, and lower digital literacy.
{"title":"Designing Mobile Applications for Endangered Languages","authors":"Steven Bird","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.40","url":null,"abstract":"Speakers of the world’s endangered languages are rapidly gaining access to broadband internet on mobile devices. Meanwhile, social mobile technologies continue to transform the way people work together. I believe that conditions are ripe for the development of a new generation of software for endangered languages. This software will enable new ways for linguists to collaborate with speakers in ancestral homelands and worldwide diasporas to produce high-quality large-scale documentation. This chapter sets out a conceptual framework and describes some concrete steps for designing mobile applications for endangered languages, recognizing the special challenges they present, such as reliance on oral materials, lack of established orthography, and lower digital literacy.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116092872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.30
S. Wright
The concept of language “minority” derives largely from the idea of national standard language which developed as part of the nation-state system and its constant search for homogenization. Those who remained outside the processes of linguistic convergence to the standard (for whatever reason) were designated “minority.” They were salient in a political system that prized intragroup communication and were often the object of prejudice and suspicion. State majorities tended either to exclude or assimilate them. Where international law intervened to provide language rights, there was a preference for individual over group rights and for negative over positive rights. And when these weak rights were extended and minority languages accepted in the public space, there was always pressure for a standard—on the nation-state model. However, standardization often has a negative effect, working against maintenance of traditional dialect continua and contemporary heteroglossia. This complexity is worthy of further consideration in any attempt at language policy or planning.
{"title":"Planning Minority Language Maintenance","authors":"S. Wright","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190610029.013.30","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of language “minority” derives largely from the idea of national standard language which developed as part of the nation-state system and its constant search for homogenization. Those who remained outside the processes of linguistic convergence to the standard (for whatever reason) were designated “minority.” They were salient in a political system that prized intragroup communication and were often the object of prejudice and suspicion. State majorities tended either to exclude or assimilate them. Where international law intervened to provide language rights, there was a preference for individual over group rights and for negative over positive rights. And when these weak rights were extended and minority languages accepted in the public space, there was always pressure for a standard—on the nation-state model. However, standardization often has a negative effect, working against maintenance of traditional dialect continua and contemporary heteroglossia. This complexity is worthy of further consideration in any attempt at language policy or planning.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129603527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.5
Nala H. Lee, J. Way
The need for accurate measures of language endangerment is now more important than ever, given the global problem of language endangerment. In this chapter, different vitality measures are introduced and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In particular, this chapter draws attention to the Language Endangerment Index. Learning from the strengths and weaknesses of previous approaches, LEI was developed for assessing the level of endangerment for any language in the world. It takes into account four separate factors: intergenerational transmission, absolute number of speakers, speaker number trends, and domains of use. LEI combines these four factors to obtain an overall rating, which can be used for quick reference or comparison. The scale also generates a certainty level, based on how many of the four factors were used in the assessment, which allows it to be used and interpreted accurately, even when little is known about a language’s situation.
{"title":"Assessing Degrees of Language Endangerment","authors":"Nala H. Lee, J. Way","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"The need for accurate measures of language endangerment is now more important than ever, given the global problem of language endangerment. In this chapter, different vitality measures are introduced and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In particular, this chapter draws attention to the Language Endangerment Index. Learning from the strengths and weaknesses of previous approaches, LEI was developed for assessing the level of endangerment for any language in the world. It takes into account four separate factors: intergenerational transmission, absolute number of speakers, speaker number trends, and domains of use. LEI combines these four factors to obtain an overall rating, which can be used for quick reference or comparison. The scale also generates a certainty level, based on how many of the four factors were used in the assessment, which allows it to be used and interpreted accurately, even when little is known about a language’s situation.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127916213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.23
W. O'grady
With hundreds of the world’s languages now in danger, the need for effective methods of language revitalization has never been greater. Yet most efforts fall short of their objective. The central point of this chapter is that language revitalization is possible only if it is possible to create or maintain the conditions under which language acquisition can take place. Two key issues are explored in detail—the question of how children acquire (and lose) language, and the question of how bilingualism can be pursued as a key component of language revitalization. The answers to both questions have certain features in common, including acknowledgment of the advantages that arise from exposure to the language at a young age, a recognition of the importance of ample, high-quality input, and the need for ongoing opportunities to use the language in a range of communicative situations.
{"title":"The Linguistics of Language Revitalization","authors":"W. O'grady","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"With hundreds of the world’s languages now in danger, the need for effective methods of language revitalization has never been greater. Yet most efforts fall short of their objective. The central point of this chapter is that language revitalization is possible only if it is possible to create or maintain the conditions under which language acquisition can take place. Two key issues are explored in detail—the question of how children acquire (and lose) language, and the question of how bilingualism can be pursued as a key component of language revitalization. The answers to both questions have certain features in common, including acknowledgment of the advantages that arise from exposure to the language at a young age, a recognition of the importance of ample, high-quality input, and the need for ongoing opportunities to use the language in a range of communicative situations.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121137401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.4
A. Belew, Sean Simpson
This chapter provides an overview of the status of the world’s endangered languages, based primarily on data from the Catalogue of Endangered Languages. Difficulties in identifying and enumerating endangered languages and obstacles to assessing linguistic vitality on a large scale are discussed. Statistical overviews are provided of language endangerment by global region, comparing trends in language endangerment across the world. The availability (or widespread absence) of the kinds of data necessary to assess language endangerment is examined, and we encourage linguists to include these types of data in their field reports and other published work. Finally, widely circulated statistics of language endangerment and death are considered.
{"title":"The Status of the World’s Endangered Languages","authors":"A. Belew, Sean Simpson","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of the status of the world’s endangered languages, based primarily on data from the Catalogue of Endangered Languages. Difficulties in identifying and enumerating endangered languages and obstacles to assessing linguistic vitality on a large scale are discussed. Statistical overviews are provided of language endangerment by global region, comparing trends in language endangerment across the world. The availability (or widespread absence) of the kinds of data necessary to assess language endangerment is examined, and we encourage linguists to include these types of data in their field reports and other published work. Finally, widely circulated statistics of language endangerment and death are considered.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124102213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.41
A. Taff, Melvatha R Chee, J. Hall, Millie Yéi Dulitseen Hall, Kawenniyóhstha Nicole Martin, A. Johnston
Supported by qualitative eyewitness accounts and reported quantitative experimental evidence, this chapter makes a case that using Indigenous languages has beneficial effects on the health of descendant language users. The chapter draws connections between traditional lands–culture–language, and suggests that the oppression of each of these affects the well-being of the people. Quantitative data correlates language use with lower suicide rates, diabetes symptoms, and reduction in risk factors for youth. Being bi- or multilingual, not necessarily in an ancestral language, appears to improve cognitive function throughout the life of an individual, and maintain gray and white matter such that aging of the brain is delayed. The chapter concludes with suggestions for action.
{"title":"Indigenous Language Use Impacts Wellness","authors":"A. Taff, Melvatha R Chee, J. Hall, Millie Yéi Dulitseen Hall, Kawenniyóhstha Nicole Martin, A. Johnston","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.41","url":null,"abstract":"Supported by qualitative eyewitness accounts and reported quantitative experimental evidence, this chapter makes a case that using Indigenous languages has beneficial effects on the health of descendant language users. The chapter draws connections between traditional lands–culture–language, and suggests that the oppression of each of these affects the well-being of the people. Quantitative data correlates language use with lower suicide rates, diabetes symptoms, and reduction in risk factors for youth. Being bi- or multilingual, not necessarily in an ancestral language, appears to improve cognitive function throughout the life of an individual, and maintain gray and white matter such that aging of the brain is delayed. The chapter concludes with suggestions for action.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117107462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.8
K. Rice
This chapter addresses the relationship between language documentation and linguistic theory, focusing on linguistic typology and formal grammar, with particular attention to the understanding of linguistic diversity. It reviews the goals of documentation and of the theories under consideration, and outlines the types of data considered in documentation as well as preferred data types in the two theoretical perspectives. It concludes that, while the questions and preferred types of data are different in linguistic typology and formal grammar, nevertheless language documentation has made strong contributions to each of them, and each of them has made strong contributions to language documentation.
{"title":"Documentation, Linguistic Typology, and Formal Grammar","authors":"K. Rice","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the relationship between language documentation and linguistic theory, focusing on linguistic typology and formal grammar, with particular attention to the understanding of linguistic diversity. It reviews the goals of documentation and of the theories under consideration, and outlines the types of data considered in documentation as well as preferred data types in the two theoretical perspectives. It concludes that, while the questions and preferred types of data are different in linguistic typology and formal grammar, nevertheless language documentation has made strong contributions to each of them, and each of them has made strong contributions to language documentation.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126471230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.13
K. Rice, N. Thieberger
A defining feature of new methods of documenting languages is the advance in technologies for recording, transcribing, annotating, managing, and analyzing language records, which then facilitates delivering that documentation for use in various forms, in particular for language revitalization efforts. It is the affordances offered by these new methods that have expanded the possibilities of language documentation to create richer records and enabling collaboration over distance, both between linguists and between linguists and speakers. Digital materials can serve multiple purposes, often unforeseen by the original recorder. Analog recordings had limited availability in single locations and access to timepoints within a recording was labor intensive and slow. Digital media on the other hand can be instantly accessed in many locations, and permits citation to the level of a word or even a phoneme and thus offers verification of analyses with reference to the primary recordings.
{"title":"Tools and Technology for Language Documentation and Revitalization","authors":"K. Rice, N. Thieberger","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"A defining feature of new methods of documenting languages is the advance in technologies for recording, transcribing, annotating, managing, and analyzing language records, which then facilitates delivering that documentation for use in various forms, in particular for language revitalization efforts. It is the affordances offered by these new methods that have expanded the possibilities of language documentation to create richer records and enabling collaboration over distance, both between linguists and between linguists and speakers. Digital materials can serve multiple purposes, often unforeseen by the original recorder. Analog recordings had limited availability in single locations and access to timepoints within a recording was labor intensive and slow. Digital media on the other hand can be instantly accessed in many locations, and permits citation to the level of a word or even a phoneme and thus offers verification of analyses with reference to the primary recordings.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123159111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.34
C. Dunn
Climate change is arguably one of the most pressing issues facing humanity. The implications for natural ecological (terrestrial and marine) and agricultural systems are enormous. The diminishment and extinction of native species and the increase in number and impact of invasive species are well documented. As natural systems are altered, the local communities and indigenous groups that have co-evolved with, and depend on, native plants and animals are challenged to maintain their integrity and livelihoods. Thus, the erosion of biological diversity can lead directly to the erosion of cultural and, thusly, linguistic diversity. Here the ramifications of climate change with respect to cultural and language endangerment are examined, with particular emphasis on island systems, ecological calendars, civil conflict, and migration. Strong mitigation and adaptation strategies will be essential for cultural and language survival.
{"title":"Climate Change and Its Consequences for Cultural and Language Endangerment","authors":"C. Dunn","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190610029.013.34","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is arguably one of the most pressing issues facing humanity. The implications for natural ecological (terrestrial and marine) and agricultural systems are enormous. The diminishment and extinction of native species and the increase in number and impact of invasive species are well documented. As natural systems are altered, the local communities and indigenous groups that have co-evolved with, and depend on, native plants and animals are challenged to maintain their integrity and livelihoods. Thus, the erosion of biological diversity can lead directly to the erosion of cultural and, thusly, linguistic diversity. Here the ramifications of climate change with respect to cultural and language endangerment are examined, with particular emphasis on island systems, ecological calendars, civil conflict, and migration. Strong mitigation and adaptation strategies will be essential for cultural and language survival.","PeriodicalId":424278,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Endangered Languages","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122024732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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